Aim: To construct the ionic equation for the formation of lead (II) chromate (VI).

Problem statement: How to construct the ionic equation for the precipitation of lead (II) chromate (VI)? Hypothesis: As the volume of lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution used increases, the height of yellow precipitate increases until it achieves a maximum height. Variables: a) Manipulated: volume of lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution b) Responding: Height of the yellow precipitate c) Controlled: concentration of potassium chromate (VI), K2CrO4, concentration of lead(II) nitrate solution and size of test tube. Apparatus: test tube same size, test tube rack, burette, retort stand, ruler, glass rod and dropper. Materials: 0.5 mol dm lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2, 0.5 mol dm potassium chromate (VI), K2CrO4 Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 7 test tubes of the same size are labeled from number 1 to 7. -3 3 A buOrette is filled with 0.5 mol dm K2CrO4 solution. 5.0 cm of the K2CrO4 solution from the burette is placed into each of the 7 test tubes. -3 Another burette is filled with 0.5 mol dm Pb(NO3)2 solution. Pb(NO3) solution from the burette is added into each of the 7 test tubes, each 3 3 3 with gradual increases in volume 1 cm : from 1 cm to 7cm as shown in the table. The mixture in each test tube is stirred with a clean glass rod. A yellow precipitate is formed in each test tube. The test tubes are left aside for bout 1hour. The height of the precipitate in each test tube is measured. The color solution above the precipitate in the test tube is observed and recorded. 1 5.00 1.00 0.5 yello w 2 5.00 2.00 1.1 yellow 3 5.00 3.00 1.6 yello w 4 5.00 4.00 2.2 yellow 5 5.00 5.00 2.7 6 5.00 6.00 2.7 colorless 7 5.00 7.00 2.7
-3 -3

Interpreting data

From the graph, the MAXIMUM precipitate height is achieved when 5cm of Pb(NO3)2 is 3 2+ added to 5cm K2CrO4 solution. This mean, all Pb ion have completely reacted with 2CrO4 ion to form yellow precipitate is in test tube 5. Inference: the volume of 0.5 moldm lead (II) nitrate solution required to exactly react 3 -3 3 with 5cm of 0.5 mol dm potassium chromate (VI) solution is 5cm . Calculation: 1. Number of moles of lead (II) ions, Pb Number of moles of lead (II) nitrate = 0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mol
2+ 3

2.

Number of moles of chromate (VI) ions, CrO4 Number of moles of potassium chromate =0.5 x 5/1000 = 0.0025 mol
2+ 2-

2-

3.

5. 6. 7.

Test tube Volume of 3 K2CrO4 (cm ) Volume of 3 Pb(NO3)2 (cm ) Height of precipitate (cm) Color of solution above precipitate

Simplest ratio of Pb ion: CrO4 ions 0.0025: 0.0025 1: 1 Conclusion: 1. 1 mol of lead (II) ions reacted completely with 1 mol of chromate (VI) ions. 2. The ionic equation 2+ 2Pb + CrO4 PbCrO4 3. The hypothesis is accepted.

Explanation: For test tube 1 to 4, the height of yellow precipitate increases when more and more lead (II) nitrate is added into potassium chromate (VI) solution. For test tube 5, the maximum height of yellow precipitate is achieved as the amount of lead(II) nitrate is sufficient to react completely with the amount of chromate (VI) ions present in the solution . In test tube 6 and 7, the height of yellow precipitate remains the same.