Trigonometry Formulas

1. Definitions and Fundamental Identities y 1 Sine: sin u = r = csc u Cosine: Tangent: 2. Identities sin s -ud = -sin u, sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos2 u = 1 + cos 2u , 2 cos s -ud = cos u sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u x 1 cos u = r = sec u y 1 tan u = x = cot u
0 y P(x, y) r x y x

tan A + tan B 1 - tan A tan B tan A - tan B tan sA - Bd = 1 + tan A tan B tan sA + Bd = sin aA sin aA + p b = -cos A, 2 p b = cos A, 2 cos aA cos aA + p b = sin A 2

p b = -sin A 2

sin A sin B = cos A cos B = sin A cos B =

1 1 cos sA - Bd - cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 cos sA - Bd + cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sin sA - Bd + sin sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2
y y x cos x x

cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u sin2 u = 1 - cos 2u 2

sin A + sin B = 2 sin sin A - sin B = 2 cos

sin sA + Bd = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin sA - Bd = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos sA + Bd = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos sA - Bd = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
y y sin x

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

cos A - cos B = -2 sin

Trigonometric Functions
Radian Measure
Degrees Radians 0 2 2 3 2 2 y sinx Domain: ( , ) Range: [1, 1] 1 90 1 2 4 1 4 1 2 y

0 2 2

3 2

45 s 1 2 45 r

Domain: ( , ) Range: [1, 1]

y y tan x y sec x

Un
C ir

it cir cl

cle of

s ra diu

r
30 2 3 2 6 3

3 2

0 2 2

3 2

3 2

0 2 2

3 2

60

90 1

3 1

Domain: All real numbers except odd integer multiples of /2 Range: ( , ) y

Domain: All real numbers except odd integer multiples of /2 Range: ( , 1] h [1, ) y

u s s or u = r , r = 1 = u 180 = p radians .

The angles of two common triangles, in degrees and radians.

1 0 2 2

csc x

cot x

1 3 2 2 x 0 2 2 , 3 2 2 2 ,... x

Domain: x 0, , 2 ,... Range: ( , 1] h [1, )

Domain: x 0, Range: ( , )

SERIES
Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series 1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an : 0, the series diverges. 2. Geometric series: gar n converges if r 6 1; otherwise it diverges. 3. p-series: g1>n p converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges. 4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test. 5. Series with some negative terms: Does g an converge? If yes, so does gan since absolute convergence implies convergence. 6. Alternating series: gan converges if the series satisfies the conditions of the Alternating Series Test.

Taylor Series 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + + x n + = a x n, 1 - x n=0

q q

x 6 1 x 6 1

1 = 1 - x + x 2 - + s -xdn + = a s -1dnx n, 1 + x n=0 ex = 1 + x + sin x = x cos x = 1 x2 xn xn + + + = a , 2! n! n = 0 n!

q

x 6 q x 6 q

q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x5 x 2n + 1 + - + s -1dn , + = a 3! 5! s2n + 1d! n = 0 s2n + 1d! q s -1dnx 2n x2 x4 x 2n + - + s -1dn , + = a 2! 4! s2nd! s2nd! n=0

x 6 q -1 6 x 1 x 6 1

ln s1 + xd = x ln

q s -1dn - 1x n xn x2 x3 , + - + s -1dn - 1 n + = a n 2 3 n=1 q

x3 x 2n + 1 1 + x x 2n + 1 x5 + + , = 2 tanh-1 x = 2 ax + + + b = 2a 5 1 - x 3 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1
q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x 2n + 1 x5 - + s -1dn , + + = a 5 3 2n + 1 2n + 1 n=0

tan-1 x = x -

x 1

Binomial Series s1 + xdm = 1 + mx + msm - 1dx 2 msm - 1dsm - 2d sm - k + 1dx k msm - 1dsm - 2dx 3 + + + + 2! 3! k! x 6 1,

q m = 1 + a a bx k, k=1 k

where m a b = m, 1 msm - 1d m a b = , 2! 2 msm - 1d sm - k + 1d m a b = k! k for k 3.

VECTOR OPERATOR FORMULAS (CARTESIAN FORM)

Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian Cartesian (x, y, z) i, j, and k are unit vectors in the directions of increasing x, y, and z. M, N, and P are the scalar components of F(x, y, z) in these directions. Gradient = 0 0 0 i + j + k 0x 0y 0z
A L

The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 1. Let F = Mi + Nj + Pk be a vector field whose components are continuous throughout an open connected region D in space. Then there exists a differentiable function such that 0 0 0 i + j + k F = = 0x 0y 0z if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is independent of the path joining A to B in D. If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
B

2.

F # dr = sBd - sAd.

Divergence

#F =

0N 0P 0M + + 0x 0y 0z i j 0 0y N 0 0y
2 2

Curl

0 * F = 4 0x M 2 = 0
2

Laplacian

0 + 0z
2

0 4 0z k P
2

Greens Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions Normal form of Greens Theorem: F # n ds = # F dA F 6
R

Divergence Theorem:

F # n ds = # F dV 6 9
S D

0x Vector Triple Products

Tangential form of Greens Theorem:

F # dr = * F # k dA F 6
R

su * vd # w = sv * wd # u = sw * ud # v u * sv * wd = su # wdv - su # vdw Vector Identities

Stokes Theorem:

F # dr = * F # n ds 6 F
S

In the identities here, and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1 , and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real constants. * sd = 0 sgd = g + g # sgFd = g # F + g # F * sgFd = g * F + g * F # saF1 + bF2 d = a # F1 + b # F2 * saF1 + bF2 d = a * F1 + b * F2 sF1 # F2 d = sF1 # dF2 + sF2 # dF1 + F1 * s * F2 d + F2 * s * F1 d # sF1 * F2 d = F2 # * F1 - F1 # * F2 * sF1 * F2 d = sF2 # dF1 - sF1 # dF2 + s # F2 dF1 - s # F1 dF2 * s * Fd = s # Fd - s # dF = s # Fd - 2F 1 s * Fd * F = sF # dF - sF # Fd 2