DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY MANILA COLLEGE OF LAW

TORTS AND DAMAGES 2ND TERM, SY 2012-2013 Atty. Katrina Legarda

PART I TORTS
1. The Concept of Tort a. Tort in common law Prosser and Keeton on Torts 86 C.J.S. Torts 74 Am. Jur. 2nd Torts b. Tort under Philippine law Jarencio, Hilarion Torts and Damages in Philippine Law (1977) Report of the Code Commission (1948) Aquino, Torts and Damages (2005) Article 2176, New Civil Code c. Definition of Tort under Philippine Law Naguiat v NLRC, GR 116123, March 13, 1997 Vinzons-Chato v Fortune, 525 SCRA 11

d. Elements of tort Prosser and Keeton, pp. 164-165 Garcia v Salvador, 518 SCRA 568

Ocean Builders v Spouses Cubacub, GR 150898, April 13, 2011

e. Purpose of Tort Law Jarencio, p. 6 Prosser, pp. 5-6 74 Am Jur 2nd Torts 2. Concept of Quasi-Delict a. Historical Background Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 b. Nature Art. 1157 c. Governing Provisions Art. 1162 d. Definition Art. 2176 e, Scope (i) Intentional Acts Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768 Art. 2176 Elcano v Hill, 77 SCRA 98 Andamo v IAC, GR 74761, Nov. 6, 1990 Baksh v CA, 219 SCRA 115 (ii) Damage to property Cinco v Canonoy, 90 SCRA 369

f. Elements Art. 2176 Andamo v IAC, GR 74761, Nov. 6, 1990 3. Relationship between Tort and Quasi-Delict Coca Cola Bottlers v CA, 227 SCRA 292

4. Tort, Quasi-Delict and Delict a. Distinctions Prosser, pp. 7-9 Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 b. Intersections Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 Elcano v Hill, 77 SCRA 98 Andamo v IAC, GR 74761, Nov. 6, 1990 L.G. Foods v. Pagapong-Agraviador, GR No. 158995, September 26, 2006

5. Culpa Aquiliana and Culpa Contractual a. Distinctions Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768 b. Burden of proof Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768 FGU Insurance v Sarmiento, GR No. 141910, Aug. 6, 2002 c. Doctrine of Proximate Cause Calalas v CA, GR No. 122039, May 31, 2009 d. Defense of Employer for negligence of employee Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768
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e. Intersections Art. 2176 Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768 Fores v Miranda, 105 Phil 266 Far East c CA, 241 SCRA 671 Air France v Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155 Light Rail Transit v Natividad, 397 SCRA 75 PSBA v CA, GR 84698, Feb. 4, 1992 Syquia v CA, GR 98695, Jan.27, 1993 Consolidated Bank v CA, 410 SCRA 562

6. Negligence a. Concept Art. 1173, 2178 Sangco, Torts and Damages [Vol. 1], pp. 5-7 PNR v Brunty, 506 SCRA 685 PNR v CA, GR No. 157658, October 15, 2007 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 169-173 b. Degrees of Negligence Sangco, Torts and Damages [Vol. 1], pp. 10-12 Amedo v Rio, 95 Phil 33 Marinduque v Workmens, 99 Phil 480 Ilao-Oretav Ronquillo, 535 SCRA 633 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 208-214 c. Standard of Conduct (i) In general Art. 1173 Sangco, Torts and Damages [Vol. 1], pp. 7-8 Picart v Smith, 37Phil 809 Sicam v Jorge, GR No. 159617, August 8, 2007 Corinthian Gardens v Spouses Tanjangco, GR 160795, June 27, 2008 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 173-179, 182-185
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(ii) Special Circumstance Heirs of Completo v Albayda, GR 172200, July 6, 2010 Pacis v Morales, GR 169467, Feb. 25, 2010 (iii) Children Taylor v Manila Railroad, 16 Phil 8 Jarco Marketing v CA, 321 SCRA 375 Ylarde v Aquino, 163 SCRA 697 Sangco, Torts and Damages [Vol. 1], pp. 70-74 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 179- 182, 399-411 (iv) Experts (a) In general Culion v Philippines, 55 Phil 129 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 185-186 (b) Pharmacists US v Pineda. 37 Phil 456 Mercury Drug v De Leon, GR No. 165622, October 17, 2008 Medical professionala Cruz v CA, 282 SCRA 188 Professional Services v Agana, 513 SCRA 478 Cantre v Go, 522 SCRA 547 Cayao-Lasam v Spouses Ramolete, GR 159132, Dec. 18, 2008

7. Proving negligence 1. In general Rule 131 Section 1, Rules of Court 2. Presumptions a. In motor vehicle mishaps Article 2184-2185

b. Possession of dangerous weapons or substances Article 2188 c. Common carriers Article 1734-1735 d. Res Ipsa Loquitur Layugan v IAC, 167 SCRA 363 Ramos v CA, 321 SCRA 584 Tan v JAM Transit, GR No. 183198, November 25, 2009 Cantre v Go, supra Batiquin v CA, 258 SCRA 249 DM Consunji v CA, 357 SCRA 249 Professional Services v Agana, 513 SCRA 478 CAP v Belfrantl, 538 SCRA 27 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 242-262 8. Defenses against charge of negligence a. Plaintiffs negligence is proximate cause Article 2179 Bernardo v Legaspi, 29 Phil 12 PLDT v CA, GR No. 57079, September 29, 1989 Manila Electric v Remoquillo, 99 Phil 117 b. Contributory negligence of plaintiff Article 2179, 2214 NPC v Heirs of Casionan, GR No. 165969, November 27, 2008 M.H. Rakes v The Atlantic, 7 Phil 359 Lambert v Heirs of Ray, 452 SCRA 285 Genobiagan v CA, GR 40452, Oct. 12 1989 c. Fortuitous event Article 1174 Hernandez v COA, GR 71871, Nov. 6, 1989 GOTESCO v Chatto, GR L-87584, June 16, 1992 Southeastern College v CA, 292 SCRA 422 Sicam v Jorge, supra

d. Plaintiffs assumption of risk/volenti non fit injuria Ilocos Norte v CA, 179 SCRA 5 Afiada v Hisole, GR L-2075, Nov. 29, 1949 Calalas v CA, GR No. 122039, May 31, 2009 Nikko Hotel v Roberto Reyes, GR 154259, Feb. 28, 2005 Pantaleon v American Express, GR 174269, Aug. 25, 2010 Prosser v Keeton, pp. 480-498 e. Prescription Article 1146 Kramer v CA, 178 SCRA 526 9. The Cause a. Proximate Prosser v Keeton, pp. 263-265, 272-277 Bataclan v Medina, 102 Phil 181 Mercury Drug v Baking, GR No. 156037, May 25, 2007 Pilipinas Bank v CA, GR 105410, July 25, 1994 b. Concurrent Far Eastern v CA, GR 130068, October 1, 1998 c. Remote Gabeto v Araneta, 42 Phil 252 Manila Electric v Remoquillo, 99 Phil 117 d. Intervening Phoenix Construction v IAC, 148 SCRA 353 Prosser v Keeton, pp. 301-319 10. Tests to determine proximate cause Prosser v Keeton, pp. 265 269, 277-280 Dy Teban v Jose Ching, GR No. 161803, February 4, 2008 Phoenix Construction v IAC, 148 SCRA 353 Picart v Smith, 37Phil 809
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Bustamante v CA, 193 SCRA 603 Glan v IAC, GR 70493, May 18, 1989 Phil Bank of Commerce v CA, 269 SCRA 695 Pantrangco v Baesa, 179 SCRA 384 Canlas v CA, 326 SCRA 415 Engada v CA, 404 SCRA 478 Lapanday v Angala, 525 SCRA 229 PNR v Brundy, supra Consolidated Bank v CA, 410 SCRA 562 SANGCO, Vol. 1, pp. 74-81 Prosser v Keeton, pp. 462-468 11. Vicarious Liability a. Parents/Guardians Articles 2180-2181 Articles 216-217, 221, 236 Family Code Article 101, Revised Penal Code Sec. 6, RA 9344 Libi v IAC, 214 SCRA 16 Tamargo v CA, 209 SCRA 518 b. Teachers Article 2180 Article 281 Family Code Article 102-103, Revised Penal Code Palisoc v Brillantes, 41 SCRA 548 Amadora v CA, 160 SCRA 315 Salvosa v IAC, 166 SCRA 274 St. Marys Academy v Carpitanos, 376 SCRA 473 St. Josephs College v Jayson Miranda, GR 182353, June 29, 2010 Aquinas School v Inton, GR 184202, Jan. 26, 2011 c. Owners/Managers of Establishments/ Employers Article 2180 Cangco v Manila Railroad, 38 Phil 768 Philippine Rabbit v Phil American, 63 SCRA 231 Mercury Drug v Huang, 525 SCRA 427
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Filamer v IAC, 212 SCRA 637 Castilex v Vasquez, 321 SCRA 393 Professional Services v Agana: GR No. 126297, January 31, 2007; GR No. 126297, Feb. 11, 2008; and GR No. 126297, Feb. 2, 2010 Lampesa v De Vera, GR No. 155111, February 14, 2008 Spouses Jayme v Apostol, GR No. 163609, Nov. 27, 2008 NPC v CA, 294 SCRA 209 d. State Article 2180 Meritt v Government, 34Phil 311 Rosete v Auditor General, 81 Phil 453 Mendoza v De leon, 33 Phil 508 Fontanilla v Maliaman, GR 55963, Dec. 1, 1989; and Feb. 27, 1991 12. Strict Liability

a. Possessor or user of Animals

Article 2183 Vestil v IAC, 179 SCRA 47 b. Owner of motor vehicles Article 2184 Chapman v Underwood, 27 Phil 374 Caedo v Yu Khe Thai, 135 Phil 399 c. Liability of local government units Article 2189 Guilatco v Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382 Quezon City v Decara, GR 150304, June 15, 2005 d. Proprietors of buildings Articles 2190-2192 e. Engineer/Architect of collapsed building

Article 1723 f. Head of a family for things thrown/falling from a building Article 2193 Dingcong v Kanaan, 72 Phil 14 g. Owners of enterprises/other employers Articles 1711-1712 Afable v Singer Sewing Machine, 58 Phil 39 Alarcon v Alarcon, 112 Phil 389 h. Product Liability Article 2187, 1170-1172 Secs. 97, 99, 106 Consumer Act, RA 9803 i. Interference with contractual relations Gilchrist v Cuddy, 29 Phil 542 So Ping Bun v CA, GR No. 120554, Sept. 21, 1999 Lagon v CA, 453 SCRA 616 Go v Cordero, GR 164703, May 4, 2010 Prosser v Keeton, pp. 978-1004

PART II INDEPENDENT CIVIL ACTIONS

a. Violation of Civil and Political Rights Article 32 Silahis v Soluta, 482 SCRA 660 Vinzons-Chato v Fortune, 525 SCRA 11 Vinzons-Chato v Fortune, GR 141309, Dec. 23, 2008 b. Defamation, Fraud, Physical Injuries Article 33 Joaquin v Aniceto, GR L-18719, Oct. 31, 1964 Madeja v Caro, 211 Phil 469 Arafiles v Phil. Journalists, 426 SCRA 336
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MVRS v Islamic, GR No. 135306, January 28, 2003 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 771-785 Heirs of Simon v Elvin Chan, GR 157547, Feb. 23, 2011 Corpus v Paje, 28 SCRA 1062 Bonite v Zosa, 162 SCRA 173 Dulay v CA, 243 SCRA 220 Jervoso v People, 189 SCRA 523 c. Neglect of Duty Articles 34 SANGCO Vol. 1 1334-1335 d. Catch-All Independent Civil Action Article 35

PART III- HUMAN RELATIONS

a. Abuse of Rights Article 19 Velayo v Shell, 100 Phil 186 Globe Mackay v CA, 176 SCRA 778 Albenson v CA, 217 SCRA 16 Amonoy v Gutierrez, 351 SCRA 731 UE v Jader, 325 SCRA 804 Barons Marketing v CA, GR 126486, Feb. 9, 1998 Diaz v Davao Light, GR 160959, April 4, 2007 Pantaleon v American Express, supra. b. Illegal Acts Article 20 Garcia v Salvador, 518 SCRA 568 c. Acts Contra Bonus Mores Article 21 Velayo v Shell, supra Albenson v CA, supra Wassmer v Velez, 12 SCRA 648
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Tanjangco v CA, 18 SCRA 994 Baksh v CA, 219 SCRA 115 Pe v Pe, 5 SCRA 200 Que v IAC, GR 66865, Jan. 13, 1989 Drilon v CA, 270 SCRA 211 Grand Union v Espino, 94 SCRA 953 Prosser and Keeton, pp. 870-896 Carpio v Valmonte, 438 SCRA 38 Quisaba v Sta. Ines, 58 SCRA 771 d. Violation of Human Dignity Article 26 St. Louis v CA, 133 SCRA 179 Gregorio v CA, GR 179799, September 11, 2009 Sps Guanio v Makati Shangri-La, GR 190601, Feb. 7, 2011 e. Dereliction of Duty Article 27 f. Unfair Competition Article 28 g. Acquittal on reasonable doubt Article 29 Mendoza v Arietta, L-32499, June 21, 1979

PART IV- DAMAGES

a. Concept People v Ballesteros, 285 SCRA 438 Custodio v CA, 235 SCRA 483 Articles 2195-2196, 2198 b. Types of Damages

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(i) Actual or compensatory (A) Definition/ Purpose Article 2199 Oceaneering Contractors v Baretto, GR 184215, Feb. 9, 2011 (B) Proof required PNOC v CA, 297 SCRA 402 Oceaneering Contractors v Baretto, supra ( C) Loss covered (1) In general Article 2200 PNOC v CA, 297 SCRA 402 (2) In contracts and quasi-contracts Article 2201 (3) In crimes and quasi-delicts Articles 2202, 2204 (d) Earning capacity, business standing Article 2205 Gatchalian v Delim, 203 SCRA 126 (e) Death by crime or quasi-delict Article 2206 People v Buban, GR 170471, Nay 11, 2007 People v Apacible, GR 189091, Aug. 25, 2010 Crisostomo v People, GR 171526, Sept. 1, 2010 Philippine Hawk v Lee, GR 166869, Feb. 16, 2010 (f) In rape cases People v Astrologo, GR 169873, June 8, 2007 (g) Attorneys fees Article 2208
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Quirante v IAC, GR No. 73886, Jan. 31, 1989 Manila Electric Company v Ramoy, GR 158911, March 4, 2008 Briones v Macabagdal, GR 150666, Aug. 3, 2010 Bank of America v Philippine Racing Club, GR 150228, July 30, 2009 Sps Andrada v Pilhino Sales, GR 156448, Feb. 23, 2011 (h) Interest Articles 2209-2213 Frias v San-Diego Sison, GR 155223, April 3, 2007 Soriamont v Sprint, GR 174610, July 14, 2009 Pan Pacific v Equitable, GR 169975, March 18, 2010 (i) Duty to minimize Articles 2203, 22214-2215

(ii) Moral Damages (A) Purpose Kierulf v CA, 269 SCRA 433 Sulpicio Lines v Curso, GR No. 157009, March 17, 2010 ABS-CBN v CA, GR No. 128690, Jan. 21, 1999 PNR v Brunty, supra B.F. Metal v Lomotan, GR 170813, April 16, 2008 Expert Travel v CA, GR 130030, June 25, 1999 Sps Valenzuela v Sps Mano, GR 17266, July 9, 2010 (B) When recoverable Articles 2217, 2219-2220 Sulpicio Lines v Curso, GR No. 157009, March 17, 2010 B.F. Metal v Lomotan, GR 170813, April 16, 2008 Expert Travel v CA, GR 130030, June 25, 1999 Industrial Insurance v Bondad, GR 136722, April 12, 2000 Triple Eight v NLRC, GR 129584, Dec. 3, 1998
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People v Pirame, GR 121998, March 9, 2008 Carlos Arcona y Moban v CA, GR 134784, Dec. 9, 2002 Heirs of Completo v Albayda, GR 172200, July 6, 2010 Sps Valenzuela v Sps Mano, GR 17266, July 9, 2012 Regala v Carin, GR 188715, April 6, 2011 ABS-CBN, supra Republic v Tuvera, GR No. 148246, February 16, 2007 (C ) Factors considered in determining amount Kierulf v CA, 269 SCRA 433 Lopez v Pan American, 16 SCRA 431 B.F. Metal v Lomotan, GR 170813, April 16, 2008 Expert Travel v CA, GR 130030, June 25, 1999 Sps Valenzuela v Sps Mano, GR 17266, July 9, 2012 PNR v Brunty, supra People v Lizano, GR 174470, April 27, 2007

(iii) Nominal Damages (A) Nature and purpose Article 2221 Robes-Francisco v CFI, 86 SCRA 59 Gonzales v People, GR No. 159950, Feb. 12, 2007 (B) When awarded Article 2222 Francisco v Ferrer, GR No. 142029, Feb. 28, 2001 Sps Guanio v Makati Shnagri-La, GR 190601, Feb. 7, 2011 People v Marquez, GR 181440, April 13, 2011 (C ) Effect of award Article 2223

(iv) Temperate damages (A) When recoverable

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Articles 2224-2225 Pleno v CA, GR No. 56505 (1988) Ramos v CA, supra Republic v Tuvera, supra Tan v OMC Carriers, GR 190521, Jan. 12, 2011 (B) Factors in determining amount Serrano v People, GR 1752021, July 5, 2010 People v Murcia, GR 182460, March 9, 2010

(v) Liquidated damages (A) Definition Article 2226 Pentacapital v Mahinay, GR 171736, July 5, 2010 (B) Determining the amount Article 2227-2228 Titan v Uni-Field, GR No. 153874, March 1, 2007

(v) Exemplary/Corrective damages (A) Purpose Article 2229 Republic v Tuvera, supra (B) When imposed (1) In general Article 2229, 2233-2235 PNB v CA, 256 SCRA 44 Republic v Tuvera, supra (2) In crimes Article 2230 People v Dalisay, GR No. 188106, November 25, 2009
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People v Diunsay-Jalandoni, GR No. 174277, February 8, 2007 People v Capanas, GR 172321, Feb. 9, 2011 (3) Quasi-delicts Article 2231 (4) In contracts and quasi-contracts Article 2232

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