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Matthew M. Peet
Illinois Institute of Technology
Introduction
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Given t, nd r and v
For elliptic orbits: 1. Given time, t, solve for Mean Anomaly M (t) = nt 2. Given Mean Anomaly, solve for Eccentric Anomaly M (t) = E e sin E 3. Given eccentric anomaly, solve for true anomaly tan f = 2 1+e E tan 1e 2
Does this work for Hyperbolic Orbits? Lets recall the angles.
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The angle the position vector, r makes with the eccentricity vector, e. The angle the position vector makes with periapse.
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M (t) = 2
t AP F V = 2 T AEllipse
The fraction of area of the ellipse which has been swept out, in radians.
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period, T )
We cant use T = 2 a3
Note: In our treatment of hyperbolae, we do NOT use the Universal Variable approach of Prussing/Conway and others.
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x2 y 2 = 1
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Hyperbolic Anomaly
Hyperbolic Anomaly, H is a measure of Area. Hyperbolic Trig gives a relationship to true anomaly, which is
tanh
Alternatively,
H 2 f 2
f 2 H 2
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tan
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To solve for position, we redene mean motion, n, and mean anomaly, M , to get
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Problem: Suppose we want to make a yby of Jupiter. The relative velocity at approach is v = 10km/s. To achieve the proper turning angle, we need an eccentricity of e = 1.07. Radiation limits our time within radius r = 100, 000km to 1 hour (radius of Jupiter is 71, 000km). Will the spacecraft survive the yby?
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Example Continued
Solution: First solve for a and p. = 1.267E8.
The total energy of the orbit is
given by Etot = 1 2 v 2
E= which yields a=
1 2 = v 2a 2
= 1.267E6 2 v
The parameter is
p = a(1 e2 ) = 1.8359E5
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Example Continued
We need to nd the time between r1 = 100, 000km and r2 = 100, 000km. Find f at each of these points.
Start with the conic equation:
r(t) =
Solving for f ,
p 1 + e cos f (t) r 1 e ep
f1,2 = cos1
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= 64.8 deg
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Example Continued
Given the true anomalies, f1,2 , we want to nd the associated times, t1,2 . Only solve for t2 , get t1 by symmetry. First nd Hyperbolic Anomaly, H2 = tanh1 e1 tan e+1 f2 2 = .1173
M2 = e sinh(H2 ) H2 = .0085
This is the easy direction. No Newton iteration required. t2 is now easy to nd
t2 = M 2
a3 = 1076.6
a and e dene the geometry of the orbit. f describes the position within the orbit (a proxy for time).
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Question: How do we nd the vectors r and v? Answer: We have to determine how the orbit is oriented in space. Orientation is determined by vectors e and h. We need 3 new orbital elements
Orientation can be determined by 3 rotations.
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Inclination, i
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Angle measured from reference direction in the reference plane to intersection with orbital plane.
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Argument of Periapse,
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Summary
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Summary
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