Bea Diaz Period 2 WHAP 1.20.2013 Chapter 19- Early Latin America C.

Focus Questions 1) What aspects of Iberian society were transferred to the New World? Iberian aspects such as urban cities surrounded by American Indians, conquerors as nobles with Indians as serfs, and precedent of controlling African slaves

2) How did the Caribbean serve as a model for the Spanish empire? The Caribbean experience served Spain as a model for its actions elsewhere in the Americas. Actions such as how laborers were divided to form encomiendas, Spanish killed natives with weapons and disease, cities (grids, central plaza) similar to the ones in the Iberian area, forming laws for both natives and Spanish, church power, women meant settlement not conquest

3) How did Spain acquire her American empire? Well, considering that Columbus was employed by the Spanish to go on this expedition, they figured that anything he found along his way belonged to them, including the entire western hemisphere, and that is pretty much what they told to the rest of the world. And while it is fine to proclaim that you own North and South America, the matter of defending it from those who want to take it away from you is a different matter altogether, which is how the English, Dutch, French, and Portuguese gained footholds and colonies in the new world.

4) What effects did the Spanish contacts and conquests have on Indian societies? Effects: natives pushed into towns and land stolen, enslavement was illegal, encomiendas were harsh. Some good effects were introducing horses and other domesticated animals, metal tools and firearms.

5) How did Spain organize and manage its empire and colonial possessions? Spain ruled by crown with papal grant-vice royalties and magistrates, owned subsoil rights-silvery and mercury-convoys moved silver, board of trade controlled by commerce

6 ) How did the discovery of gold and diamonds change the economic organization of Brazil? Changes: sugar=gold, more people came ( 5000 immigrants a year), used slaves for mining behavior, coastal agriculture, hurt indigenous population, opened interior to settlement, mining stimulated opening of new areas to ranching and farming, hierarchy of new color in new areas, became economically dependent on Europe.

7 ) How did the Portuguese experience in Brazil differ from the Spanish experience in Latin America? The interior was much harder to penetrate. Cannon and muskets are just about useless in jungle warfare, and the Native Americans there were quick to defend themselves. 8) Describe the social hierarchy of the American colonies. In the Americas power and money did not matter. Your social status in the Americas was solely based off of the color of your skin. It does not matter how successful or rich you are, whites were always on the top, some mixed races were in the middle, and the colored people were at the bottom. The distinct social system gave rise to a sense of self-identity, especially among creoles and castas. It created a sense of difference from Europeans, contributed to 18th-century rebellions, and eventually stimulated independence movements 9) What effects did the 18th century reform movements have on Latin America? Effects: it strengthened the empire but also generated colonial unrest that eventually led to movements for independence, colonies became self-sufficient, local aristocrats took control, taxation reforms, open trade, state monopolies, increase in populations, created social tension(removal of creoles from govt, creation of creole militia, dissatisfaction among elite, effects of pombal reforms: reduced portugals trade imbalance, demand for Brazilian products low, hard to compete in Europe market, set stage for independence in 18th century.

D. Interpreting Graphs Chart 19.4: Population Decline in New Spain (p.430) a. Between 1250 and 1600 the population of Indians dramatically dropped. While the rise of others steadily increased to 3 million. b. Indians declined-roughly 1540; increased-1740 c. About 1780 d. Loss of labor workers Chart 19.5: A Comparison of Human and Livestock Populations (p.431) a. Indian population decreased while cattle, sheep and goats increased. b. Over time immunity to diseased developed Chart 19.6: Silver Production in the Americas (p.434) a. There was a moment of increase but then it dropped again. b. Around 1596 c. The loss of labor workers E. Visualizing the Past: Read and answer the questions on Race or Culture? (p.440) It wasnt a race but simply culture. The rise of people of mixed origins in both Per and Mexico is to be expected-it is simple consequence and effect. F. In Depth Essay: Read and answer questions on The Great Exchange. (pp.432-433) The Columbian exchange enabled the old world, the new world, and the rest of the world to interact and exchange ideas, animals, plants, etc. It was the first time that brought much change. America was the chief beneficiary, the benefits for America proved far greater than in Europe. But some key exchanges were definitely essential for Europe. Such as the new world crops, maize and potato. There wasnt much of a balance of dependency I would sayAmerica mostly received not contribute.