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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Worldwide about 2000 thunderstorms at any time Worldwide about 2000 thunderstorms at any time Estimation: 100 lightning strokes every second Estimation: 100 lightning strokes every second Strong local differences in lightning activities Strong local differences in lightning activities But for each region constant average lightning activity But for each region constant average lightning activity Lightning maps can be produced Lightning maps can be produced
Keraunic level TD = number of thunderstorm days per year Keraunic level TD = number of thunderstorm days per year
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Keraunic levels worldwide Keraunic levels worldwide
Middle Europe: TD = 10 ... 25 Middle Europe: TD = 10 ... 25 in equator regions: TD = 100 ... 180 in equator regions: T = 100 ... 180
D
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Keraunic levels worldwide Keraunic levels worldwide
Middle Europe: TD = 10 ... 25 Middle Europe: TD = 10 ... 25 in equator regions: TD = 100 ... 180 in equator regions: T = 100 ... 180
D
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Lightning Activity
Keraunic level Germany Keraunic level Germany
Mean values
Lightning ground flash density Ng = number of lightning ground flashes per km2 and year
1.25 Empirical relation: Ng = 0.04 Td
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Ng in (km2a)-1
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Lightning Activity
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Lightning ground flash detection and tracking systems Lightning ground flash detection and tracking systems
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Thunderstorms in Germany 29.6.2005, recorded by BLIDS Thunderstorms in Germany 29.6.2005, recorded by BLIDS
http://www.blids.de
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
http://www.aldis.at/
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Activity
http://www.meteorage.fr/meteorage.fr/index.php
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Pre-conditions: strong upwinds and high humidity Thermal thunderstorm Thermal thunderstorm Ground temperatures > 30 C; warm air is raising up, cold air comes down in turn and flows back sideways Front thunderstorm Front thunderstorm Mass of cold air slides under humid and warm mass of air
Warm and humid air raises up Warm and humid air raises up condensation of contained humidity: condensation of contained humidity: clouds of thunderstorms contain rain, snow and ice crystals clouds of thunderstorms contain rain, snow and ice crystals
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Tropopause
ice crystals
snow
propagation
rain
rain
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Generation mechanism of electricity not yet fully understood; contribution of scattering of water droplets fragmentation of ice crystals freezing of polarized water droplets
ice crystals
snow
propagation
Typical charge distribution: positive charge on top negative charge at the bottom small positive area at the bottom Thunderstorm cloud = dipole charged Thunderstorm cloud = dipole charged to 25 As (in average) to 25 As (in average)
rain
rain
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Formation of Thunderstorms
Lebenszyklus thunderstorm cloud: initial phase, development phase, mature phase, decay phase Life cycle of a einer Gewitterwolke: Startphase, Entwicklungsphase, Reifestadium, Abbauphase
maximum internal activity maximum internal activity maximum external activity maximum external activity Average life time: ca. 1 h
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Discharge
Center of negative charges
Development of a stepped leader Development of a stepped leader When the breakdown electric field strength at the clouds edge has been reached: Streamer discharge starting in the cloud Propogation of a first leader 10 m to 200 m long Charge tube: several 10 m Charge tube: several 10 m Plasma core: ca. 2 mm Plasma core: ca. 2 mm
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Lightning Discharge
Center of negative charges
After a time interval of 10 s to 100 s (during this time additional charge flows within and from the cloud): Formation of a new leader
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Lightning Discharge
Center of negative charges
Development of a stepped leader Development of a stepped leader etc. etc. propagation of the stepped leader
Stepped leader with plasma core and charge tube
v 300 km/s (1/1000 c0) Direction of individual leaders not uniform; depends on field distribution and ionization conditions. Approximation to ground up to several 10 meters Increase of ground electric field strength!
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Lightning Discharge
Center of negative charges
Development of a stepped leader Development of a stepped leader Connecting leader (developing from streamers) propagates towards the stepped leader After unification: Return stroke Return stroke
Connecting leader
propagates upwards light flash rolling thunder v 30 000 km/s (1/10 c0) up to 200 kA time duration only few 10 s
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Lightning Discharge
Current flow of return Current flow of return stroke caused by stroke caused by discharge of the discharge of the charge tube, not of charge tube, not of the cloud! the cloud!
Return stroke
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Discharge
Further discharge of the cloud by subsequent strokes (multiple strokes) in time intervals of 10 ms to 100 ms, utilizing the pre-ionized discharge channel Single (not stepped) leaders (dart leaders) at v 3000 km/s (1/100 c0) higher front steepness lower amplitude up to 54 follow strokes reported --> flashing of a lightning flash often: dc component (in ca. 50% of all cases)
scale of dc component
dc component
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Discharge
Multiple strokes of a negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash discharge channels separated by wind branches of first stroke directed downwards indicate cloud-toearth flash subsequent strokes do not have branches dart leaders time interval between first and second stroke so long that the flash finds a new point of strike veil of last stroke indicates a dc component
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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downward flash
Seldom!
positive cloud-to-ground
upward flash
negative ground-to-cloud
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Lightning Activity
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Current Parameters Lightning currents are imposed currents! Lightning currents are imposed currents!
Surge impedance of discharge channels: 900 (@ 50 kA) 2000 (@ 10 kA) Surge impedance overhead line: 300 Grounding surge impedance: < 10 up to several 10
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Resistive voltage drops at grounding structures Resistive voltage drops at grounding structures overvoltages, flashovers overvoltages, flashovers Amplitude of overvoltages propagating as traveling waves along lines Amplitude of overvoltages propagating as traveling waves along lines ( = Z) ( = Z) Grounding impedance should be < 10 ! Grounding impedance should be < 10 ! Kind of ground Humid soil Humid sand Dry gravel Rocks
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
in m
30 200 1000 3000
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Relative occurrence
Hufigkeit der ng current peak values erste negative Teilblitze; 2: negative subsequent strokes; 3: positive strokes) Relative occurrence of lightniBlitzstromscheitelwerte (1:(1: 1st negative stroke; 2: negative Folgeblitze; 3: positive Blitze)
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Smax
Building
Lightning conductor
Voltages induced to conductor loops in a building protected by a Franklin rod 1: intrinsic current loop of the lightning conductor with possible flashover distance s1 2: In Schleifen induzierte Spannungen innerhalb eines durch einen Blitzableiter geschtzten Gebudes loop formed by lightning conductor and power installation with possible flashover distance s2 1: Eigenschleife des Blitzableiters mit mglicher berschlagstrecke s1 3: 2: Schleife aus Blitzableiter und Installationsleitung mit mglicher berschlagstrecke s2 completely isolated loop (e.g. of power supply system) with possible flashover distance s3 3: Vom Blitzableiter isolierte Installationsschleife mit mglicher berschlagstrecke s3
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Relative occurrence
Hufigkeit der maximalenmaximum steepness (both polarities) Relative occurrence of Stromsteilheiten (beide Polaritten)
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Relative occurrence
Charge
Hufigkeit der Ladungen (1: alle Blitze aus 119 Messungen; 2: negative Blitze; 3: flashes; Blitze; Relative occurrence of charges (1: all flashes out of 119 measurements; 2: negative positive 4: erste negative Teilblitze; 5: Stokomponenten der ersten negativen Teilblitze) 3: positive flashes; 4: 1st negative strokes
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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effects
Mechanical impulse
Heating
Lightning conductor
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Relative occurrence
i-squared-time integral
Hufigkeit der Stromquadrat-Zeitintegrale flashes out of 206 measurements; 2: negative2: negative Relative occurrence of i-squared-time integrals (1: all (1: alle Blitze aus 206 Messungen; flashes; 3: positive flashes Teilblitze; 3: positive Teilblitze)
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Current
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Concept of lightning Concept of lightning protection zones (LPZ) protection zones (LPZ)
Lightning current arresters Lightning current arresters
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
IEC 61024-1
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hB in m; in kA
The higher the peak value of the first stroke, the higher is hB.
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lightning Discharge
Center of negative charges
Development of stepped leader Development of stepped leader The more charge is contained in the charge tube, the higher is the ground field strength.
Stepped leader with plasma core and charge tube
The higher the ground field strength, the higher is the distance which can be bridged by a breakdown. The more charge is contained in the charge tube, the higher is the current peak value of the first stroke.
The higher the lightning The higher the lightning current peak value, the higher current peak value, the higher the final breakdown distance! the final breakdown distance!
High Voltage Technology / Chapter 11 - 43 -
Lightning rod
Protected space
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Protected space
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Protected space
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Protected space
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hB
h = hB
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
h > hB
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
h = hB
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
h < hB
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Application of rolling sphere method for developing Blitzschutzplanung von Gebuden Anwendung der Blitzkugel-Methode bei der a lightning protection concept for buildings
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Shielding angle
Mesh width
Efficiency E
Height of lightning rod above ground Radius of lightning sphere Shielding angle
Protected space
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Application of the rolling sphere method: as long as the sphere only touches the lightning rods but not the building, the degree of protection is sufficient
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
i < ilimit Line conductors not protected! Line conductors not protected!
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
i < ilimit Line conductors not protected! Line conductors not protected!
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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hB is the maximum final breakdown hB is the maximum final breakdown distance for a direct stroke to the distance for a direct stroke to the line conductor. line conductor. Thus the current peak value which Thus the current peak value which belongs to hB is the maximum belongs to hB is the maximum possible current amplitude of a possible current amplitude of a direct stroke to the line conductor. direct stroke to the line conductor.
S
"shielding angle"
a = location of all points of equidistances to the line conductor of concern and to ground
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1 ilimit
hB,E,1
2 3
hB,L,1
i1
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Hilly terrain
N= 35 to 70 strokes/100 kma Line strokes/system: 3.0 to 6.0/100 kma Flashovers/system: 1.7 to 3.4/100 kma
N= 26 to 52 strokes/100 kma Line strokes/system: 0.7 to 1.4/100 kma Flashovers/system: 0.4 to 0.8/100 kma N= 20 to 40 strokes/100 kma Line strokes/system: 0.2 to 0.4/100 kma Flashovers/system: 0.2 to 0.4/100 kma
N= 30 to 60 strokes/100 kma Line strokes/system: 1.4 to 2.8/100 kma Flashovers/system: 1.0 to 2.0/100 kma
N= 22 to 44 strokes/100 kma Line strokes/system: 0.35 to 0.7/100 kma Flashovers/system: 0.35 to 0.7/100 kma
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Line conductor
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Line conductor
gapped
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Distribution of lightning current fractions among neighboring towers after a einem Einschlag in after a mid Stromaufteilung auf benachbarte Masten nach einem Masteinschlag bzw.stroke to a tower and das Erdseil span stroke to the shield wire respectively (identical tower surge in Spannfeldmitte; gleiche Maststoerdungswiderstnde angenommen impedances assumed)
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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