[2012]

BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE MOHAMMAD SIKANDER KHAN LODHI

ENGINERING-MATHEMATICS-3, LAPLACETRANSFORM, CH-6, IN BIO-MEDICAL-ENGCOURSES:

[NOTE: I SOME TIME MISTAKELY TYPE CAPITAL S INSTEAD OF SMALL S SO BE CARE-FULL.]

BOOK : ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 7TH EDITION by ERWIN-KREYSZIG. [ENGINEERING-MATH-3,LAPLACE-TRANSFORM, CH-6,IN BME] Page 1

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CH-6( START-HERE ): ON LAPLACE-TRANSFORM: (6.1) LAPLACE-TRANSFORM,INVERSE-TRANSFORM,LINEARITY: If f(t) is the given function defined for all *t0+, then we taken the laplace-transform, of f(t), then if the resulting value is exist [(i-e) has some finite value + , its the function of s, also called F(s) in frequency domain. FORMULA OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM[LT]:

Where : t=time and s=frequency Remember that => the given function f(t) depends on t and the new function F(s)[ its laplace-transform + depend on s . So, F(s) is the Laplace-Transform of given function f(t). FORMULA OF INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM[ILT]:

----------------------EXAMPLE#1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM Let,-> f(t)=1, when *t0+ FIND:

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Note: the interval of integration in (eq-A) below is infinite, therefore we called it as Improper-integral. FORMULA: (A)

Above equation is called as eq-A,

{:.when ( S>0 ) }

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Henced proved _---------------------------------finished _-----------EXAMPLE#2: Let -> f(t)=eat, when *t0+ Where [ a=any constant ] Find-> Solution:

-------------------------finished------------ THEOREM#1:[LINEARITY-OF-LAPLACE-TRANSFORM] The laplace transform is a linear-operator Or linear-operation.

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-------------finished--------------Proof # 1:

Solution:

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Henced proved. --------------------------------finished-----------------

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Henced proved ---------------------finished-----------Proof # 3:

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Henced proved -------------------finished----------------{ !=factorial, 4!=4x3x2x1=24}

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-------------------finished-----------

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------------finished------------Q2) [ 6.1 ] Find laplace transform=?

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--------finished-----------

------------finished-------6.1
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Q4) find laplace transform=?

----------finished--------6.1 Q5 ) find laplace transform=?

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-----------finished----------

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Solution:

Q9) find laplace transform=?

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------------finished--------Q17) find laplace transform=? Given:

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Solution:

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--------------finished-------------Q18 ) find laplace-transform=? GIVEN:

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Solution:

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-------------finished-----------Q19 ) find laplace transform=? Given:

FORMULA-OF-STRAIGHT-LINE-EQUATIONS:
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[ Lets put all value in above equations, [ [ [ [ Where :[ [ ] so, ] ] ]

After applying laplace transform on eq-B, we get, [ ]

[ [ ]

].

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[ ]. [ [ [where: s=frequency, and , k=Amplitude ] [ [ ]. [ ]. ]. ]. ].

--------------------------Rough work: Let consider :[ So, [ ] ] from avove eq-G:

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[ [ [ [ [

] ]

] ]

] --------------------Now put the value of eq-k in eq-G, we get, [ ]. [ [

] ]
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[ [ ---------finished-----------6.1 Q 20) Find laplace transform=? Given:

] ]

FORMULA-OF-STRAIGHT-LINE-EQUATIONS: [ Solution: [ [ ] [ ] ] ]

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[ So, where: [ [

] , and ] ]

We applying laplace transform on eq-A, [ ]

[ [ [ [ [ . . [ ] ] ] ] ]

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-----------finished----------6.1

Given: [

. ]

Time domain Frequency domain

Solutions: . . . . ---------------------------------. [ [ ] ]
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--------------Now put the value of eq-S into eq-P, we get. . . . Answer. --------------finished----[ 6.1 ] Q 29) find f(t)=? Given Solution: . . . --------------Formula:(eq-1). (eq-2). .

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----------Now by using the formula of eq-1 then eq-P becomes, . . Answer. ------------finished-----------6.1 Q 31) find f(t)=? Given-> F(s)=[1/S4 ]; Solution: . . . ------------Formula: [ -----------------Now just applying above formula on above eq-P , we get,
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. ] .

Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

. . . . Answer . ----------------finished-----------[ 6.1 ] Q 33 ) find f(t)=? Given-> Solution:-> . . Using Partial Fractional Method we consider P: . . . .
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. .

from above eq-

Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

Let,-> [A+B]=0; . We get, A=1, B=-1 . Answer. --------finished--------[ 6.1 ] Q 30 ) find f(t)=? Given:-> F(s)= [4/(S+1)(S+2)] Solution: . . Consider [4/(S+1)(S+2)] : So, . . . .
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Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

. . . Let:-> . ] we get,

So, by placing the value of { eq-i } in [ eq. . . . Now, ------. ---------For B:-> When . . . . . . . .

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For A:-> . . . . . When [ ] [ ] . . . Now by placing the value of [ eq-G ] in [eq-j ] then [ eq-j ] becomes. . . Now simply solve it, . ------------Formulas:-> . [:. . ]

So, just placing the value of A and B in

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. . . ----------. . . answer. -----------finished-----------[ 6.1 ] Q 34 ) find f(t)=? Given:-> Solution:. .

.
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-------------------. . --------------------Where: -> [ ]

Now by applying the formula of [eq-i ] on [ eq-P ] we get, .

. Answer ---------finished----------[ 6.1 ] Q 35 ) find f(t)=? Given:-> Solution:-> . . .

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Consider

:-

For value of A & B Values:. . . . . . . . . Let:-> So, For A:. [:. ]] . . . .

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For B:. . . Now, by placing the value of [eq-1 & 2] in [ eq-N ] we get. . ---------. . -----------. Now by placing the value of [ eq-N ] in [ eq-B ] we get the f(t). . .

. .
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. Answer. -------------finished-----------[ 6.1 ] Q 36 ) find f(t)=? Given-> Solution:-> . . . . -------------Formulas: . . ------------. Answer. --------finished---------36

. .

Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

[ 6.1 ] Q 38 ) find f(t)=? Given:-> Solution:-> . . . . . . Answer. -------finished-------------[ 6.1 ] Q 32 ) find f(t)=? Given:-> Solution:-> .
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. .

. .

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. . . . . Answer. ----------finished-----------[ 6.1 ] new-topic. EXISTENCE OF LAPLACE-TRANSFORMS:Its suffices to require that f(t) be Piece-wise-continuous on every finite interval in the range [ ] That is :

By the definitions, a function f(t) is a piece wise continuous on a finite interval [ ], if f(t) is defined on that interval and is such
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subdivided into finitely many sub-intervals, in each of which f(t) is continuous and has finite limits as time(t) approaches either, endpoint of interval of subdivision from the interior, it follows from this definitions that finite Jumps are the only dis-continuities that a piecewise continuous function may have, these are known as Ordinary discontinuities. ------------------[ 6.1 ] THEOREM-2 [EXISTENCE-THEOREM-FOR-LAPLACE-TRANSFORMS+:Let, f(t) be a function that is piece-wise continuous on every finite interval in the range [ ], and satisfies below [ eq-2 ]. .

And for some constant [ ] and [ ]. Then, the laplace-transform of f(t) exists for all [ ].

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Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

Proof:->since f(t) is piece-wise continuous, [ over any finite interval on t-axis. From [eq-2], Let, we have a conditions [ ], we get,

], is integrable

. . . . . . . . . . . . OR .
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Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

Where : [

] is need for last integral.

------------FINISHED----------[ 6.2 ] [ START HERE ]. TRANSFORMS-OF-DERIVATIVES-AND-INTEGRALS:THEOREM#1: LAPLACE-TRANSFORM-OF-THE-DERIVATIVE-OF-f(t):Suppose that f(t) is continuous for all [ ], where the derivatives of f(t) is [f(t)] which is pice-wise continuous, on every finite interval in the range [ ], then laplace transform of derivatives of function [f(t)] is exist when there is a conditions is [ ]. So, taking laplace transform on its derivatives [f(t)], That is: o PROOF: . [ ] . Let consider . .. .. .

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. Henced proved. There fore: .

Key THEOREM # 2 :THE GENERAL-FORMULA OF THEOREM-2:Where:- [ =No of derivatives on f(t)]

Where the eq-z is the laplace transform of nth derivative of functions f(t). --------------finished-----------[ 6.2 ] DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS, INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM[ IVP ]:Let,
system

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. Where a & b are constant. IVP:GIVEN:-> [ Solution:-> . . Now by applying laplace transform on both side we get, . . ] and [ ].

Above [eq-T+ is called the subsidiary-equation. . . . . Answer. --------------. Answer.

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WHERE:->[

].

Transfer-function is often denoted by H(s), but we need H(s) much more frequentely ffor other purposes. . Answer. . .

-- IVP:GIVEN:-> [ --If [-> y(0)=y(0)=0], . . . . . Than, this is simply [-> Y(s)=R(s).Q(s)]. Thus the transfer-function is Q(s) THE GENERAL-FORMULA-OF-TRANSFER-FUNCTION:
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] and [

].

Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

NOTE: Q(s) depends only on a and b, but neither on r(t) nor on the initial-conditions. Last step: we reduce [ eq-7 + ,usually by partial fractions, as in integral calculus} to a sum of terms whose inverse can be found from the table, so that the solution [ ] of [eq-A] is obtained. --------------------finished---------[ 6.2 ] Example # 5 : [Initial-value-Problem[I.V.P]]: GIVEN: [ Initial-value-Problem[I.V.P]: [ REQUIRED: [ And solve it by I.V.P , So, ]. ]. ].

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STEP-1: To make eq-A as y(t) [ or to find the solution of eq-A ] by using Laplace-Transform, [ ].

By applying the laplace transform on eq-A we get, [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ---------By using Initial-value-Problem[I.V.P]: [ ----------Than we get. [ ]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ].

].

].
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Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

[ [ [ [ [
[
let

]. ]. ]. ]. ]. ].

CONSIDER [1/s2[s2-1] ]: A=? , B=? . Using Partial-fraction method: [ [ [

] ] ]
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[ [ [ [ [ [
So,

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]. {:.[eq-i] -> 0=A+B }

[ [

[ So,

{:.[eq-i] -> 0=A+B; [eq-e] -> A=-B ; } For B: When [ [eq-e] -> A=-B ; -1=-B ; B=1 ;
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].

Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

So, When [ Than,

[ [

] and B=1 :-

] ].

So, by placing the value of eq-Z in eq-D than eq-D becomes,

[ [ [

]. ]. ].

Above eq-S is the solution of subsidiary-equations. Now by taking the inverse-laplace transform on eq-S, we get the solution of given problem.

[ [

]. ].

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Note: I some time mistakely type capital S instead of small s so be care-full.

[
[ [ [

].
]. ]. ]. Answer, Its

the solution of given problem. ----------finished----------In practice, instead of justifying the use of formulas and theorems in this method, one simply checks at the end whether y(t) satisfies the given equations and initial conditions. Gains in the method, as compared to that in Ch # 2, and illustrated by the example, are as follows: 1. No determination of a general solution of the homogeneous equation. 2. No determination of values for arbitrary constants in a general solution. Shifted data problems is a short name for initial value problems in which the initial conditions refer to some
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later instant instead of [ t=0 ]. We explain the idea of solving such a problem by the laplace-transform in terms of a simple example. ----- LAPLACE-TRANSFORM-OF-THE-INTEGRALOF-AFUNCTION: Since differentiation and integration are inverse processes, and since, roughly speaking, differentiation of a function corresponds to the multiplications of its transform by s, we expect integration of a function to correspond to division of its transform by s, because division is the inverse operation of multiplications: [ [ Theorem # 3 : [ Integration of f(t) ]: If f(t) is piecewise continuous and satisfies an inequality of the form eq-2 from sec.6.1, that is, [ ] ] ]

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[ {:. }.

];

Proof: suppose that f(t) is piecewise continuous and satisfies [eq-2 from sec # 6.1+, for some and . Clearly, if *eq-2 from sec # 6.1] holds for some negative [-ve+ , it also holds for positive *+ve+ , and we may assume that is positive [+ve]. Then the integral [ ] is continuous, and by using [eq-2

from sec # 6.1] we get the following equations, [ [ [ [ ] , [:. ] ] ] ]

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] {:. (

)}

This shows that g(t) also satisfies an inequality of the form [eq-2 from sec # 6.1]. Also, ->[ ], and the graph of f(t) and g(t) are same,

->[ ->[ ->[ {:. ->[ ->[ ->[ For g(t): ->[

]; ]; ]; , -> ]; ]; ]; }

];
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->[ Or ->[ ----------------finished ------------{:. M and are constant }.

];

];

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