Dedicated Channel Capacity of a WCDMA System with HSDPA

SUJATA BHATTACHARYA

Masters Degree Project Stockholm, Sweden 2005

Dedicated Channel Capacity of a WCDMA System with HSDPA

SUJATA BHATTACHARYA

Masters Degree Project May 2005 TRITAS3RST0512 ISSN 14009137 ISRN KTH/RST/R--05/12--SE

Radio Communication Systems Laboratory Department of Signals, Sensors and Systems

Abstract
Keeping an eye on the future upcoming demands for mobile applications, 3GPP has the target to enhance the downlink packet data rate in many folds. As a result, WCDMA specications have been evolved with the addition of a new feature called HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) in Release 5. The goal of HSDPA has been to increase the system capacity by increasing the data rate and reduce the round trip delay. The increase of system capacity has been achieved by dynamic sharing of code resource and certain amount of power. A number of research papers have shown that HSDPA will enhance WCDMA system with the fulllment of the above objective. As per the business forcast, HSDPA will start getting deployed towards the end of this year (2005). However, in a real deployment scenario, it may happen that some of the cells are implemented with HSDPA and some are not yet; what will happen to the capacity of those cells without HSDPA? When HSDPA is implemented in a cell, the base station uses more power, imparting more interference to the neighbouring cells, thus aecting their dedicated channel capacity. In addition to the higher power, if the availability of data in the HSDPA channel varies, then the interference to the neighbouring cell might be larger and uctuating, in turn, the dedicated channel capacity of the neighbouring cells might be aected. This scenario has been studied in this master thesis. Mainly, it has been studied how is the dedicated channel capacity of a cell without HSDPA aected by the introduction of an HSDPA channel in adjacent cell. Does this inuence depend on the data trac on the HSDPA channel? With the simple system model used, it has been observed that though there is a change in the capacity of the system after implementing HSDPA in adjacent cells, the variation is negligible. It has been found that the decrease in the dedicated channel capacity is more if the HSDPA data trac is larger. The uctuating data in HSDPA channel has not degraded the capacity further; it is only the higher power, which has aected the dedicated channel capacity. However, in all these cases, variation can be considered as negligible. So, it has been concluded that there is no impact on the capacity of cells which are not with HSDPA after implementing HSDPA in adjacent cells. Considering the limitations in this study, it has been suggested to study this aspect further by using a more complex system model to nd out the reality.

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Acknowledgements
I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Bogdan Timus, who has guided me in pursuing my thesis. I sincerely appreciate his eort to help me in my work. I would like to convey my thanks to Prof.Dr. Jens Zander for his kind consent of becoming my examiner for this master thesis. In addition, I would like to express my indebtedness to Prof.Dr. Mikael Skoglund, Program Director, Master program in Wireless systems for giving me the opportunity to join the master program in which this thesis is a part of the curriculum. I would like to thank Dr. Ben Slimane and Dr. Bo Karlson for their guidance and motivation to join the master program. I am in deed thankful to Dr. Muhammad Kazmi from Ericsson for his comments to my thesis during the study period. Also I am thankful to all other collegues in Radio Communication Systems department for their kind support. Lastly, I acknowledge the support and inspiration given by my family in pursuing and achieving this work.

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Background . . . . 1.2 Thesis Motivation 1.3 Problem Denition 1.4 Previous Work . . 1.5 Report Outline . . 1 1 2 2 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 16 17 18 19

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2 HSDPA Overview 2.1 General . . . . . . . . 2.2 Channels in HSDPA . 2.2.1 HS-DSCH . . . 2.2.2 HS-SCCH . . . 2.2.3 HS-DPCCH . . 2.2.4 DPCH . . . . . 2.3 Fast Link Adaptation 2.4 Hybrid ARQ . . . . . 2.5 Fast Scheduling . . . . 2.6 Power Control . . . . .

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3 System Model 3.1 Network Model . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Cell Deployment Model 3.1.2 Propagation Model . . . 3.1.3 Handover . . . . . . . . 3.1.4 HSDPA Model . . . . . 3.1.5 Trac Model . . . . . . 3.1.6 Power Control Model . 3.1.7 Interference Model . . . 3.1.8 Receiver Model . . . . . 3.2 System Quality Measure . . . .

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4 Results 21 4.1 Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2 HSDPA Admission Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.3 Comparison of DCH Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 vii

viii

Contents

5 Conclusion 31 5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References A Receiver Model Details B UTRAN Overview B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . B.2.1 Inner loop Power control . B.2.2 Outer loop Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 35 39 39 41 42 42

List of Figures
1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 System Example- Combination of cells-with/without HSDPA . . Capacity variation after HSDPA implementation in adjacent cells Uplink HS-DPCCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single Stage Markov Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction (T P C delay = 0) . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction (T P C delay = 2) . . . . . . . . . . BSPower Distribution for Reference System at dierent loads . System Dissatisfaction for dierent HSPWR threshold . . . . . Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction for dierent HSPWR threshold . Comparison of DCH Capacity of adjacent cells without HSDPA . . . . . . 3 4 9 14 16 22 23 25 26 27 29 36 37 38 40 40 41

A.1 Probability of BSpwr reaching maximum BSpwr-Ref Sys . . . . A.2 Average Base Station Power-Ref Sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.3 Determination of Reference SIR- Ref Sys . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1 UMTS architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.2 Radio frame for Uplink dedicated physical channel . . . . . . . . B.3 Radio frame for Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel . . . . . .

ix

List of Abbreviations
3GPP BCCH BCH BER BLER BS CCCH CPCH CTCH DCH DCCH DSCH DTCH FACH HARQ HSDPA HS-DSCH PCCH PCH QAM QPSK RACH SHCCH SIR TCP TTI UE UMTS UTRAN WCDMA 3rd Generation Partnership Project Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Bit Error Rate Block Error Rate Base Station Common Control Channel Common Packet Channel Common Trac Channel Dedicated Channel Dedicated Control Channel Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Trac Channel Forwardlink Access Channel Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Downlink Shared Channel Paging Control Channel Paging Channel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Channel Shared Control Channel Signal to Interference Ratio Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Time Interval User Equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

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Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Background

The WCDMA specications up to Release 99 & Release 4 support data rates up to 2 Mb/s in indoor/small-cell-outdoor environments and up to 384 Kb/s with wide area coverage for packet-switched data [1], [2]. However, this gure has been felt as insucient in the near future considering the upcoming growing-demands for packet-data services, primarily in the downlink. Therefore, the WCDMA specications have been evolved in two stages within 3GPP in order to enhance higher packet-data rate. The rst step has been to improve the downlink capacity and the second step targets for the uplink [3]. The enhancement of downlink capacity of WCDMA system has been described as a feature known as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Release 5, 3GPP specications. The main goal of HSDPA has been to allow WCDMA to support downlink peak data rate in the range of approximately 10-14 Mb/s for best-eort packet-data services [3]. In addition to this, HSDPA targets to achieve lower round-trip delay and increased capacity. This enhancement has been based on the principle of sharing a transmission channel, where a certain amount of power and code resource has been dynamically shared between different users, mainly in the time domain. Through this technology, both users and operators will get beneted; the users will achieve better user experience by shorter download times due to higher bit rates and operators will get greater system capacity [1], [2], [3]. The overview of HSDPA concept, the technology along with its evolution from WCDMA has been described in detail in Chapter 2. In WCDMA system the left-over power available in the base station, after the power consumption by all Dedicated channels and other overhead channels, is assigned to the HSDPA channel. The basic dierence in the design for enhancing peak data rate has been based on the principle of rapid adaptation of transmission parameters to the time-varying channel conditions. This has been achieved by using the technologies, e.g. Fast link adaptation (higher order modulation and adaptive coding), HARQ and Scheduling. The terminal, closer to the base station, can 3 use 16 QAM and 4 coding to get higher peak data rate, on the other hand, another terminal near to the cell boundary or having a fading dip can use QPSK 1

Chapter 1. Introduction

and low rate code to get lower data rate. Also Release 5 has introduced a new shared downlink channel for packet data, called HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). In order to reduce the round trip delay, the required HSDPA functionalities i.e. Fast link adaptation, HARQ & Scheduling have been implemented in Node B, closer to the air interface. In Node B, this new functionality has been implemented in a new entity, called MAC-hs [1], [2], [3], [4], [9], [10], [11], [12].

1.2

Thesis Motivation

After the standardization of Release 5 specications in 3GPP, number of studies have been conducted on the evaluation of the performance of HSDPA. All the previous studies have shown improved system performance due to HSDPA implementation. The article [5] has shown the increased system capacity over dedicated channels. In this study, all cells have been implemented with HSDPA. However, in a real deployment scenario it may happen that all the cells do not implement HSDPA in the initial stage. Dierent higher layer protocols have been designed in WCDMA systems in such a way, that the HSDPA functionality should be able to operate in an environment where certain cells are not updated with HSDPA functionality [4]. As HSDPA leads to higher power in the system, it may create more interference to the neighbouring cells, aecting the dedicated channel capacity of those cells. None of the previous studies has considered the impact of HSDPA implementation on the dedicated channel capacity in neighbouring cells when those cells do not have HSDPA. Therefore, in this Master thesis, the impact of HSDPA implementation on the dedicated channel capacity in neighbouring cells, has been studied when those neighbouring cells do not have HSDPA.

1.3

Problem Denition

As per the market forecast [15], HSDPA will start getting deployed towards end of the year 2005. It will be deployed in phases. That means, it will happen that there will be combination of cells in a network in the begining, where some of the cells will not have HSDPA; they will have only Dedicated channels and some cells will have HSDPA, having both Dedicated and HS-DSCH channel. Figure 1.1 shows this scenario as an example; cell-2 has HSDPA, but cell-1 does not have; it has only Dedicated channels. In WCDMA systems, due to the varying channel conditions, the power in a dedicated channel varies by the power control mechanism as described in the appendix -B.2. The power transmitted by the base station is large if the terminal is far away on the boundary of the cell, on the other hand, the base station transmit power is low if the terminal is closer to the base station. Another reason for the use of power control in dedicated channels is the variation of interference from neighbouring cells because of the changes in the transmission power in those cells.

1.3. Problem Definition

Figure 1.1: System Example- Combination of cells-with/without HSDPA

Chapter 1. Introduction

Figure 1.2: Capacity variation after HSDPA implementation in adjacent cells

The Base station in cell-2 in Figure 1.1 uses larger power due to HSDPA implementation, which imparts larger interference to cell-1. As the dedicated channels in cell-1 is power controlled, the base station in cell-1 will increase its power due to larger interference. As a result, the capacity of cell-1 will be aected. Secondly, if the trac variation in HSDPA is large, the base station power in cell-2 will be larger and uctuating, which will impart larger and uctuating interference to cell-1. Due to non ideal power control of Dedicated channel, this larger and uctuating interference may also aect the capacity of cell-1. This phenomenon has been explained in detail in the Figure 1.2. Initially both the cells do not have HSDPA; they have only Dedicated channels. At this stage, it has been assumed that the capacity of the cell-1 is Cap-1, which has been achieved after the power control due to uctuation in its own dedicated channel and due to interference from cell-2. When HSDPA is implemented in cell-2 with 100% activity (100% activity means that there is constant supply of data for transmission), the base station power in cell-2 is larger, but constant. This larger & constant power will impart larger and constant interference to cell-1, so the base station in cell-1 will increase its power in order to achieve the target SIR level. As a result, capacity of cell-1 will be aected. The rst problem is to nd out how much is the variation in the capacity of the cell-1 after HSDPA implementation in cell-2? Will it be larger or lower than the reference case? Because in the reference case, the interference varies, but here the interference is constant. In the second case, when activity factor is less than 100% i.e. there is not sucient data available in the HSDPA channel for transmission; there is uctu-

1.4. Previous Work

ation in the availability of HSDPA data in cell-2, then the base station power in cell-2 will be larger and uctuating, which imparts larger and uctuating interference to cell-1. Under this scenario how much is the capacity variation in cell-1? Is this variation is larger than the case with 100% active HSDPA cell due to larger variance of interference and use of non-ideal power control? With the above understanding, the thesis answers the following questions: How is the Dedicated channel capacity in a cell without HSDPA aected by the introduction of a fully loaded (100% activity) HSDPA channel in a neighbouring cell? Does the Dedicated channel capacity vary for dierent HSDPA activity factors? This problem can also be interpreted as: Is there any impact on the dedicated channel capacity of a cell due to larger interference from its adjacent cell? Is there any impact on the dedicated channel capacity of a cell due to variation of interference from its adjacent cell?

1.4

Previous Work

Following previous studies have been described to show that all these studies have considered that all cells are implemented with HSDPA. The scenario of initial deployment phase, where some cells might not have HSDPA implementation, has not been considered. Following studies have shown improved performance due to the implementation of HSDPA functionalities like Fast link adaptation, HARQ and Scheduling, but the eects of larger interference due to HSDPA introduction on adjecent cells, on those cells which do not have HSDPA, has not been studied. In the study [2], the performance of HSDPA-evolved WCDMA system has been evaluated by a system level simulation, taking web-browsing users into account. All HSDPA techniques e.g. Link Adaptation, Hybrid ARQ, and Scheduling have been simulated for the study to show how these techniques help to increase the throughput, lower the delays and increase peak data rates up to 10 Mbits/sec. The ratio of the correctly received user bits during the entire session and the session length, excluding the time during which there is no data for transmission, has been dened as the system throughput. The performance of the system has been measured in terms of the system throughput as a function of the oered load. With the above performance criteria and one simplied system model, the simulation result has shown good throughput even at high loads. But this study has evaluated the overall system performance with HSDPA implemented in all cells. Another study [5] has indicated that the introduction of HS-DSCH has signicantly improved the performance of TCP based applications and the system capacity. The study has used the end-user quality i.e. the TCP le transfer delay as the performance criteria as a function of the system load i.e. the number

Chapter 1. Introduction

of users. First, the performance has been measured in a system without HSDPA. After implementing HSDPA, the performance has again been measured. Interestingly it has been shown that the TCP le transfer delay has been reduced in the system with HSDPA. The simulation result has shown that both the application performance and the system capacity have been increased over the dedicated channels. It has also specied that the application performance has been increased due to shorter TTI and HARQ being located in Node B, but the increase in the system throughput has been mainly due to higher data rate by adaptive modulation and coding and by ecient scheduling of users. This study has evaluated both the HS-DSCH channel and dedicated channel, but with the same scenario that all cells do have HSDPA. Though this study is no way related to this master thesis, it is described here to show that all HSDPA functionality may not be available in the beginning. In practical scenario, higher order modulation may not be available initially in all terminals. Therefore, another study has been done on HS-DSCH performance to know up to what extent the enhancement due to HSDPA depends on higher order modulation. This result has been published in the article [6]. In this paper, the impact of higher order modulation on HS-DSCH performance has been studied by comparing the HS-DSCH performance with 16 QAM with the HSDSCH performance with QPSK. The performance has been measured in terms of packet bit rate versus system throughput. It has been found that without higher order modulation (16 QAM), performance improvement is substantial with the introduction of HSDPA (with QPSK) because of the lower round trip times obtained by shorter TTI (2 ms).

1.5

Report Outline

Overview of HSDPA concept has been described in chapter 2. Chapter 3 has presented the system model used during the study. The result obtained from the simulation and its explanation have been described in chapter 4. Chapter 5 concludes with discussions and suggestion for further work. Lastly, details of the used Receiver model & UTRAN overview have been appened.

Chapter 2

HSDPA Overview
2.1 General

HSDPA, an evolution to WCDMA, aims at enhancing the packet peak data rate in the downlink direction up to the range of 14 Mb/s. It also aims to reduce the round trip delay and to achieve higher system capacity. The technologies which are used to achieve the above requirements of HSDPA, include Fast link adaptation (Adaptive Modulation and Coding), fast hybrid ARQ, fast scheduling, fast cell selection and multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna solution. 3GPP Release 5 specications have included only fast link adaptation, fast hybrid ARQ and fast scheduling techniques for implementing HSDPA. The basic technology used for HSDPA is based on the rapid adaptation of transmission parameters to the time-varying channel conditions in order to achieve higher peak data rate. Therefore, the corresponding functions such as fast link adaptation and fast scheduling have been placed closer to the air interface i.e. in the Node B (Base station), which is dierent in present WCDMA system where these functions are handled by RNC. Hence, for HSDPA, certain functionality has been shifted from RNC to Node B by the addition of a new entity in Node B, called MAC-hs. MAC-hs handles all HSDPA functionalities e.g. HARQ (generating ACK/NACK), reordering and multiplexing [1], [2] & [4].

2.2

Channels in HSDPA

In order to implement the HSDPA functionalities, Release 5 has introduced a new downlink transport channel for best eort packet data, called HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) and related signaling channels apart from the existing channels as described in [12]. The details are given in the following subsections. 7

Chapter 2. HSDPA Overview

2.2.1

HS-DSCH

HSDPA introduces a new down link transport channel, HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel), to be used for best eort packet-data, which is terminated in the Node B and is controlled by MAC-hs. HS-DSCH is shared by several UEs, transmitted over the entire cell or over only part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas. HS-DSCH corresponds to a common channelization code resource, shared among several users mainly in the time domain. The code resource consists of multiple codes of xed spreading factor 16 and up to 15 out of 16 orthogonal codes can be allocated for HS-DSCH. Also a part of the code tree can be allocated to HS-DSCH and the remaining part can be used simultaneously for other channels e.g. dedicated channels used for speech services. All channelization codes in a single HS-DSCH frame are assigned the same scrambling code sequence. HS-DSCH uses a shorter TTI (Transmission Time Interval) equal to 2ms (equivalent to one sub- frame of three slots i.e.7680 chips) compared to 10ms dedicated channel TTI. Also, there is one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI. Shorter TTI helps in reducing the delay as it reduces the retransmission time. Also it helps in designing a ner scheduling process as it can track channel variations in a better way. HS-DSCH is allocated to dierent users on the basis of HS-DSCH TTI i.e. within one TTI, HS-DSCH code resource is usually allocated to a single user, however, two or more users can use the HS-DSCH channel within one TTI by sharing the code resource i.e. by using distinct part of the code tree. In other words, multiplexing of multiple users for HS-DSCH transmission is allowed in code-domain as well as in time-domain. The corresponding physical channel is denoted by HS-PDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel).

2.2.2

HS-SCCH

HS-DSCH is associated with one or several (up to max. 4) downlink High Speed Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH). HS-SCCH, a physical channel, carries channelisation code set in order to indicate which UE has been scheduled and necessary signalling information for the UE to decode the HS-DSCH. Node B transmits HS-SCCH two slots before the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI to inform the terminal. HS-SCCH channel carries informations in two parts. The rst part contains channelisation code set and the modulation scheme for the allocated HS-DSCH. The UE identies the HS-SCCH carrying information for it by descrambling the rst part by the UE identity. The second part contains transport block size and HARQ related information. If there is HS-DSCH transmission to the same user in consecutive HS-DSCH TTIs, then the same HS-SCCH is used for the corresponding associated downlink signalling.

2.3. Fast Link Adaptation

T slot = 2560 chips HARQ-ACK 2Tslot = 5120 chips CQI

One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)

Subframe #0

Subframe #i One radio frame Tf = 10 ms

Subframe #4

Figure 2.1: Uplink HS-DPCCH

2.2.3

HS-DPCCH

HS-DSCH is also associated with one uplink high speed dedicated physical control channel HS-DPCCH. HS-DPCCH with xed spreading factor 256 is code multiplexed with the existing dedicated uplink physical control channel (DPCCH). Uplink HS-DPCCH carries the necessary control informations, mainly the feedback e.g. ARQ acknowledgements (ACK/NACK) and downlink quality feedback (CQI reports transport block size, coding rate, no.of HS-PDSCH codes, modulation and power oset [11]), required for Node B scheduler to determine to which terminal to transmit and at which data rate etc.

2.2.4

DPCH

Each HS-DSCH has an associated downlink dedicated physical channel DPCH. The associated DPCH carries a ag indicating when to read the HS-SCCH and HS-DSCH. Also it carries power control command for the associated uplink dedicated physical control channel.

2.3

Fast Link Adaptation

Link adaptation is done by selecting the order of Modulation and Coding rate depending upon the users location and channel conditions. Higher order modulation e.g. 16QAM and 64 QAM (Release 5 species only 16QAM & QPSK) provides higher peak data rate in the order of 10Mb/s with 5MHz bandwidth. But, higher order modulation is less robust to noise, interference and other channel impairments, it is, therefore, desirable to combine higher order modulation with adaptive coding, so that the modulation and coding technique can be rapidly adapted to the instantaneous channel conditions, which is called Fast Link Adaptation. By this fast link adaptation technique, the user closer to the base station can use higher order modulation with high rate coding e.g.16 QAM and 3 code rate to achieve higher peak data rate, but the user closer to the 4 cell boundary can use QPSK modulation with low rate coding and gets low data rate. So, in HSDPA, without any power control, user throughput can be maximized by selecting the modulation and coding scheme at a given channel condition. The selection of instantaneous modulation and coding scheme is done

10

Chapter 2. HSDPA Overview

by Node B, on the basis of downlink channel quality. MAC-hs located in Node B, selects the transport format based on the channel quality feedback reported by the UE or from the transmit power of an associated DPCH.

2.4

Hybrid ARQ

The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement to retransmit when detects an error. Combining the soft information from both the transmissions (original and retransmission) prior to decoding is known as Hybrid ARQ type-II. This improves the performance. The fast hybrid ARQ together with fast link adaptation is benecial. The link adaptation selects a good initial estimate of the amount of required redundancy by selecting the coding scheme, so that there will not be many retransmissions. The hybrid ARQ ne-tunes the eective code rate. Retransmission requests can be made per HS-DSCH TTI in HSDPA, contrary to earlier WCDMA releases, where retransmission requests are made per transmit block. In HSDPA, the use of a single CRC (A CRC of size 24 bits is calculated and added per HS-DSCH TTI) for all transport blocks in one TTI reduces the overhead compared to using one CRC per transport block in Release 99. There are two methods of combining original transmission and retransmission i.e. Chase combining and Incremental Redundancy (IR). In Chase combining, identical encoded data is transmitted in response to a retransmission request, but in IR, only additional parity bits are transmitted against a retransmission request. These additional parity bits are used together with the original parity bit, thereby, reducing the code rate.

2.5

Fast Scheduling

Fast scheduling is the mechanism to determine which user to transmit through the shared channel (HS-DSCH) during a time interval TTI. It is a key element in the design as it determines the overall behaviour of the system. The main objective of the scheduler is to achieve maximum system throughput by assigning all the available radio resources to the user with the best radio conditions, at the same time, maintaining some degree of fairness between users.

2.6

Power Control

By power control mechanism, similar service quality is provided to all communication links despite the variations in the channel conditions, that means larger proportion of the total available power is consumed for the bad channel conditions. It is obvious that radio resources can be eciently used when allocated to good channel conditions. Therefore, it is understood that power control is not the most ecient tool for allocating resources from the overall system throughput point of view. Therefore, while designing HSDPA, power control has been deactivated for HSDPA channel. The necessary requirements are fullled by the techniques e, g, Adaptive Modulation and Coding and Hybrid ARQ. By the absence of power control, power eciency is gained due to the elimination of power control overhead. Also, when 16 QAM is used, amplitude estimation and more accurate phase estimation are needed to separate the constellation

2.6. Power Control

11

points in the demodulation/detection process. To estimate the amplitude, ratio of the amplitude of the power level of HS-DSCH and pilot power level (from Common Pilot Channel - CPICH) is required, so if power control is applied, it will deteriorate the performance. Hence, power control is not recommended if 16 QAM is used [Ch.11, Pg.285, [9]]. HS-PDSCH: The HS-PDSCH power control is under the control of Node B. When the HS-PDSCH is transmitted using 16QAM, the UE may assume that the power is kept constant during the corresponding HS-DSCH sub frame. In case of multiple HS-PDSCH transmission to one UE, all the HS-PDSCHs intended for that UE shall be transmitted with equal power. The sum of the powers used by all HS-PDSCHs and HS-SCCHs in a cell shall not exceed the value of HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Total Power if signaled by higher layers[4],[10]. HS-SCCH: The HS-SCCH power control is under the control of the Node B. It may follow the power control commands sent by the UE to the Node B or any other power control procedure applied by the Node B. HS-DPCCH: The power control of uplink HS-DPCCH is done by the associated downlink DPCH.

Chapter 3

System Model
3.1 Network Model

This thesis has been studied by a simple system level simulation in MATLAB / RUNE environment. First, a WCDMA system without HSDPA (no cells have HSDPA implementation) has been simulated, which has been used as a Reference System. Then, HSDPA has been implemented in some cells with 100% activity for the study. Lastly, the HSDPA activity factor has been varied to study the inuence on System capacity in comparison to the capacity of the Reference System.

3.1.1

Cell Deployment Model

In this system model, the deployment site corresponds to an urban area. It consists of seven sites with 3-sector antenna, making a total of 21 uniform hexagonal cells Figure 3.1. The cell radius is 500 m [5]. The users are distributed uniformly throughout the cell and move randomly with a constant velocity of 3 km/hr. The wrap-around technique has been used to prevent the border eects [6], [13].

3.1.2

Propagation Model

The Propagation model consist of three components: distance dependent component according to Okumura-Hata [14] a log-normal distributed component used to model shadow fading (this component has a spatial correlation with an exponential decrease so that the correlation is exp(-1) at 110 m). a fast fading component (rayleigh fading) with spatial correlation. The fading rate is related to the spatial correlation. 13

14

Chapter 3. System Model

Network Model 2000

11 9 4 2 16 8 3 1 14 7 21 13 5 6 20

1500 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500

19 17 12 10

HSDPA
18

HSDPA
15

HSDPA

HSDPA

2000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000

Figure 3.1: Network Model

3.1. Network Model Propagation Specic Parameters gain constant (gain at 1 meter distance) noise oor (thermal noise oor) alpha (distance attenuation coecient) sigma (standard deviation for the log-normal fading) raa ( lognormal correlation down link) corrdist (lognormal fading correlation distance) Rayleigh Fading Fading rate fd is given by [16] fd = where v = the velocity of the mobile = the wavelength of the carrier v - 28 - 103 dBm 3.5 8 dB 0.5 110 m

15

(3.1)

As the mobile velocity has been taken as 3 km/hr in this system model and the wavelength of WCDMA carrier is 0.15m, the fading rate is very small.

3.1.3

Handover

An Ideal soft handover algorithm has been implemented, which is based on error free measurement without any delay. This means that a base station is added to the active set as soon as the average pathgain to that base station (i.e. ignoring the fast fading) is within 3dB from the average pathgain between the mobile and the best base station. In other words, the handover margin is 3 dB and there is no limit for how many base stations can be added to the active set.

3.1.4

HSDPA Model

HSDPA has been implemented in 4 cells (cell no. 1, 3, 4 & 5), out of total 21 cells with 100% and 50% HSDPA activity. Cells for HSDPA implementation has been selected in such a way that almost all other cells in the network are adjacent to HSDPA enabled cells. As the study covers only the eects of interference, on those cells which do not have HSDPA, caused by larger power due to HSDPA implementation on neighbouring cells, all HSDPA functionalities like Adaptive Modulation, HARQ and Scheduling have not been implemented. The interference eect has only been simulated by changing the power settings.

3.1.5
DCH

Trac Model

The trac over the dedicated channel has been considered as some continuously transmitted services which requires -18 dB as the SIR target required for power control. userbr (user bit rate) otraf (average number of oered load to a cell) 12.200 kbps 10:32 (20:26)

16

Chapter 3. System Model

0.5

ON
0.5

OFF

HSDPA Activity 50%

Figure 3.2: Single Stage Markov Chain

HSDPA For HSDPA channel, it has been assumed for simplicity that there is only one HSDPA user in one HSDPA cell. Two cases of HSDPA trac activity have been considered. one is 100% activity i.e. if the cell is HSDPA enabled, then there is always HSDPA data for transmission. The second case assumes 50% activity, so there is uctuation in the availability of the HSDPA data for transmission. 50% activity of HSDPA channel has been implemented slot wise by a single stage markov chain with transition probabilities equal to 0.5 as shown in the Figure 3.2.

3.1.6

Power Control Model

The downlink common control channels have been allocated 20% of the maximum base station power, which has been denoted as Overhead power. Some safety margin (10%) has been taken for the target base station power, which limits only the HSDPA power. The remaining part ( e.g.70%) has been allocated to Dedicated channels and HSDPA channels. In order to design a stable system, the maximum base station power and maximum DCH power have been limited. poh (overhead power) bspwrtarget (target base station power) pbsmax ( maximum base station power) pchmax (maximum channel power) sirtarget (C/I target level for inner loop power control) 4W 18 W 21 W 33 dBm - 18 dB

Power Control is implemented in the base station. The type of power control which has been assumed for HSDPA implies that the DCH channels have higher priority than the HSDPA channels. This means that the base station automatically protects the DCH channels by preempting resources from the HSDPA channel whenever needed (i.e. giving the HSDPA channel the power left-overs).

3.1. Network Model DCH

17

Inner loop power control (+/- 1 dB per slot) has been modeled for dedicated channels in the following way: The received SIR on each user is measured and compared with the target SIR (-18dB). If the received SIR is less than the target SIR, then a command is sent to the base station to increase the transmitted power by one dB, otherwise it is decreased by one dB. Two dierent models of the power control have been tested; one model has used ideal power control i.e. no delay (No delay means that the power is changed in the next slot, i.e. the transmission power in slot n+1 is set according to the SIR measurement in slot n). The other model has used a delay of 2 slots i.e. if the sir measurement is done in slot n and it is required to increase transmit power by 1 dB, then it is increased in the slot n+3. Outer loop power control has not been implemented in this study. There is a mechanism for scaling down the DCH power whenever the required sum of powers exceeds the base station power limit. This aects the DCH power setting but not the overhead power. HSDPA HSDPA power on every third slot (n) is set as per the following formula. The HSDPA power in slots n+1 & n+2 is the same as that in the slot n. HSDP Apwr = BStargetpwr DCH pwr Poh (3.2)

BStargetpwr is a threshold given to the HSDPA power only. It has been selected 10% below the maximum base station power. The aim of this threshold is to limit the interference caused by the HSDPA channel [7]. The scaling down of the base station power does not take into account the HSDPA power. This leads to the HSDPA channel being allocated no power, but the HSDPA power is controlled each third slot. Since the total base station power is the sum of all DCH power, Overhead power and HSDPA power; the HSDPA power is controlled at every third slot, there might be a case when the total base station power exceeds the predened limit.

3.1.7

Interference Model

The SIR received on each user has been calculated by the following formula: pij gij pnm + P OH m + P HS m ) + reb gij (( n

ij =

N+

m=j gim (

k=i

pkj ) + P OH j + P HS j ) (3.3)

where

18

Chapter 3. System Model ij = SIR received on user i from base station j pij = Transmitted power to user i from base station j gij = Path gain between user i and base station j gim = Path gain between user i and all other base stations except j pkj = Transmitted power to all other users except i from base station j pnm = Transmitted power to all users from all base stations except j reb = Rebate factor for interference in own base station(models the orthogonality factor- value taken as 0.5) P OH j = Overhead power of base station j P HS j = HSDPA power of base station j N = Additive White Gaussian Noise

3.1.8

Receiver Model

Only downlink case has been studied. A detailed model of the receiver would be needed in order to get an accurate mapping between the link behavior at a micro-level (what happens at data bit and coding block level) and a system-level behavior (when only slot average SIR values are available). This kind of model has not been available for the study. Therefore, a heuristic approach has been taken for dening the model. The SIR received on each user has been measured in each slot. In RUNE, a matrix (size equal to no. of users by no. of base stations) is available , which shows the SIR received on each user from dierent base stations to which the user is connected. The matrix carries zeros in places where there is no connectivity between a particular user with a particular base station. As users can be under more than one base station during soft handover, the SIR received on each user from all base stations (21 nos.) have been added together (Maximum ratio combining). Then the average SIR on each user for a frame ( 1 frame = 15 slots) has been calculated by taking linear averaging of SIRs received for 15 slots.
21

SIRsloti =
j=1 15

SIRj

(3.4)

SIRf ramek =
i=1

(SIRsloti )/15

(3.5)

where SIRsloti = SIR received on each user in slot i.

3.2. System Quality Measure SIRf ramek = Average SIR on each user over a frame k.

19

According to this receiver model, a frame is correctly received if the average SIRf rame is larger than a threshold. Otherwise the frame is erroneous. Therefore the frame error ag is modelled as: Frame Error = SIRf ramek 23.5 dB (3.6)

Details for how this model parameter has been selected and some characteristics of this model are given in appendix A.

3.2

System Quality Measure

For the purpose of characterising the system behaviour and characteristics, a number of quality measures are dened next. Dissatisfaction Rate has been chosen as the parameter to measure the System performance. Dedicated Channel Capacity of a cell has been dened as the number of users at which Dissatisfaction Rate exceeds 4%. The process of dening Dissatisfaction Rate has been described below: Frame Error has been obtained from the receiver model. Frame Error Rate per session has been dened as the sum of all frame errors divided by the number of frames under observation. Frame Error No of frames under observation

Frame Error RateSession =

(3.7)

The service that has been assumed for the DCH channels is a typical speech (conversational) type of service. Therefore, if the number of lost frames is too large then the speech quality is degraded. Though there are some models for assessing the instantaneous speech quality, but the issue of assessing the quality of an entire session is typically dicult. Therefore it is assumed that the speech quality is severely aected if the average frame error rate is lager than 3%. Accordingly, User Dissatisfaction Flag has been set to 1, if the Frame Error Rate per session is greater than 3%. User Dissatisfaction Flag = Frame Error RateSession 0.03 (3.8)

System Dissatisfaction Rate has been dened as the percentage of User Dissatisfaction Flag with respect to number of users. User Dissatisfaction Flag (3.9) No of users

System Dissatisfaction Rate = 100

20

Chapter 3. System Model In addition to the overall System Dissatisfaction Rate, cell-wise dissatisfaction rate has also been dened by the percentage of users with poor session quality (User dissatisfaction ag set to 1) in each cell. In this case, Frame Error Rate per session has been determined in the same manner as above and then which users are connected to which cell has been found out. Out of those users connected in a cell, only those users with poor session quality (i.e. in which case User Dissatisfaction Flag is set to 1) have been considered in order to calculate the cellwise dissatisfaction rate. Next, dissatisfaction rate of only those cells which have no HSDPA implementation, but are adjacent to the cells with HSDPA implementation, has been determined in all three system models i.e. Reference system, HSDPA system with 100% activity and HSDPA system with 50% activity.

User Dissatisfaction Flagcellj = Frame Error RateSessioncellj 0.03 (3.10) User Dissatisfaction Flagcellj No of users connected to cellj (3.11)

Cell Dissatisfaction Ratecellj = 100

21

Adjacentcell Dissatisfaction Rate =

j=8

Cell Dissatisfaction Ratecellj /14 (3.12)

Chapter 4

Results
With the system model described in previous chapter, System Dissatisfaction Rate for three types of systems i.e. Reference System, HSDPA System with 100% activity and HSDPA System with 50% activity have been determined for comparison. All these results have been averaged over 10 independent realizations. 95% condence interval of these results has been determined, which is around 2%. In addition to the above result, the Dissatisfaction Rate in those cells (cells 8 to 21, refer Figure 3.1), which are not implemented with HSDPA, but are adjacent to HSDPA enabled cells, has been determined for above three system types in order to nd out the impact of HSDPA implementation in the neighbouring cells which is the objective of this master thesis. The result of the adjacent cell dissatisfaction rate has been shown in the following section.

4.1

Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction

With -23.5 db as the reference SIR [Appendix A], dissatisfaction rate in adjacent cells has been determined by varying the average load/cell from 20 to 26 for the above three dierent systems using ideal power control i.e. T P C delay = 0 and plotted in Figure 4.1. Next the above procedure has been repeated for delayed power control technique i.e. T P C delay = 2 and shown in Figure 4.2 to see the impact of power control on the result. It has been observed that with delayed power control, dissatisfaction rate has been increased compared to the system with ideal power control. It is observed from both the gures that the adjacent cell dissatisfaction rate has been increased after the introduction of HSDPA, but the increase is insignicant. This implies that HSDPA implementation in neighbouring cell has not created more interference to the adjacent cells which are not 21

22

Chapter 4. Results

11 10 9
Dissatisfaction Rate

Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction Rate (TPC delay=0) Ref Sys HSDPA(50%) HSDPA(100%)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 20 21 22 23 24 Avg no of users / cell 25 26

Figure 4.1: Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction (T P C delay = 0)

4.1. Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction

23

11 10 9
Dissatisfaction Rate

Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction Rate (TPC delay=2) Ref Sys HSDPA(50%) HSDPA(100%)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 20 21 22 23 24 Avg no of users / cell 25 26

Figure 4.2: Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction (T P C delay = 2)

24

Chapter 4. Results HSDPA enabled. It is also seen that with 100% HSDPA active cells, dissatisfaction rate is larger than that in 50% HSDPA active cells. In terms of Dedicated channel capacity, the capacity has decreased insignicantly after HSDPA implementation. The decrease is more in 100% HSDPA active cells than that in 50% HSDPA active cell. In order to verify the authenticity of the result, base station power distribution for the reference system has been plotted for dierent loads (for average no of users / cell =20 and 26) in both the power control methods i.e. with ideal power control and delayed power control and shown in Figure 4.3. It is observed that at load 26, 50% cases have reached maximum BS power in Reference system, that means all available power has been consumed by the dedicated channels, so when HSDPA is implemented, there is no power left for the HSDPA channels, as a result, HSDPA implementation has insignicant impact on the Dedicated channel capacity of neighbouring cell. Secondly it is seen that the increase of average BS power due to delayed power control is nominal, which might be another reason for insignicant impact of HSDPA implementation. Due to non ideal power control, the variance of the base station power distribution is expected to be atter compared to BS power distribution in ideal power control, but the Figure 4.3 shows the minor dierence between ideal power control and delayed power control, which signify that delayed power control does not have larger variance. This has been explained by the fact that as the user velocity has been taken as 3km/hr, which is very slow, the fading eect has not been observed, as a result, the base station power distribution under ideal power control and under delayed power control has not shown a signicant dierence.

4.2

HSDPA Admission Threshold

It has been observed that the interference eects due to HSDPA implementation are not signicant. This might be due to the fact that the threshold for HSDPA is too low. Major part of the BS power is consumed by the Dedicated channel as it has more priority, HSDPA channels get less power to use. Again due to low threshold, HSDPA share of power becomes even less. In order to investigate the result further, observations have been taken for the eects on the dissatisfaction rate when BS target power has been raised to maximum available BS power. System dissatisfaction as well as average dissatisfaction in adjacent cells have been measured setting equal values (21W) to both maximum base station power and target base station power. Results in Figure 4.4 & Figure 4.5 are shown under dealyed power control with dierent values of BStarget power for comparison. It is noted that the impact is more clear in this scenario. From Figure 4.5 , it is seen that if 22 is the DCH capacity (as dened in chapter 3) of

4.2. HSDPA Admission Threshold

25

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 5

BS Power Distribution for Reference System

load=20

de

= ay

load=26
2 ay=

del

de

de

10

15

lay

= ay

=0

20

25

Power (W)
Figure 4.3: BSPower Distribution for Reference System at dierent loads

26

Chapter 4. Results

11 10 9
Dissatisfaction Rate

System Dissatisfaction Rate for different BStarget power(delay=2)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 20 21

Ref Sys HSDPA(50%, bstar=18W) HSDPA(100%,bstar=18W) HSDPA(50%,bstar=21W) HSDPA(100%,bstar=21W) 22 23 24 Avg no of users / cell 25 26

Figure 4.4: System Dissatisfaction for dierent HSPWR threshold

4.2. HSDPA Admission Threshold

27

11 10 9
Dissatisfaction Rate

Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction Rate for different BStar power (delay=2)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 20 21 22 Ref Sys HSDPA(50%,bstar=18W) HSDPA(100%,bstar=18W) HSDPA(50%,bstar=21W) HSDPA(100%,bstar=21W) 23 24 Avg no of users / cell 25 26

Figure 4.5: Adjacent Cell Dissatisfaction for dierent HSPWR threshold

28

Chapter 4. Results the adjacent cell without HSDPA in case of reference system, after implementation of HSDPA (100%), this DCH capacity goes down to 20. The impact on the overall system dissatisfaction is not that evident even in this scenario. This might be due to the fact that there are some cells which are not adjacent to HSDPA enabled cell, so the impact on those cells are negligible, which has been averaged over the entire system.

4.3

Comparison of DCH Capacity

With reference to the denition of DCH capacity ( Number of users per cell at which dissatisfaction rate becomes larger than 4%) as dened in chapter 3, DCH capacity of the cell having no HSDPA, but adjacent to HSDPA enabled cell, has been determined in dierent system congurations as given in the following table: System-1 System-2 System-3 System-4 System-5 System-6 System-7 System-8 Reference system with delay=0 HSDPA system (50%) with delay=0 HSDPA system (100%) with delay=0 Reference system with delay=2 HSDPA system (50%) with delay=2 HSDPA system (100%) with delay=2 HSDPA system (50%) with delay=2 & BStarpwr=21W HSDPA system (100%) with delay=2 & BStarpwr=21W

Then relative capacity of each system has been calculated by dividing the DCH capacity of each system by the DCH capacity of the Reference system with ideal power control. The relative capacities have been plotted in Figure 4.6 to give a clear picture of the impacts of HSDPA implementation on adjacent cells. It is observed that the maximum decrease of DCH capacity is 14% as seen from the bar 8 in Figure 4.6. It has been noted that the impact due to delayed power control is not signicant, but the impact of interference, due to larger HSDPA power when threshold has been increased, is visible.

4.3. Comparison of DCH Capacity

29

1 0.9 0.8 0.7

Relative Capacity

Comparison of DCH Capacity for different System Models

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 delay=0 delay=2 Bstarpwr=21W

Figure 4.6: Comparison of DCH Capacity of adjacent cells without HSDPA

Chapter 5

Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion

It is seen that after the introduction of HSDPA in some cells, there is minor impact on the overall system performance. The dedicated channel capacity of the total system and of the adjacent cell has been reduced, but the reduction is so insignicant that it can be neglected from statistical point of view. Hence, this is a very encouraging result for the telecommunication industries. It has been observed that the impact is larger with 100% activity than that with 50% activity. That means the dedicated channel capacity of a 100% HSDPA active cell is lower than the dedicated channel capacity of a 50% HSDPA active cell. From the above observation, it is concluded that the interference aects the capacity, but variation of interference doesnt aect. In addition to the above, it is found that the impact is visible when there is larger threshold for HSDPA power.

5.2

Future Work

The receiver model used in this study is a heuristic model, which might not have shown correct result. This has been felt so due to the uncorrelation observed between Figure A.1 and Figure A.3. In Figure A.1, it is noticed that when the load increases from 25 to 30, the probability of base station power reaching maximum value increases from 20% to 80%, but the Dissatisfaction rate in Figure A.3 increases from 5% to 20%. Apart from this, outer loop power control has not been implemented, which can give more accurate result as the SIR target is selected dynamically. Therefore, it is suggested to study this aspect further by taking care of the limitations of this study i.e. by using a receiver model, in which there is better correlation between link level behaviour and system level result and also, by implementing outer loop power control. 31

References
[1] M.Frodigh, S.Parkvall, C.Roobol, P.Johansson and P.Larsson, Future-Generation Wireless Networks, IEEE Personal Communcations, Volume.8, Issue:5, Oct 2001. [2] S.Parkvall, E.Dahlman, P.Frenger, P.Beming and M.Persson, The evolution of WCDMA towards higher speed downlink packet data access, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Spring. IEEE VTS 53rd, Volume:3, 2001. [3] The white paper, WCDMA Evolved, The rst step HSDPA, May 2004, Ericsson, http://www.ericsson.com/products/white papers pdf/wcdma evolved.pdf [4] 3GPP TS 25.308 V5.2.0, HSDPA, Overall description, (release 5). [5] J.Peisa, E.Englund, TCP Performance over HS-DSCH, Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference 2002 Spring. [6] E.Englund, K.W.Helmersson, Magnus Persson, M. Samuelsson, Stefan Parkval, Impacts of Higher Order Modulation on HS-DSCH System Performance, Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference 2003. [7] A.Furuskr, S.Parkvall, M.Persson and M.Samuelsson,Performance of WCDMA High Speed Packet Data, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002. VTC Spring 2002. IEEE 55th,Volume:3, 6-9 May 2002, Pages:1116 - 1120, vol.3 [8] C.S.Chiu and C.C.Lin, Comparative Downlink Shared Channel Performance Evaluation of WCDMA Release 99 and HSDPA, International Conference on Networking, Sensing & Control, IEEE Proceedings 2004. [9] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS, Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons. [10] 3GPP TS 25.214 V6.2.0, Physical layer procedures (FDD), (Release 6). [11] 3GPP TR 25.858 V5.0.0,High Speed Downlink Packet Access: Physical Layer Aspects(Release 5). [12] 3GPP TS 25.211 V6.1.0,Physical Channels and mapping of transport channels on to physical channels (FDD) (Release 6) 33

34

References [13] Jens Zander and Seong-Lyun Kim, Radio Resource Management for Wireless Networks, 2001 Artech House, Inc., Appendix B & C. [14] Hata M., Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services, IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. Vol. VT-29, Aug. 1980. [15] Ericsson reveals HSDPA market introduction, Ericsson Press Releases, Feb. 2005 http://www.ericsson.com/press/20050215130150.html [16] Lars Ahlin and Jens Zander Principles of Wireless Communications, Second Edition, section 5.1, pp-229.

Appendix A

Receiver Model Details

A detailed model of the receiver is needed in order to get an accurate mapping between the link behavior at a micro-level (what happens at data bit and coding block level) and a system-level behavior (when only slot average SIR values are available). This kind of model has not been available for the study. Therefore, a heuristic approach has been taken for dening the model. The receiver model has been described in chapter 3. This appendix describes how the Reference SIR (which has been considered as a good SIR for correct reception of data) value has been selected. First, in order to gure out a good range of the load for the required performance of the system, average BS power has been measured for average users per cell varying from 10 to 32 in the reference system. From the BS power distribution, probability of BS power reaching the maximum BS power has been calculated for dierent loads. From the values in Figure A.1, it has been observed that the probability of BS power reaching maximum level is around 10% at the loads between 20 to 25. At these loads, the average base station power as shown in Figure A.2 varies from 12W to 16W. So, this gives an idea about the required load of the system for measuring the system performance. Next, system dissatisfaction rate has been determined for average users per cell varying from 10 to 32 in the Reference system taking dierent required SIR values from -20 db to -25 db and have been plotted to nd out the Reference SIR required for the study. From the plot showing the system dissatisfaction rate versus average users/cell for dierent required SIR values Figure A.3, it is noticed that between the loads 20 & 25, if the accepted system dissatisfaction rate is taken as 4% (as 4% has been dened as the accepted dissatisfaction rate while dening the DCH capacity in chapter 3), then -23.5 db can be taken as the good reference SIR for the remaining part of the measurement.

35

36

Appendix A. Receiver Model Details

1 0.9 0.8
Prob(Bspwr=Max Bspwr)

Probability (BSpwr reaching Max BSpwr) Ref Sys TPCdelay=0 TPCdelay=2

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 10 15 20 25 Avg no of users / cell 30 35

Figure A.1: Probability of BSpwr reaching maximum BSpwr-Ref Sys

37

22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 10

Average Base station Power Ref Sys TPCdelay=0 TPCdelay=2

Power in W

15

20 25 Avg no of users / cell

30

35

Figure A.2: Average Base Station Power-Ref Sys

38

Appendix A. Receiver Model Details

10

Determination of Reference SIR Ref Sys

System Dissatisfaction Rate(%)

10

10

10

22 db 22.5 db 23 db 23.5 db 24 db 24.5 db 25 db 15 20 25 Avg no of users / cell 30 35

10

Figure A.3: Determination of Reference SIR- Ref Sys

Appendix B

UTRAN Overview
B.1 General

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network ) is that part of the UMTS Figure B.1 which consists of RNCs and Node Bs between Iu and Uu . A number of RNCs (Radio Network Controller ) are connected to the core network. Each RNC can handle several Node Bs (Base stations), which in turn get connected to UEs (User Equipment). RNC is the logical node responsible for total radio resource management, where as Node B is responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells to /from UEs. RNCs are either CRNC (Controlling RNC) or SRNC (Serving RNC) as per the functions they perform. CRNC owns the radio resources of a cell, but the SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio resources of a certain cell from the CRNC [2], [4]. Data transfer takes place through various channels [12] in the form of transport blocks. Physical channels [12] are dened by a specic carrier frequency, scrambling code, channelization code and a time duration measured in number of chips. Radio frame A radio frame is a processing duration which consists of 15 slots. The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips equivalent to 10 ms. Slot A slot is a duration of 2560 chips which consists of elds containing bits. It corresponds to one power control period. The transmission time interval set is (10/20/40/80 ms), which is one radio frame. The modulation used here is QPSK. Transport channels are mapped to Physical Channels e.g Dedicated Channel (DCH) is mapped to Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)[12]. One carrier is distinguished from others by a combination of channelization code (which are taken from Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor 39

40

Appendix B. UTRAN Overview

Figure B.1: UMTS architecture

DPDCH T slot = 2560 chips, DPCCH Pilot N pilot bits

Data

TFCI NTFCI bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

FBI N FBI bits

TPC N TPC bits

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

Slot #14

Figure B.2: Radio frame for Uplink dedicated physical channel

B.2. Power Control

DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits

41
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

Figure B.3: Radio frame for Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

Code tree) and a scrambling code. The channelization code species a user and scrambling code species a cell. In WCDMA, power is used as a common source, which makes mixed services with variable data rate possible. Dierent power is allocated to users by Radio Resource management, so that maximum interference level is not exceeded. One physical resource carrying one channelization code and one scrambling code can provide multiple services with variable bit rate by only varying power. As the demand for the data rate changes, the power allocated to this physical resource is adjusted in such a way that quality of service is guaranteed at any instant of the connection.

B.2

Power Control

Power control mechanism is the heart of WCDMA system in order to solve near-far problem. Without this control, WCDMA system will not function desirably as a single frequency (re-use factor 1) carrier is used throughout the cell, so a mobile near to the base station can overshout another mobile, which is far away from the base station i.e. nearby mobile can block a large part of the cell leading to near-far problem. The objective of the power control is to maximize the capacity by keeping the interference level at minimum in the air interface and to provide required quality of service. Minimum interference is achieved by ensuring equal received power per bit of all mobile stations at all times.

Some transport channels support power control, some do not. In cases where there is no power control, the power settings are done by the upper layers. Following Table lists which transport channels support power control and which channels do not.

42 Transport Channel Dedicated Channel Broadcast Channel Forward Access Channel Paging Channel Random Access Channel Common Packet Channel Downlink Shared Channel

Appendix B. UTRAN Overview Support Power Control Yes No No No No Yes Yes

B.2.1

Inner loop Power control

This is done in both the cases i.e. in the uplink as well as in the downlink. The inner loop power control function is located in Node B. In the uplink, base station frequently measures the received Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) on the dedicated channel and compares it with a target SIR. If the received measured SIR is greater than the target SIR, the base station commands the mobile station per slot to lower the power; if received SIR is less than target SIR, then base station commands the MS to increase the power. This measure-command-react cycle is executed at a rate of 1500 times per second for each mobile station. The basic step size is 1 dB or 2 dB. The downlink inner loop power control function controls the level of the downlink-transmitted power depending on the location of the UE. If the base station sends too less power, so that the SIR at the UE is less than the target value, then the UE sends power control commands in the uplink control channel to the Node B in order to increase transmission power. SRNC sends regularly the required power range to Node B on the basis of the measurement results from the UE.

B.2.2

Outer loop Power Control

Outer loop power control located in the SRNC, sets the SIR target required for inner loop power control, so that the required quality can be provided, at the same time the air interface resources can be optimized. The target SIR, in stead of being xed, oats around the minimum value, that just fulls the target quality and get adjusted in the base station depending on the need of the individual link for a constant quality e.g. target BER (Bit Error Rate) or BLER (Block Error Rate).