Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Transportation researchs goal is to optimize transportation flow of people and goods. As the number of road users constantly increases while resources provided by current Infrastructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue. Traffic in the urban areas system regularized by traffic lights, which is in many cases contribute to the unnecessary long waiting times for cars if not efficiently configured. The conventional traffic light control methods include fix-time control, time of day control, vehicle actuated control, semi-actuated control, green wave control, area static control and area dynamic control. However, there is no system meeting the adaptive characteristic. This is because the traffic control system is non-linear, fuzzy and nondeterministic, and thus traditional methods of modeling and control cannot work very well. In order to solve the above mentioned problem, there are many researchers gropes have performed a lot of researches. In recent years the application of image processing techniques in automatic traffic monitoring and control has been investigated to optimize methodologies for traffic. Traditionally, the traffic problems has been managed by using the Trial-And-Error method. For example an expertise or team decided on traffic parameters and depending on the resulting traffic behavior some feedback corrections will be done. This philosophy hasnt changed so much in past decades, except for the use of simulators instead of real traffic tests as feedback source. Recently some micro-simulators based on the vision of traffic as a collection of independent vehicles have been proved to be very accurate. Traffic optimization comprises a set of different problems, from which one of the most relevant ones is the traffic light cycles optimization. This paper aim to propose an intelligent traffic light additional component that is a monitoring system to improve traffic light configuration. It will be in the intelligent traffic light system. Thus, an intelligent traffic light system will be composed of two components(or subsystems): a monitoring system and a control system will able to integrated together to aid the traffic light system to take the intelligent decisions efficiently. This research will be investigating on the additional component (monitoring system) by using small associative memory. This system will be able to determine three street cases (empty street case, normal street case and crowded street case). The input of this system will be a sequence of images of vehicles of the intersection to be monitored. Technically, the proposed approach has two phases: training phase and recognition phase by use one video camera to every street in the intersection. These cameras fixed in a suitable position regardless camera distance from the street zebra crossing to obtain the best possible view.
Page 1
CHAPTER-2
Helbing and Mazloumian (2009) discussed elements of signal control based on the minimization of overall travel times or vehicle queues. They found different operation regimes, some of which involve a slower-is-faster effect, where delayed switching reduced the average travel time. These operation regimes characterized different ways of organizing traffic flows in urban road networks. Besides the optimize-one-phase approach, they discussed the procedure and advantages of optimizing multiple phases as well. To improve the service of vehicle platoons and support the self-organization of green waves, considering the price of stopping newly arriving vehicles was proposed.
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 2
2.2. Knowledge based traffic light models Knowledge based systems are artificial intelligent tools that work in a narrow domain to provide intelligent decisions with justification. Knowledge is acquired and represented using various knowledge representation rules, frames and scripts. Many researchers have used knowledge based systems to developed traffic light systems. For example, Findler and coworkers (1997) described a distributed, knowledge-based system for real-time and trafficadaptive control of traffic signals. The first of a two-stage learning process optimizes the control of steady-state traffic at a single intersection and over a network of streets. The second stage of learning deals with predictive/reactive control in responding to sudden changes in traffic patterns.Wen (2008) proposed a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system. The model adopts inter-arrival time and interdeparture time to simulate the arrival and leaving number of cars on roads. This model used a knowledge base system and rules. Depending on the traffic light data, which are collected by a RFID reader, this model makes decisions that are needed to control the intersections. Other researchers have developed fuzzy control systems, which are mathematical systems that analyze analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1 based on fuzzy logic. This type of control system consists of three components. First, fuzzy elements have degrees of membership. Second a membership function is created, which is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1. Third, if-then rules are applied, which are used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic. In general, many theoretical papers on control of traffic systems using fuzzy statements have been published. For example, Kaur and Konga (1994), described the design of a fuzzy traffic light controller at the intersection of two streets that changes cycle time depending upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the current cycle time. A fuzzy model of the system has been built and tested to predict the behavior of the model under different traffic conditions. A realistic approach to fuzzy control of urban road traffic lights was described by oyer and Jumar (1994a).Fuzzy application is encouraging since the design procedure of vehicle actuated traffic light systems is very transparent, and an adaptation to the changing situations of traffic is easy to Accomplish.Khalid and coworkers (2004) proposed a fuzzy traffic light controller to be used at a complex traffic junction. The proposed fuzzy traffic light controller is capable of communicating with neighboring junctions and manages phase sequences and phase lengths adaptively. Average flow density, average delay time and linkoverflow of the intersections are used as performance indices for comparison purposes. GiYoung and coworkers (2001) created an optimal traffic signal using fuzzy control. Electro sensitive traffic lights have better efficiency than fixed preset traffic signal cycles because they are able to extend or shorten the signal cycle when the number of vehicles increases or decreases suddenly. They used fuzzy membership function values between 0 and 1 that estimate the uncertain length of a vehicle, vehicle speed and width of a road. They stored different kinds of conditions such as car type, speed, delay in starting time and the volume of cars in traffic. A traffic light controller based on fuzzy logic was proposed by Kulkarni and Waingankar (2006) to be used for optimum control of fluctuating traffic volumes, such as over saturated or unusual road conditions. The rules of a fuzzy logic controller are formulated by following the same protocols that a human operator would use to control the time intervals
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 3
of the traffic light. The length of the current green phase is extended or terminated depending upon the 'arrival'; i.e. the number of vehicles approaching the green phase, and the 'queue' that corresponds to the number of queuing vehicles in red phases.Pedraza and coworkers (2008) detailed the design of a traffic system model for vehicles that examined the traffic traveling through a series of traffic lights on a main road. The adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system was used to synchronize the time of duration and phase angle of the traffic lights, and also maintain the maximum possible velocity of the vehicles traveling on the road. A complex adaptive system (CAS) is a network of communicating, intelligent agents where each agent adapts its behavior in order to collaborate with other agents to achieve overall system goals. The overall system often exhibits emergent behavior that cannot be achieved by any proper subset of agents alone. The classifier event action block can implement both crisp and fuzzy rules. This system uses one network of traffic light controller agents at each intersection. Each traffic controller agent uses a fuzzy classifier block to make decisions about traffic light timing in order to minimize local vehicle wait time. Hong and coworkers (2001) presented concepts that described a main urgent phase and minor urgent phase. The traffic data are acquired from the detectors in the intersections and lanes. Based on the concepts of main and minor urgent phases, a set of novel fuzzy control rules is developed to control the phases and delay of traffic lights according to the dynamic characters of some correlative traffic intersections. An electro sensitive traffic light, using a smart agent algorithm to reduce traffic congestion and traffic accidents, was proposed by Hong and coworkers (2007). Specifically, they designed and implemented a system to create optimum traffic signals in congested conditions using smart agent algorithms. This approach antecedently created an optimal traffic cycle of passenger car units at the bottom traffic intersection. Mistakes were possible due to different car lengths, car speeds, and the length of the intersection. Therefore,this approach consequently reduced car waiting times and start-up delay times using fuzzycontrol of feedback data. An application of diffuse systems in traffic lights for the road control of urban transit was proposed by Lopez and coworkers and Alejandro and coworkers (2007). Given vehicular problems of the city, it was intended to look for options to make vehicular traffic more agile. With this in mind, three proposals for diffuse control design were formulated. The first proposal was the control of two traffic lights for cars placed in a crossing of a few streets. The functioning of the traffic light was typical (green-amber-red). The system included sensors entrusted to indicate the pace of arrival of the cars and the length of the trail of cars at a certain moment. The principal street had one sensor and the lateral street had another sensor. Second, the proposal had, as a basic principle, the modification of the traffic light timing around a predetermined nominal value. Such a nominal value was calculated based on normal traffic conditions in a determinate cross road, using standard traffic theory and criteria. The objective of the fuzzy controller was to dynamically adjust the timing of each light stage to support variations in vehicular load, such as during rush hours. Finally, the third proposal was to optimize the flow of vehicles in the street. This was carried out by defining the times that each light of the traffic light remained lit. This proposal has a fuzzy inference system (FIS) control where the input variables for the control are car density and waiting times.
Page 4
The weakness of all these approaches is the fact that the systems use expert system technology but do not provide any guarantee about the quality of the rules; i.e., an expert system/rule based approach is not ideal for problems that require considerable knowledge. In addition, easily creating and modifying rules can destroy any system. A knowledgeable user can add no value rules or rules that conflict with existing ones.
Page 5
Page 6
Some researchers have used GAs to improve traffic light configurations. For example, Sanchez et al. (2008) presented a new architecture for the optimization of traffic light cycles in a traffic network. The model is based on three basic design items: the use of genetic algorithms as an optimization technique, the use of cellular automata simulators within the evaluation function, and the use of a cluster as a parallel execution environment for this architecture.Although, a great advantage of GAs is the fact that they find a solution through evolution, this is also the greatest disadvantage. Evolution is inductive. In nature, life does not necessarily evolve towards a good solution; it can evolve away from bad circumstances. This can potentially cause a species to evolve into an evolutionary dead end.
Page 8
CHAPTER-3
There are several options on how to implement custom logic, FPGAs being one amongst them.
Page 9
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN DESCRIPTION
Traffic Light controller is implemented on FPGA and verified using Traffic Light Interface Module. There are simple rules for traffic lights on one node, and complex ways of regulating a whole infrastructure of them. It is necessary to adjust general algorithms.
Page 10
North and East PNR- Pedestrian North red PNG Pedestrian North green RN Right North LN Left North SN Straight North YN - Yellow North REDN Red North PEG Pedestrian East Green PER Pedestrian Ease Red RE Right East LE Left East SE Straight East YE Yellow East REDE Red East
Page 11
Page 12
Page 14
CHAPTER-5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Traffic light Controller (TLC)
As mentioned earlier, digital controllers are good examples of circuits that can be effeciently implemented when modeled as state machines. In the present example, we want to design a TLC with the characteristics summarized in the table of figure 8.10, that is:
Three modes of operation: Regular, Test, and Standby. 1.Regular mode: four states, each with an independent, programmable time, passed to the circuit by means of a CONSTANT. 2.Test mode: allows all pre-programmed times to be overwritten (by a manual switch) with a small value, such that the system can be easily tested during maintenance (1 second per state). This value should also be programmable and passed to the circuit using a CONSTANT. 3.Standby mode : if set (by a sensor accusing malfunctioning, for example, or a manual switch) the system should activate the yellow lights in both directions and remain so while the standby signal is active.
Assume that a 60 Hz clock (obtained from the power line itself ) is available.
Page 15
CHAPTER-6
library IEEE; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL; use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL; ---- Uncomment the following library declaration if instantiating ---- any Xilinx primitives in this code. ---- library UNISIM ---- use UNISIM.VComponents.all entity traffic_fsm is Port (clk,rst : in std_logic; ls,lw,ln,le: out std_logic; ss,sw,sn,se : out std_logic; rs,rw,rn,re : out std_logic; red_s,red_w,red_n,red_e : out std_logic; ys,yw,yn,ye : out std_logic; ps_r,pw_r,pn_r,pe_r : out std_logic; ps_g,pw_g,pn_g,pe_g : out std_logic); end traffic_fsm; architecture Behavioral of traffic_fsm is type state is (start,south_g,south_orange,south_r,west_g,west_orange, west_r,east_g,east_orange,east_r,north_g,north_orange,north_r); signal ps , ns : state; signal div : std_logic_vector(30 downto 0); signal clk_s : std_logic; signal cnt : std_logic_vector(30 downto 0); begin process(clk,rst) begin if(rst = '1') then div <= (others => '0'); elsif(clk'event and clk = '1') then div <= div + 1; end if; end process; clk_s <= div(21); process(clk_s ,rst) begin if(rst = '1') then cnt <= (others => '0'); elsif(clk_s'event and clk_s = '0') then cnt <= cnt + 1;
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 16
end if; end process; process(clk_s,rst) begin if (rst = '1')then ps <= start; elsif(clk_s'event and clk_s = '1') then ps <= ns; end if; end process; process(ps) begin case ps is when start => ns <= south_g; when south_g => if(cnt = 10)then ns <= south_orange; else ns <= south_g; end if; when south_orange => if(cnt = 14) then ns <= south_r; else ns <= south_orange; end if; when south_r => if(cnt = 15)then ns <= west_g; else ns <= south_r; end if; when west_g => if(cnt = 10) then ns <= west_orange; else ns <= west_g; end if; when west_orange => if(cnt = 14) then ns <= west_r; else ns <= west_orange; end if; when west_r => if(cnt = 15 )then ns <= north_g; else ns <= west_r;
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 17
end if; when north_g => if(cnt = 10)then ns <= north_orange; else ns <= north_g; end if; when north_orange => if(cnt = 14)then ns <= north_r; else ns <= north_orange; end if; when north_r => if(cnt = 15)then ns <= east_g; else ns <= north_r; end if; when east_g => if(cnt = 10)then ns <= east_orange; else ns <= east_g; end if; when east_orange => if(cnt = 14)then ns <= east_r; else ns <= east_orange; end if; when east_r => if(cnt = 15)then ns <= south_g; else ns <= east_r; end if; when others => ns <= start; end case; end process; process(ps) begin red_s <= '0'; red_w <= '0'; red_n <= '0'; red_e <= '0'; rs <= '0'; rw <= '0'; rn <= '0';
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 18
re <= '0'; ss <= '0'; sw <= '0'; sn <= '0'; se <= '0'; ls <= '0'; lw <= '0'; ln <= '0'; le <= '0'; ps_g <= '0'; pw_g <= '0'; pn_g <= '0'; pe_g <= '0'; ys <= '0'; yw <= '0'; yn <= '0'; ye <= '0'; ps_r <= '0'; pw_r <= '0'; pn_r <= '0'; pe_r <= '0'; case ps is when start => red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; when south_g => ls <= '1'; rs <= '1'; ss <= '1'; le <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when south_orange => pn_g <= '1'; le <= '1'; ls <= '1'; ys <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1';
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 19
when south_r => ls <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when west_g => lw <= '1'; ls <= '1'; rw <= '1'; sw <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when west_orange => lw <= '1'; ls <= '1'; pe_g <= '1'; yw <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; when west_r => lw <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when north_g => ln <= '1'; rn <= '1'; sn <= '1'; lw <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1';
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 20
pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when north_orange => ln <= '1'; lw <= '1'; ps_g <= '1'; yn <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when north_r => ln <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_e <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when east_g => re <= '1'; se <= '1'; le <= '1'; ln <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when east_orange => ln <= '1'; le <= '1'; pw_g <= '1'; ye <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1'; red_n <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when east_r => le <= '1'; red_s <= '1'; red_w <= '1';
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 21
red_n <= '1'; ps_r <= '1'; pw_r <= '1'; pn_r <= '1'; pe_r <= '1'; when others => red_s <= '0'; red_w <= '0'; red_n <= '0'; red_e <= '0'; rs <= '0'; rw <= '0'; rn <= '0'; re <= '0'; ss <= '0'; sw <= '0'; sn <= '0'; se <= '0'; ls <= '0'; lw <= '0'; ln <= '0'; le <= '0'; ps_g <= '0'; pw_g <= '0'; pn_g <= '0'; pe_g <= '0'; ys <= '0'; yw <= '0'; yn <= '0'; ye <= '0'; ps_r <= '0'; pw_r <= '0'; pn_r <= '0'; pe_r <= '0'; end case; end process; end Behavioral;
Description of above Code:To Start the Traffic light controller 1. Initially the Red light of all the directions is ON. 2. Traffic starts from the South Direction; hence the green light of South direction goes ON.
The signals that are ON, now are :Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 22
ls ( left south ) 1. rs ( right south ) 1. ss ( straight south ) 1. le ( left east ) 1. red_w ( red west ) 1. red_n (red north ) 1. red_e (red east ) 1. ps_r ( pedestrian south red) 1. pw_r ( pedestrian west red) 1. pn_r ( pedestrian north red) 1. pe_r ( pedestrian east red) 1.
Similarly when Orange light of South direction is ON then the signals that are ON, now are: ls ( left south ) 1. ys ( yellow south ) 1. le ( left east ) 1. red_w ( red west ) 1. red_n (red north ) 1. red_e (red east ) 1. ps_r ( pedestrian south red) 1. pw_r ( pedestrian west red) 1. pn_r ( pedestrian north red) 1. pe_r ( pedestrian east red) 1. Similarly when Orange light of South direction is ON then the signals that are ON, now are: ls ( left south ) 1. ys ( yellow south ) 1. le ( left east ) 1. red_w ( red west ) 1. red_n (red north ) 1. red_e (red east ) 1. ps_r ( pedestrian south red) 1. pw_r ( pedestrian west red) 1. pn_r ( pedestrian north red) 1. pe_r ( pedestrian east red) 1. Similarly when Red light of South direction is ON then the signals that are ON, now are: ls ( left south ) 1. red_w ( red west ) 1. red_n (red north ) 1. red_e (red east ) 1. ps_r ( pedestrian south red) 1. pw_r ( pedestrian west red) 1. pn_r ( pedestrian north red) 1. pe_r ( pedestrian east red) 1.
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 23
During this time all ways are Blocked for 1 second except left south ( ls-1 ) and so on. After that it goes clockwise for all Direction (i.e.:- South then West then North then East) similarly.
CASE pr_state IS WHEN RG => r1<='1'; r2<='0'; y1<='0'; y2<='0'; g1<='0'; g2<='1'; nx_state <= RY; IF (test='0') THEN time <= timeRG; ELSE time <= timeTEST; END IF; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WHEN RY => r1<='1'; r2<='0'; y1<='0'; y2<='1'; g1<='0'; g2<='0'; nx_state <= GR; IF (test='0') THEN time <= timeRY; ELSE time <= timeTEST; END IF; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WHEN GR => r1<='0'; r2<='1'; y1<='0'; y2<='0'; g1<='1'; g2<='0'; nx_state <= YR; IF (test='0') THEN time <= timeGR; ELSE time <= timeTEST; END IF; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WHEN YR => r1<='0'; r2<='1'; y1<='1'; y2<='0'; g1<='0'; g2<='0'; nx_state <= RG; IF (test='0') THEN time <= timeYR; ELSE time <= timeTEST; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WHEN YY => r1<='0'; r2<='0'; y1<='1'; y2<='1'; g1<='0'; g2<='0'; nx_state <= RY; END CASE; END PROCESS; END behavior;
Page 25
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS
Applications of FPGAs include digital signal processing, software-defined radio, aerospace and defense systems, ASIC prototyping, medical imaging, computer vision, speech recognition, cryptography, bioinformatics, computer hardware emulation, radio astronomy, metal detection and a growing range of other areas. FPGAs originally began as competitors to CPLDs and competed in a similar space, that of glue logic for PCBs. As their size, capabilities, and speed increased, they began to take over larger and larger functions to the state where some are now marketed as full systems on chips (SOC). Particularly with the introduction of dedicated multipliers into FPGA architectures in the late 1990s, applications, which had traditionally been the sole reserve of DSPs, began to incorporate FPGAs instead. FPGAs especially find applications in any area or algorithm that can make use of the massive parallelism offered by their architecture. One such area is code breaking, in particular brute-force attack, of cryptographic algorithms. FPGAs are increasingly used in conventional high performance computing applications where computational kernels such as FFT or Convolution are performed on the FPGA instead of a microprocessor. The inherent parallelism of the logic resources on an FPGA allows for considerable computational throughput even at a low MHz clock rates. The flexibility of the FPGA allows for even higher performance by trading off precision and range in the number format for an increased number of parallel arithmetic units. This has driven a new type of processing called reconfigurable computing, where time intensive tasks are offloaded from software to FPGAs. The adoption of FPGAs in high performance computing is currently limited by the complexity of FPGA design compared to conventional software and the turn-around times of current design tools. Traditionally, FPGAs have been reserved for specific vertical applications where the volume of production is small. For these low-volume applications, the premium that companies pay in hardware costs per unit for a programmable chip is more affordable than the development resources spent on creating an ASIC for a low-volume application. Today, new cost and performance dynamics have broadened the range of viable applications.
Page 26
CHAPTER-8
8.1 Technology
Xilinx designs, develops and markets programmable logic products including integrated circuits (ICs), software design tools, predefined system functions delivered as intellectual property (IP) cores, design services, customer training, field engineering and technical support.H Xilinx sells both FPGAs and CPLDs programmable logic devices for [1] electronic equipment manufacturers in end markets such as communications, industrial, consumer, automotive and data processing. Xilinx's FPGAs have even been used for the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the CERN European laboratory on the French-Swiss border to map and disentangle the trajectories of thousands of subatomic particles. The Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-4, Virtex-5, and Virtex-6 FPGA families are particularly focused on system-on-chip (SoC) designers because they include up to two embedded IBM PowerPC cores.
Dept of ECE, JJTU Page 27
They can run a regular embedded OS (such as Linux or vxWorks) and they can implement processor peripherals in programmable logic. Xilinx's IP cores include IP for simple functions (BCD encoders, counters, etc.), for domain specific cores (digital signal processing, FFT and FIR cores) to complex systems (multi-gigabit networking cores, MicroBlaze soft microprocessor, and the compact Picoblaze microcontroller). Xilinx also creates custom cores for a fee. The ISE Design Suite is the central electronic design automation (EDA) product family sold by Xilinx. The ISE Design Suite features include design entry and synthesis supporting Verilog or VHDL, place-and-route (PAR), completed verification and debug using ChipScope Pro tools, and creation of the bit files that are used to configure the chip. Xilinx's Embedded Developer's Kit (EDK) supports the embedded PowerPC 405 and 440 cores (in Virtex-II Pro and some Virtex-4 and -5 chips) and the Microblaze core. Xilinx's System Generator for DSP implements DSP designs on Xilinx FPGAs. A freeware version of its EDA software called ISE WebPACK is used with some of its non-highperformance chips. Xilinx is the only (as of 2007) FPGA vendor to distribute a native Linux freeware synthesis toolchain.
Page 28
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION
This paper proposed the development of the smart traffic controller system. The use of a microcontroller instead of other controllers, such as the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), makes the smart traffic controller hardware a low cost system. The proposed manipulation techniques to save the use of microcontrollers pin also can be implemented. The programme downloaded into the microcontroller enables the microcontroller to have a high accuracy timing, high independency and consistently successful in performing data interchange with the industrial computer. The developed software also works well as the interface between the traffic controller hardware with the traffic sensors and the traffic expert. The software can be used to perform traffic data interchange and it enables the proposed smart traffic controller system to realise several traffic flow optimization strategies at a single or network junctions.
Page 29
CHAPTER 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Akanegawa, M.Y.Tanaka and M.Nakagawa. 2001. "Basic study on traffic information system using LED traffic lights." Intelligent Transportation Systems, IEEE Transactions on 2(4):197-203. Alejandro Lopez, J.R. Garcia, A. Garcia Blanco and I. A. Zuniga Felix. 2007. "Traffic Lights Fuzzy Control Proposals to Improve Vehicular Flow." In Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference, 2007. CERMA 2007. Alvarez, I.A.Poznyak and A.Malo. 2008." Urban traffic control problem a game theory approach." In Decision and Control, 2008. CDC 2008. 47th IEEE Conference on. Chao, Kuei-Hsiang, Ren-Hao Lee and Meng-Hui Wang. 2009. "An Intelligent Traffic Light Control Based on Extension Neural Network." In Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems. De la Escalera, A.J.M.Armingol and M.Mata. 2003. "Traffic sign recognition and analysis for intelligent vehicles." Image and Vision Computing 21(3):247-258. De Schutter, Bart. 1999. "Optimal traffic light control for a single intersection." In American Control Conference, 1999. Proceedings of the 1999. De Schutter, Bart. 2002. "Optimizing acyclic traffic signal switching sequences through an Extended Linear Complementarity Problem formulation." European Journal of Operational Research 139(2):400-415.
www.vhdlprojects.com www.vhdlarchive.com
Page 30