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U.S. History in a Global Context I

Mr. Neumann/ Mr. Balog

Midterm Review Sheet 2012-2013 Unit I: Foundations of American Government

Government terms

Autocracy-government in which one person has uncontrolled or unlimited authority over others Oligarchy- a form of government in which the all power is held by a few people or in a dominant class or clique Monarchy- a state or nation in which a single person holds the supreme power Democracy government by the people Dictatorship a country, government, or the form of government in which absolute power is exercised by a dictator Direct Democracy to manage or guide by advice Republic a state/country in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizen entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them Capitalism an economic system in which investment and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or businesses Characteristics of a State (Nation) Population/territory/sovereignty/govt
Purposes of Government

1. 2. 3. 4.

Maintain social order Provide public services sewer systems, roads, park, etc. Maintain national security Outside or inside Make important decisions Rules of Conduct - Make choices - Define goals

Big Ideas/Themes of American Government

Common law set precedent for future events self government political independence; being in control of your own state limited government- power of government restricted; referred to in the constitution representative government - People chosen by the citizens of the land to make decisions on their behalf & to represent them in the legislative assembly.
Events on the Road to Revolution

Greek contributions Direct democracy Roman contributions Common Law, Separation of Power Magna Charta legal document that led to the rule of constitutional law today English Bill of Rights basically the constitution English Parliament develops replaced the king, limited the kings powers Mayflower Compact Govt of Pilgrims House of Burgesses legislative assembly formed in Virginia ( July th 30 , 1619)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut a constitution for Connecticut river town, shows self govt and limt government English Colonies develop along coast they each are self governed Albany Plan of Union meeting to make amongst Native American tribes Boston Tea Party protest of Britain tea policy and often taxes First and Second Continental Congress government set up to govern the colonies, Rep. government Thomas Paines Common Sense War for Independence Ends

Philosophers Enlightment Thinkers Enlightenment a philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms Social contract Thomas Hobbes English philosopher best known today for his fro his work on political philosophy John Locke Father of classic Liberalism, one of the most influential Enlightment thinkers (Natural Rights) Jean- Jacques Rousseau Genevan Philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century romanticism of French expression
Declaration of Independence

meaning and interpretation- 1. Im breaking up with you and heres 2. I need more space 3. Heres whats wrong with you 4. Im free

why

War for Independence

causes and effects taxation without representation Proclamation of 1763 - We go to war and now are independent local connections Battle of Trenton - Washington crossing by here

Unit II: The Constitution

Articles of Confederation

Purpose- Had the right to declare war but could not impose taxes and regulate trade Characteristics each state acted as its own Problems in country following the war during the war, many states issued bonds, after the war they redeemed them for gold and silver Major Debates of the Constitutional Convention large vs. small states -VA Plan a strong national legislature with two houses based on population - a strong national executive chosen by legislature - a national judiciary appointed by the legislative

-NJ Plan unicameral legislative where each state has an equal vote -CT Compromise House of representation based on population. All revenue law begin here. Senate is made up by a member from each state; Senators elected by state Legislative. slave vs. non-slave states -3/5ths Compromise slaves will count for 3/5ths a person when apportioning for representative and taxation -Commerce/Slave Trade Congress given the power to ban slave trade after 1808. Congress was forbidden to impose export taxes in order to protect southern exports. elites vs. masses

-tyranny of the majority a person with absolute ruthless power Major players at the Constitutional Convention Who were the delegates? Ratification of the Constitution Federalists vs. AntiFederalists Who were they and what did they believe?

The Federalists-led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, John Marshall, James Wilson, John Dickinson, and Roger Sherman--had several advantages. In a time of national political crisis, they offered a clear prescription for the nation's ills; they were well organized and well financed; and they were used to thinking in national terms and to working with politicians from other states. They also had the support of the only two truly national political figures, George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. The Anti-federalists-led by Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, James Monroe, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, George Clinton, Willie Jones, and Melancton Smith--counted among their advantages the support of most state politicians and the American people's distrust of strong central government. Their most potent argument against the Constitution was that it lacked a bill of rights. -Federalist Papers The Ratification Process

Submission of the constitution to the Confederation congress Transmission of constitution by congress to the state legislatures Elections of delegates to conventions in each state to consider the constitution Ratification by the conventions of at least nine of the thirteen states Basics of the Constitution Structure of the Constitution The Preamble- states the purpose and goals of the constitution The Articles- lay out the specifics for separation of power and rights of each branch in Govt The Amendments- the additions to the constitution Principles of the Constitution Popular sovereignty: - rule by the people Representative government Democracy- majority rule Federalism: Power is divided between the national and state goverments Created a limited national government Separation of Powers: separate power of government among 3- branches

created a limited national government Checks and balances: - Given each branch the power to prevent one branch from greatly expanding its power 5. Judicial Review: - Power of courts to declare law in valid (unconstitutional) if they violate the constitution 6. Limited Government : - Written constitution and laws limit powers of government Bill of Rights/Amendments to the Constitution 27 Amendments/ changes made to the constitutions Bill of Rights: Amendment 1- Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly Amendment 2- Right to bear arms Amendment 3- Quartering of soldiers Amendment 4- Unreasonable Search and seizure Amendment 5- Rights in criminal cases Amendment 6- Right to a fair trial, Right to know charges against you (Miranda Rights) Amendment 7- Rights in civil cases Amendment 8- Bail, fines, cruel and unusual punishment Amendment 9- Rights retained by the People Amendment 10- States' rights Electoral College 435 votes ( House of representatives) 100 votes (state senators)

How to Amend the Constitution Proposal putting forth a new idea Ratification- process of making it stay.

Elections/Role of Parties

Unit 3: Founding Brothers

Election of 1796--issues Election of 1800--issues

Washingtons Administration

Problems facing the nation Solutions to problems Cabinetpositions and people Thomas Jefferson Secretary of

State Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of treasure Henry Knox- General of Artillery (Sec. Of War; Defense) Edmund Randolph- Attorney general Judiciary Act of 1789 Washington pushes for a judiciary branch Hamilton and Jefferson and their differencesHamilton=federalists,

Jefferson= Republican Birth of political parties (Hamilton/Jefferson) Hamilton Jefferson -Called themselves Federalists - Called themselves republicans - In favor of strong central govt - Wanted strong state goverment D.C. Compromise the wanting to move the capital from New York to D.C a more central place. Whiskey Rebellion Protective tariff import on goods produced in

Europe PA. refuses to pay the tax and beat up federal marshals Hamilton wanted more money Confirms the power/ authority of the national government Farewell Address Washington farewell address state that Washington wants to be separate from Europe, hew wants there to be no connection between them. He believed that we should keep a bond between them but no political bond. He warns American that foreigners will decrease the rights the have and weaken the country Foreign Affairs Signed treaty with Spain and eventually got Florida from the Adam-Onis Treaty. Jays Treaty A treaty with the British to leave the frontier line and let us trade with peace.
Adams Administration

XYZ Affair Talleyrand sent three agents to meet with John Marshalls to tell John Adams in order for France to accept the treaty they must have a bribe of $250,000 and a $10 million dollar loan to France. Alien and Sedition Acts - the government says that they can jail anybody that says anything about the government and they can deport anyone Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Written by Jefferson and Madison thought they were taking rights, government were setting laws

idea of nullification
Jeffersons Administration

The Jeffersonian vision and Republican principles (small govt, etc.) Believed in Republican and believed in strong state govt. Louisiana Purchase US bought land to the west of the states and only for $15 million dollars Marbury v. Madison/judicial review During the presidency of John Adams, Mardbury was the next appointed Chief of Justice. The last day of office John Adams appointed as many federalists to the board as possible. When Jefferson took office he refused the commission of Mardbury making him angry, resulting in Mardbury going to the Supreme Court.
The War of 1812 and Madisons Administration

Causes Ships were being seized by Britain & France Impressments taking U.S. sailors British encouraging and arming our native American enemies Effect - National pride, goes up Red war for independence Resumes trade New America Heroes Outcomes Maintain our independence (we survive) Federalist party dies Rise of nationality identify National hero United State of America

war hawks Democratic Republicans

Hamiltons Contributions Economic plan

1. Deal with the debt - take on the foreign and domestic debt by replacing creditors old low value bonds with new interest bearing bonds. - Take over most of the sates $25 million Revolutionary war debts. 2. Gain Revenue - Pass a tariff to both bring money and help American manufacturing 3. Stabilize the Banking System - Create a national bank - Create a national mint National Bank - Hamilton's financial plan is significant not only for its attempt mostly successful to restore the nation's credit Assumption of debt - Hamiltons case for assumption was to convince Congress that the state debts should be regarded as an obligation, for their support in the war for independence. Hamiltons hopes were that assumption would chain the states tightly to their "federal chariot." Political fights with Jefferson - The Federalist Party was formed, in 1792, largely to pass Hamilton's fiscal program, economic plan. They were opposed by Thomas Jefferson and what is now Democratic-Republican Party They conflict was due to Hamilton's urban, financial, and industrial goals for the U S, as well as his promotion of extensive trade and friendly relations with Britain

Unit 4: Nationalism, Sectionalism, and the

Growth of the United States

Differences in Regional Economies Emerge North as industrial economy north made machinery and machine parts fro the southerners to buy

South as agricultural economy South had farm land and less textile production factories New technologies emerge Eli Whitneys cotton gin was a revolutionary tool for southern farmers Nationalism Takes Root Federal Court Decisions Against States Rights Gibbons vs. Ogden ( 1824) - only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce (not

states) Mc Culloch vs. Maryland -National bank is constitutional and states cant do anything about it ex: tax the bank Monroe Doctrine (1823) all European countries should stay out of western hemisphere; the U.S. will stay out of Europe Adams-Onis Treaty Spain cedes Florida to the U.S. Missouri Compromise (1820) A temporary agreement to address new states coming into the union as free or slave states. Maine comes in as free state and Missouri as a slave state 36 30 separates the Louisiana territory between free and slave states Jacksons Administrations

Treatment of Native Americans Horrendous treatment of Native American

Indian Removal Act of 1830 Negotiated treaties to force the natives to the west and off their land States rights argument Leads to the trail of 1838 following Jacksons refusal to abide by Worchester vs. Georgia (1832) Election of 1824 - Jackson bills himself as A man of the people and wins the popular vote but no the electoral majority - John Quincy Adams wins the House of Rep. vote and became president - Jackson claims Adam stole the election - Jackson forms the a Democratic Assembly Election of 1828 -During Adams presidency, most states made it easier to vote by

removing property requirements - 1824- 350,00 white male votes - 1828- 1.1 million white male votes

Nullification crisis/Calhoun and South Carolina Nullification Theory Heyne and Webster debate states rights South Carolina rebels and threatens succession National Bank Jackson opposes the bank - sets up pet bank, small banks to lessen power of national

bank Political Parties: 1840-1860

Party Democratic

Established 1828

Platform -Peoples word -State rights -Jefferson led the -The common man -Limited -End of slavery -Free purchase of

Democratic

government Republican Party Early 1850s

land, invest The Liberty Party 1833-1870 -Promoted greater goods for slaves - Abolish slavery Know Nothing 1846 -Pro labor -Contain slavery Social Mobility

Free Soil Party

1848-1852

and soon disappear -Opposed the great wave of immigrants (anticathalics) in the US -Northeast Political Movements The American Wing Party 1834-1856 -Disliked Andrew Jacksons methods -Promoted internal movements -American System

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