Conventional Water Treatment

CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Processes

2nd French-Serbian Summer School
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Clarification
Topics covered
Coagulation-Flocculation Settling
09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES
COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I
Coagulation Flocculation: Principles

Objective of treatment
Raw water
10 microns 0,1 micron 0,01 micron 0,001 micron 0,0001 micron
virus colloids bivalent hair bacteria red organic dissolved salt corpuscle macromolecule(calcium, Fe, Mn) nitrogen pollution organic compounds (solvents, pesticides)
dissolved salts (nitrates...)
Treated water
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TYPE OF PARTICLE Gravel Thick sand Fine sand Clay Bacteria Colloids Colloids Colloids Diameter in mm 10,0 1,0 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,000 1 0,000 01 0,000 001 Settling time (m-1)
Sp. gravity 2,65 Sp. gravity 2,0 Sp. gravity 1,1
0,013 s 1,27 s 2,11 min. 3,52 hours 14,65 days 4,12 years 412,2, years 41222,7 years
0,02 s 2,09 s 3,48 min. 5,80 hours 24,19 days 6,66 years 665,9 years 66590 years
0,20 s 20,90 s 34,83 min. 2,42 days 241,9 days 66,59 years 6659 years 665990 years

The purpose of coagulation and flocculation is to destabilize suspended solids in water to increase the size of these particles (essentially colloidal) and promote the formation of flocs by adsorption and agglomeration. Flocculant aids also increase the volume, weight and cohesion of the flocs. These treatments favor the removal and extraction of particles and other organic matter in downstream processes (clarification, filtration).
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Definitions
Coagulation:
Destabilization of suspended solids and colloids neutralization of the negative charges that naturally surround these and keep them apart in order to favor the formation of micro flocs. Characteristics: rapid mixing rapid injection short contact time (from a few seconds to ~ 2 minutes) use of coagulants (iron salts, aluminum salts)
Flocculation:
Formation of larger flocs from colloids previously destabilized by coagulation; Aggregation of particles and colloids due to collisions induced by the motion of water (hydraulic or mechanical flocculation) Characteristics : slow mixing rapid injection contact time from 10 to 30 minutes use of flocculant aids (polymers)

Mechanisms
Suspended matter Coagulation Flocculation
+ + + + Coagulant + + + + + +
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Conventional water treatment chain
pretreatment
Raw water
Pre oxidation Cl2, O3, ClO2
Clarification
Coagulation Flocculation Settling or Flotation Sand or activated carbon filtration
Floc formation
Separation stage
Disinfection
Cl2 Treated Water
Biological inactivation stage
09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I 8
Factors influencing coagulation

Type and dose of reagent
the JAR-TEST is applied to a sample of the raw water entering the WTP to determine:
the type of coagulant the dose of coagulant the coagulation pH the properties of the sludge produced
the final choice of coagulant is made based on treatment targets and costs it is important to consider local restrictions on sludge production and disposal
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Coagulation - Flocculation Processes
Process sequence in WTP
Time lag between injections
Injection Cl2 KMnO4 Cal minimum contact time 5 10 minutes Raw water
Injection of coagulant Coagulant contact time 30 sec. 5 minutes
Injection of flocculant
Duration of flocculation 10 30 minutes
Coagulation
Flocculation
Mixing energy: 40 - 80 S-1
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Coagulation - Flocculation Processes

Flocculation chamber - example
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6
Clarification
Topics covered
Coagulation-Flocculation Settling
12
Clarification
Integrating clarification in WTP
Pre-treatment Cl2 KMnO4 Lime Raw water
PAC
Injection of polymer
Inlet storage tank
Settling
Filtration
Filtration GAC
Injection of coagulant
Chlorine
storage correction pH
Contact basin
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7
Clarification
Factors that affect settling and flotation processes
Properties Pressurized water quality (flotation) Extraction
Sludge
Flow rate & variations
Flow velocity & variations
Settling or Flotation
Compliance with clarification water quality targets: turbidity, coag. residual, UV abs, TOC
Water quality
Effectiveness of coagulation flocculation
Floc properties and quantity
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Settling: Principles
Definition and objective
Settling is the processes in which particulate matter flocs formed during coagulation-flocculation, suspended matter, precipitates is separated from water by forces of gravity. The goal is to remove particles responsible for turbidity and color as well as removing microorganisms
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8
Clarification: Settling
Contents
Principles Settling: Processes
Static settling tanks Sludge blanket clarifiers
> Flat bottom clarifier > Pulsator / Superpulsator
Sludge recirculation clarifiers

> Densadeg > Accelerator / Circulator > Actiflo
Summary
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Settling: Static settling tanks

Horizontal flow tank with sludge collector
Main characteristics: length/width ratio: 3 to 6 depth: 2.5 to 4 m slope of floor: 1% collector to facilitate sludge extraction and avoid high floor slopes
Aguas Argentinas, Bernal WTP
Weir trough Collector/Scraper
Treated water
Raw water Sludge extraction

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Settling: Static settling tanks
Circular settling tank with sludge collector
Main characteristics: central flocculation chamber with mixing large diameter depth: 2 to 3,5 m slope of floor: 4 - 10% sludge collector
Flocculation chamber Collector / Scraper
Treated water Sludge extraction Raw water

Treated water
Contents

Summary
19
10
Sludge blanket clarifiers
Principles
The objective is to promote continued coagulation and flocculation by increasing the chances of collision among particles This is achieved by placing the water in contact with the concentrated sludge containing particles and coagulant reagent Two types of processes :
Sludge blanket clarifiers Sludge recirculation clarifiers
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10

PULSATOR
flexible process sludge blanket has a filtering effect
1 2 3 4 5 Raw water Treated water Sludge extraction Stilling baffles Upper level of sludge blanket 6 Vacuum chamber 7 Vacuum pump 8 Automatic vacuum breaker valve 9 Perforated pipe for raw water distribution 10 Sludge concentrators
PULSATOR
8 7
6 2 1 2
5 4 9
3 10
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PULSATOR
easy to convert an existing tank into Pulsator Buenos Aires, 1 300 MLD Alexandria, 240 MLD
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11

PULSATOR
Stilling baffles
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12
PULSATOR
Settled water outlet
24
12

SUPER PULSATOR Lamellar settling
Improved water quality
ULTRAPULSATOR
Increased settling velocity from 4 to 8 m/h
(= increased flow rate)
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13
Contents

Summary
26
13

Principles
Compact design
high treatment rates: 20 40 m/h
Production of thickened sludge

30 -150 g/l and potentially more with soft water
Clarified water of high quality (lamellar settling) Mostly unaffected by variations in hydraulic load Modular equipment Inadequate for colored water and low levels of suspended solids
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14
DENSADEG
Coagulant Coagulant
Eau brute
Polymer Polymre Treated Eau water traite
Raw water
Coagulation
Flocculation
Settling
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14

ACTIFLO
Raw water is admitted into a flash mix chamber where coagulant is introduced. It then transits through an injection chamber where polymer and micro-sand are added. The floc is fixed to the micro-sand with the polymer in a flocculation chamber, where it acquires weight and volume. Finally, the flocculated water passes through the lamellar clarifier, where the ballasted floc settles and the clarified water overflows to the filters.
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15
Contents

Summary
30
15
Settling Processes: Summary

Comparing different clarifiers
Type Example Flocculation
Apparent settling velocity at surface (m/h) Concentration of extracted sludge (g/l)
Static settling tanks Sludge recirculation clarifiers
horizontal or vertical flow without lamella (Accelerator) Densadeg without lamellae (Pulsator) with lamellae (Superpulsator) Flat bottom clarifier
prior or integrated integrated integrated integrated integrated integrated
0,5-2 2-3 20-30 3-5 6-10 2-4
1-5 5-10 30-150 2-10 2-10 2-10
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Settling Processes: Summary
How to choose clarifiers based on raw water SS
Chlorophyll-a, g/L, g/L
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
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One-stage Direct Filtration
10 Two-stage Direct Filtration 10 20
Settling or DAF
Settling
50
100
Raw Water Turbidity, NTU

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Conventional Water Treatment

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Conventional Water Treatment

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CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Processes

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Coagulation Flocculation: Principles

dissolved salts (nitrates...)

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Coagulation Flocculation: Principles

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Coagulation Flocculation: Principles

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Factors influencing coagulation

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Time lag between injections

Injection of coagulant Coagulant contact time 30 sec. 5 minutes

Duration of flocculation 10 30 minutes

Mixing energy: 500 - 1000 S-1

Mixing energy: 300 - 800 S-1

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Coagulation - Flocculation Processes

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Inlet storage tank

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Flow rate & variations

Flow velocity & variations

Effectiveness of coagulation flocculation

Floc properties and quantity

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Sludge recirculation clarifiers

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Settling: Static settling tanks

Aguas Argentinas, Bernal WTP

Weir trough Collector/Scraper

Raw water Sludge extraction

Flocculation chamber Collector / Scraper

Treated water Sludge extraction Raw water

Sludge recirculation clarifiers

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Sludge blanket clarifiers

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES

COPYRIGHT 2003 SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT I

Sludge blanket clarifiers

09/10/2007 I ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT I PROCESSES