Manifest 2009-003

Cross-Border Synergies and the Quality of Life

A Conceptual Framework

Sati Shankar
Global Synergetic Foundation
New Delhi,Feb,11th, 2009
www.satishankar.com

Abstract: Socio-cultural similarities on either side of the international border, a universal

phenomenon, are more pronounced in the case of Nepal-India border, because such ties have been
enhanced by open border with no restrictions on the movement of people on either side. Social and
cultural similarities do exist along the Nepal China boundary as well but more so in the case of Nepal
India border where people have easier access and interaction. Ethnic and linguistic similarities exist
along the Nepal-India border both in the south plains and hills in the east and west. The open border
has naturally promoted social and cultural interaction among the nationals of both sides through
matrimonial relationship as well.

Keywords: Open borders, synergies, quality of life, development, welfare, economic,

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 Manifest 2009-003

Cross-Border Synergies and the Quality of Life

A Conceptual Framework

Dr.S.S.D.Pandey
www.satishankar.com
20090211
1. Statement of the Problem:

The Indo-Nepal Border: Open and Closed

We are taking case of Indo-Nepal Border Region. Bound by the 1950 Treaty of Peace
and Friendship, neither India nor Nepal is in a position to unilaterally introduce such travel
provision restricting the free movement of their people across the border, however, the 1751 km
long Nepal-India border was fixed by the Sugauli Treaty of 1916, return of Naya Muluk to
Nepal by British India in 1858. Both the countries are socially and culturally linked and have
been deeply imbibed into the socio-cultural history of both the countries. The Terai region of
Nepal bordering India is an extension of the Indo-Gangetic plain. The "geographical factors
have been reinforced by religious, cultural and ethnic affinities between the inhabitants of Terai
region and their counterparts across the border.

The overwhelming presence of people of Indian origin in and the presence of Nepalese
population in the Terai region contiguous to the Indo-Nepal border has made socio-cultural
intercourse indispensable. The 1700 km long Indo-Nepal open border has not only facilitated
socio-cultural exchanges that date back to centuries but have been strengthened by age old
historical ties. The geographical proximity and socio-cultural affinity have determined the
contour of the relationship between both the countries. The geographically contiguous and open
border in this context has serious implications. In this context, "it is virtually impossible to stop
the streams of ideas, information, weapons and money moving through the trans-state
networks...and these networks have become more sophisticated as a result of recent
development in communication and transportation.” The open border has the potential to
facilitate such transactions very smoothly. This is possible because Diasporas often create trans-
state networks that permit and encourage exchanges of significant resources such as money,
manpower, political support and cultural influence, with their homelands as well as their ethnic
community living in other parts of the world.

Socio-cultural similarities on either side of the international border, a universal phenomenon,

are more pronounced in the case of Nepal-India border, because such ties have been enhanced
by open border with no restrictions on the movement of people on either side. Social and
cultural similarities do exist along the Nepal China boundary as well but more so in the case of

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 Manifest 2009-003

Nepal India border where people have easier access and interaction. Ethnic and linguistic
similarities exist along the Nepal-India border both in the south plains and hills in the east and
west. The open border has naturally promoted social and cultural interaction among the
nationals of both sides through matrimonial relationship as well.

When health infrastructures in Nepal were not developed, a large number of people from the
Terai of Nepal as well as from the hills used to go to hospitals in India across the border. During
the last few decades, Nepal has been able to develop health facilities in the country, particularly
in itsTarai region, with the establishment of regional, zonal and district hospitals with modern
medical facilities. This has resulted in the large-scale flow of patients from India into these
hospitals. One noteworthy development of medical facilities in the Terai has been the opening
of the modern eye hospitals and ophthalmology units in zonal and regional hospitals. These
facilities have resulted in the large scale inflow of eye patients from the bordering states of
India because of quality and cheap services. A medical institution that has attracted a large
number of cancer patients from India is the cancer hospital in Bharatpur with ultra modern
cancer treatment facilities. The flow of Nepalese cancer patients to Mumbai is still continuing.

There are 10 medical colleges in Nepal, most of them in the private sector. Three medical
colleges are located in Kathmandu, one in Pokhara and 6 in the Terai: Dharan, Birgunj,
Bharatpur, Bhairahawa, Nepalganj and Chisapani. These medical colleges have attracted a large
number of Indians including non-resident Indians seeking medical education and also patients
seeking medical services in these hospitals. The flow of Nepalese students seeking medical
education in India is also continuing.

While communicable diseases may pose the most immediate concern, the significant impact of
globalization on noncommunicable diseases is also beginning to be recognized. Much of this
impact arises from the global production and trade of health-related goods.Notable are
pharmaceuticals, food and drink (including alcohol), biologicals such as blood
products (Kimbrell 1993; 1998), and increasingly health information. Most
immediately, this creates the potential for spreading health risks far wider than
previously. Infected blood products traded globally in the 1970s, for example, resulted in the
worldwide spread of Hepatitis Band HIV/AIDS. More subtle are influences over
lifestyle through the global marketing of fast-food diets, tobacco products and alcoholic
drinks.

The temporal dimension of health impacts is also varied. Foremost is the speed in which health
risks arise and are spread within and across countries. The seventh cholera pandemic,
beginning in Indonesia 1961, has been both the longest pandemic in history (i.e. 38 years), as
well as the most rapidly spread. Within two years of being introduced to Peru in 1991, it had
spread to nineteen other countries in Latin America (Lee and Dodgson 1998). Relatedly, it is
expected that global climate change will affect the seasonal range of many vector-borne
diseases (e.g. malaria, Lyme disease, dengue fever). As Kaferstein (1997) writes, “over the last

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 Manifest 2009-003

two hundred years, the average distance travelled and speed of travel has increased one
thousand times, while incubation periods of disease have not.” Similarly, the Harvard Working
Group on New and Resurgent Diseases (1997:165) observe, that the more specific impacts of
the cognitive dimension on health include influences, led by the mass media, on healthy or
unhealthy lifestyles.

Beginning with the spatial dimension, one of the most prominent features of is an increased
mobility of people, animals, plants and objects across national boundaries. The most direct
consequence for health is the increased potential for the spread of communicable diseases.
Greater movements of people through business activities, immigration, rural-urban migration,
displacement and tourism create more opportunities for the transmission of disease because of
more widespread, frequent and close physical contact.

Recent pressures to make cross border movements stringent is not totally unjustified keeping
the above facts in view but we must not forget the ties between the people of both the countries
the contribution of cross border accesses of health and other variety of facilities which have
been contributing to the quality of lives of the people of both the sides. From this new
perspective, it is hoped that the present study would be a significant contribution to the
understanding of the Indo Nepal border problems, helpful in policymaking and surveillance
activities and in restoring and retaining the Quality of life of the people of both countries.

2. Overview of literature:

Cross-border co-operation

Although, India and Nepal have been having a long history of collaborative association, and
many studies on Indo-Nepal Relations on various dimensions can be found, formal studies on
sustainable development, from collaborative regional planning point of view, are relatively few
and far between.

Even in the world literature, until recently, cross-border co-operation on a sub national level
has not gained much attention in major social science discourses. However, around the
beginning of the 1990s scholars of federalism and of regional science started to trace the
growing international activities of sub-national political units in Europe and North America
(Michelmann & Soldatos 1990; Brown & Fry 1993; Hocking 1993a; Groen 1994 and 1995).
Whereas much attention was given to “para-diplomatic” (Soldatos 1990, 1993) or
„interregional“ (Raich 1995) activities of provinces, states and cities, the longest tradition and
the most enhanced features of international activities of these units are micro-diplomatic or
cross-border activities (Cohn & Smith 1996; Martinez 1986; Swanson 1976). Developments in
some border regions have advanced to the point that the older notion of micro-diplomacy
needed to be replaced by one of cross-border institution building, even though most of these

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cross-border institutions are rather soft, not very formalized and mostly network-like
institutions.

Global economic, technological, ecological and social developments contribute to a rapid

increase of interdependence across territorial boundaries and to a political process. Brian
Hocking (1993b) called localizing foreign policy. In addition, factors within the political
system, including trends toward decentralization in most western countries and, most
importantly, the political processes of continental integration have created opportunities
for increasingly professionalized sub national units to pursue. In Europe, the Single
European Act (1987) initiated the European Internal Market. The Maastricht Treaty
(1992) then set the framework for the Monetary Union. In North America, these processes were
fostered by the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the U.S. (FTA 1988) and by
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA 1994) between the USA, Canada and
Mexico. These highly visible signs of cross border cooperation can be seen as catalysts
for facilitated new cross-border activities on a sub-national level. Studies on sustainable
development of Indo-Nepal border region and specifically the location we are
concentrating upon, from collaborative regional planning point of view, was initiated by
Pandey (2000). His subsequent studies (2000a, 2001, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2002a, have layer a
sound foundation. At this point of time, help from UGC in the form of a Major Research
Project is gratefully acknowledged.

Health Policy Measures of Quality of life

Both health policy analysts and social scientists have done considerable works constructing and
employing measures of health and quality of life for use with large and diverse populations.
There is a voluminous medical and health policy literature focused on the people’s quality of
life as it is affected by various diseases and /or treatments to ameliorate or cure those diseases.
(40.p116) but a point to note is that the quality of life measure in medical and health care
literature tends to focus on individual’s dysfunction and its relation to some such norms. At the
deeper level, medicine views bodily parts and organs and human body and the people from
functional point of view.

In recent years health policy researchers have developed a variety of measures that go
substantially beyond crude morbidity and mortality measures. It should be noted that the
importance of life plans for a good life suggests at least two other ways in which different
mortality rates within society affect the opportunities of their members to attain good life-
expectancy.

A few examples may be put in order. The Sickness Impact profile (SIP), was developed by
Marilyn Bergner and his collogues to measure the impact of a wide variety of forms of ill

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 Manifest 2009-003

health. A study that measures the quality of life but without focusing on health care and disease
can be found in the Swedish Level of Living Surveys (Erickson, 1993). A second example of an
evaluative framework is the Quality of Life Index (QLI) developed by Walter Spitzer and
colleagues to measure the quality of life of cancer patients. A third prominent measure
developed by Milton Cohen, S Franshel and others is the health status index (HSI) which
measures the level of functions along certain dimensions. (Cohen, Bush, and Patrick, (1975))

The point to note is that both the practical and theoretical difficulties in constructing valid
measures that are feasible for large and varied populations require compromises. Nevertheless,
several features of these measures are significant in showing the complexity of the quality of
life measures employed in health care and should be acceptable for not very specific purposes.

Studies on quality of life under the influence of cross-border synergies and specifically the
location we are concentrating upon are again few and far between. An attempt has been made
by Pandey (2002c) to analyse health and quality of life under the influence of cross-border
synergies using the capability approach, Sen. (1985, 1992, and 1993) and “Capability Sets,
Pandey (1999).

3. The Conceptual Framework:

Towards an effective response to health issues, one of the most immediate needs is for a better
understanding of the cross border access (which may, if one wishes so, be seen as globalization)
through sound empirical research. Two key questions may begin to guide such research:

(a) To what extent is the cross border access of health occurring within different spheres and
along different dimensions? And

(b) What positive and negative effects are the cross border access of health facilities having (or
expected to have) on the health of residents of the region and groups?

Health, broadly defined, concerns many spheres of human societies. It accounts for significant
economic activity through, for instance, substantial public and private expenditure, large
workforces and manufacturing of medical supplies and pharmaceuticals. It is highly political,
for example, because of allocative decisions concerning treatment, research and salary levels.
There are clear cultural aspects in the form of lifestyles, and cultural beliefs about health and
illness. And there are clear environmental implications such as urbanization, climate change
and resource depletion.
Beginning with the spatial dimension, one of the most prominent features of is an increased
mobility of people, animals, plants and objects across national boundaries. The most direct

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 Manifest 2009-003

consequence for health is the increased potential for the spread of communicable diseases.
Greater movements of people through business activities, immigration, rural-urban migration,
displacement and tourism create more opportunities for the transmission of disease because of
more widespread, frequent and close physical contact.

In general, political, non-technical activities of sub-national cross-border units are much more
recent .The following analytical description will focus first on the opportunities opened up by
cross-border institutions. Four important functions of cross-border co-operation can be
distinguished: Establishing a “regulatory regime”, Functioning as a “transfer hinge”,
creating an “innovation pole”, facilitating cross-border “coalition building”

In reality these functions often overlap; the differentiation is merely analytical but useful in
highlighting various elements. These functions have different disciplinary origins. Whereas the
first function represents the dominant legalistic and normative approach, the next two results
from economic considerations and the last represents a typical political science approach.

While cross-boundary co-operation has been found to serve important functions in furthering
policy goals, this does not necessarily mean that cross-border cooperation helps to promote
sustainable development based solutions. The preconditions that promote sustainable
development may be summarized as the existence of institutions that help to overcome
intersectoral cleavages. It is also true, however, that some categories of cross-border linkages
make it harder to create such preconditions. Sustainable development is the development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising with the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). In
attempts to operationalise this goal, one procedural principle gained central importance: the
need for cross-sectoral integration. As Thierstein and Walser (1997) put it: “The strengths lie in
its cross sectional character which integrates economics, ecology and social aspect”. The Rio
Declaration states that peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and
indivisible (Principle 25).

Sustainable development is comprised of three problem dimensions that should be analyzed in

parallel (Daly 1992 according to Thierstein/Walser 1997):

(i) Economic Dimension: where the focus is on allocation;

(ii) (ii) Ecological Dimension: where the focus is on scale;

(iii) Social Dimension: where the focus is on distribution.

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 Manifest 2009-003

A striking characteristic of cross-border regions is that the linkages across the border are almost
always centered on pectoral focal points.

We can see this pectoral differentiation in the process of cross-border region building on the
basis of,

(a) The formation of various selective “policy networks” (Marin & Mayntz 1991),

(b) The existence and relevance of antagonistic “epistemic communities“(Haas 1987),

and

(c) The appearance of antagonistic „visions“in respect to what the cross-border region
is intended to accomplish.

The essential feature of cross border accesses is that it is a process changing the nature of
human interaction. Foremost are changes to spatial (e.g. state) boundaries, but temporal and
cognitive boundaries are also being crossed. As a result, many health issues are also being
changed by these global dimensions. Towards an effective response to quality of life and these
health issues, the most immediate need is for a better understanding of globalization through
sound empirical research.

It is expected that a research of this type would help and facilitate policy initiatives at local,
national, regional and global levels. This might begin with encouraging greater awareness of
the global dimensions of health among policy makers and health practitioners, but could then be
followed by specific policy decisions to optimize the benefits, and mitigate the costs of health
and raise the quality of life of the human being.

4. Research Questions or Hypotheses:

Objects:

(a) To explore the ground realities on Indo-Nepal Border region in relation to cross border
socio economic interactions with a view to quality of life.
(b), To explore the ground realities on Indo-Nepal Border in relation to cross border
accesses of health care facilities and utilization
(c) To analyse Indo-Nepal Policy compatibilities from the point of view of enhancing
Quality of life,
(d) To devise a policy framework for effective border management with optimal access
to health facilities.

Hypotheses to be tested are:

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 Manifest 2009-003

2000 Cross border synergies and Quality of life of the people of Indo-Nepal order region are
positively related.
2001 Any attempt to restrict open nature of Indo-Nepal border will have negative impact on the
quality of life of the people of Indo-Nepal order region are positively related.

5. Coverage

Focus is to be given on three levels:

(1) At the global level – a bird’s eye view of the cross border impacts on quality of life,

(2) At the country level –policy frames of reference,

(3) At the micro level – ground realities, cross-border socio-economic dynamics and its policy
implications.

(I) Universe of study

The present study is concerned with the quality of life, especially the health
dimension of the people residing along the border of India and Nepal, of course, with
a focus on certain Districts, It becomes therefore, necessary to get hold of the first hand
information on both sides of the Indo-Nepal border.
The present study will cover the residents of India and Nepal residing nearby
Indo-Nepal border, in the Districts Mahrajganj and Siddharth Nagar of Eastern Uttar
Pradesh from India side and Naval Parasi and Roopandehi and Kapilvastu on the Nepal
side.

(ii) Sampling Frame:

Selection of samples from the both sides of the border of India and Nepal in the
specified region will be done with the following schemes:

With an assumption that the cross-border Socio-economic interaction between

India and Nepal diminishes as the distance from the border increases, a
gravitating approach will be followed for sampling and data collection. Thus,
density of samples will be decreasing accordingly.

This approach can be understood with the help of the following conceptual
scheme:
______________________________________________________________________

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 Manifest 2009-003

INDIA>> [NO MAN’S LAND] <<NEPAL

<Secondary Layer>< Primary Layer>> [NO MAN’S LAND] << Primary Layer><Secondary
Layer>
<_5KM ____><____5KM____>> [NO MAN’SLAND] <<___5KM __><__5KM_>>
________________________________________________________________________

Beyond ten kilometers on both the sides are tertiary layers. The primary, secondary and
the tertiary layers represent the regions which are farther and farther from the no man’s
land respectively.

Criteria for Selection of Region/Districts: The comparative backwardness of the

Maharaj Ganj and Siddharth Nagar districts, from the point of view of the Quality of
life, in Uttar Pradesh has formed the basis for selection. Interaction and cooperation
among the people residing in the neighborhood is highest, therefore, the two districts
Naval Parasi and Roopandehi are selected as they lie in the extreme vicinity lest a no
man’s land dividing the neighborhood but without affecting the socio-cultural
interaction attributed to the open border.

(3) Sampling procedure

Given the nature of the study, it is obvious that we need to obtain primary data for
analyzing the issues at hand. Information the project will draw from its field work and
primary evidences that would allow us to devise a comprehensive platform for policy analysis
& formulation. A random and purposive clustered sampling procedure will be adopted in the
study.

Methodologies to be employed include: Institutional analysis, ethno- methodology,

ethnography, participant-observation method, unobtrusive measures, content analysis,
secondary analysis and comparative analysis of the experience of countries with
different policies, institutions, etc;

The survey instrument will be designed to take into account country specific factors.
Some standard rules for taking field notes have to be followed in collecting such data,
i.e., taking notes as soon as possible, and not to talk to anyone before note taking,
counting the number of times key words or phrases are used by members of the folk
group, carefully recording the order or sequence of events, and the sequence, not to take
anything as too insignificant; recording even the smallest things, drawing maps or
diagrams of the location, including the movements and any reaction by others, writing
quickly and devising ones own system of punctuation, avoiding evaluative judgments or
summarizing; always make backup copies of your notes and keep them in a separate
location and so on.. The key point behind all of these is that the researcher must operate
on two levels: becoming an insider while remaining an outsider. These notes would

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 Manifest 2009-003

contain rich, detailed descriptions of everything that went on. There would be no
attempt at summarizing, generalizing, or hypothesizing. The notes would capture as
factual a description of the drama as possible to permit multiple interpretations, and
most of all, to later infer cultural meaning.

Almost all case studies involve unstructured interview and ethnographic methodology
(meaning the subject was allowed to express themselves in their own words). It's
difficult to describe the variety of techniques used to arrive at useful generalizations in a
case study. Homothetic (group) designs simply add up the totals and look at averages.
Idiographic (single subject) designs have the advantage of rescuing individual data from
the pile of averages. This argument works best if the individual in question falls into
some extreme category (successful at crime or a complete failure at it). Scientists refer
to these cases as "outliers".

Secondary analysis is the reanalysis of data that was originally compiled by another
researcher for other purposes than the one the present researcher intends to use it for.
Secondary data analysis is only limited by the researcher's imagination. While the
technique is mostly quantitative, limitations exist that often force such researchers to
have some qualitative means of garnering information also. In such cases (as with much
Historical-Comparative research), the qualitative part of the study is used as a validity
check on the quantitative part.

(4) Units of observation and sampling size:

Selection of Respondents

With this conceptual scheme, a selection will be made out of a total of two tehsils and
twenty five blocks, including tehsils as sadar blocks of the two districts from India side. A
total of sixty observation sites will be selected on random basis, out of which thirty will be
taken from India side and thirty from Nepal side.
From each observation site, a total of twenty individuals will be interviewed on pre
structured questionnaire, thus, we will be having nearly1200 respondents to provide
necessary information.

The selection of respondents will be made on the bases of following parameters:

(I) Distance of unit from no man’s land
(ii) Population
(iii)Composition of urban, semi urban and rural settlement.

On Nepal side the criteria of sampling will be the same.

7. Data Collection

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 Manifest 2009-003

Given the nature of the study, it is obvious that we need to obtain primary data for
analyzing the above issues. Data are not inherently quantitative, and can be bits and pieces
of almost anything. They do not necessarily have to be expressed in numbers. Data can
come in the form of words, images, impressions, gestures, or tones which represent real
events or reality as it is seen symbolically or sociologically (If people believe things to be
real, they are real in their consequences - the Thomas Dictum). Qualitative research uses
unreconstructed logic to get at what is really real -- the quality, meaning, context, or image
of reality in what people actually do, not what they say they do (as on questionnaires).
Unreconstructed logic means that there are no step-by-step rules. Qualitative research
most often is grounded theory, built from the ground up.

Criteria for Data Collection

Villages, hospitals, offices and various other departments will be surveyed in a random
way without informing beneficiaries, Panchayat officials, developmental officials and
others. Different approaches like social and village mapping, group discussions,
involvement of beneficiaries in the discussions will be adopted. All the individuals will
be interviewed separately without interference, at their convenient time in an open,
informal, conducive, non-threatening and non-promising. Officers and Sarpanch will be
interviewed separately for collecting various data.

As already mentioned above, study will be heavily based on the primary information,
needless to say that secondary data will also be used. It may come from published
(Publicly available) or arranged from official records. Primary data will be collected by
means of questionnaire, interviews, and observations and by various methods detailed in
the preceding section. For secondary data, we will have to rely on government
publications as well as on the information from the revenue, police and surveillance
authorities of both the countries. It will, therefore, be time consuming and expensive.

For Questionnaire/Schedule to be used

(1)Identification of data:
Since Quality of life is directly related to level of earning:
On the basis of occupation: Self employed, Service, Agriculture, Labour. Out of which,
a selection will be made on proportional ground for a maximum of 20 schedules per
observation point to be administered by the investigator by visiting personally.
(2)Approximate number of questions to be asked:
Approximately 35 to 40 questions.
(3)Scaling Techniques (If used)
(4)Projective Tests incorporated (If any)
(5)Time per interview
One to one and half hour per schedule, as each schedule will have 35 to 40 items.
(6)Index construction (If any)
(7)Coding Plan (whether questions and responses will be prerecorded or not; whether
the coding is done for computer or for hand tabulation)

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 Manifest 2009-003

Questions and responses will be prerecorded and coding will be done for computer. It
will be done keeping the following facts in view:

Coding scheme will be devised, usually in basic terms like frequency (amount of content),
direction (who the content is directed to), intensity (power of content), and space (size of
content). Manifest coding is found to be quite reliable because one can train assistants to do it,
ensuring inter-coder reliability, and all one is doing is using an objective method to count the
number of times a theme occurs in your coding scheme.
Latent coding requires some knowledge, usually gained from fieldwork or observation, about
the language rules, or semiotics, of the subjects. It is less reliable than manifest coding, but
involves the researcher using some rubric or template to make judgment calls on implicit,
ironic, or doubtful content. Since not everything always fits in categories, there's always some
leftover content to be accounted for, and it must be interpreted in context by a knowledgeable
researcher who knows something about the culture of his/her subjects. A key point to remember
is that the more quantitative aspects of content analysis come first; the qualitative part of the
analysis comes last, although some advocates say the technique involves moving back and forth
between quantitative and qualitative methods.

For Interviews

(1) How (Free associational,nondirective,focused,direct or on telephone)

Direct associational & in-depth interview to fill the questionnaire;

(2) Particular characteristics

Quality of life comprises many characteristics; a few ones may only be stated
here. For, the broadercategoriesareoutlook,support,health,daily
living,activities,socialinteractions,socialadaptivity,alertness,,communicat ion,
emotional behavior, education, earning capacity ,since Quality of life is directly
related to level of earning.
.
Observation Techniques

(i) Type of observation; participant/quasiparticipant or nonparticipant

Participant/quasiparticipant
(ii) Units of observation
Individuals and households
(iii) Whether there will be the only technique or other will also be
employed
Techniques are most efficiently and cleverly used when researcher keeps is
eyes open and adapt to the delicate nature of the data and information he/she has gathered.
Therefore, it is not fixed and proper adjustments are possible and other techniques may be
used as the data structure and data bases of India and Nepal may not be homogeneous.

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 Manifest 2009-003

7. Data Processing

This study intends policy formulation; data will be coded and analyzed in such a manner that
simulation studies are possible. Most of the general softwares are available with the host
institution only specialized analysis will require customized software which will have to be
developed by some professional developer or will be hired.

8. Time Budgeting

The proposed research work will be broken up in to several sages and time required for each stage
(tentative) is given below:

Preparatory work, including

1 selection 1 month
and appointment of staff and their training
2 Pilot study, if any
3 Drawing of Sample 3 months
4 Tool Construction 3 months
their pretesting and printing)
5 Data collection 5 months
6 Data processing(including coding 4 months
editing, sorting, computer analysis)
7 Data analysis & interpretation 4 months
8 Report writing 4 months
24
MONTH
TOTAL S

(iii) Organizational Framework

Details of the project staff, other than the Project Director, to be appointed:

9. Cost Estimation

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