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Preface
The material gathered in this volume was first presented and discussed during the Well Testing course held in 1998, in S. Donato (MI) and was further reviewed for the subsequent editions of the Well Testing course. These slides are aimed at providing with some reference guidelines both those engineers and geologists who are already familiar with well test analysis and those who are just approaching the subject. It is not meant to be a handbook and, therefore, the authors recommend that the readers refer to textbooks or to appropriate research papers available from the literature for a deeper understanding of the basic theory and current practice of well testing. The mathematical theory behind the presented equations and models is not explained into details, only the underlying assumptions are summarized. Note that the coefficients appearing in the formulae are coherent with the S.I. system of units, so readers who use other systems of units should adapt the formulae to their particular systems. SECTION 1 provides an overview on well testing targets and standards, equipment and gauge specifications, field data collection and quality control. SECTION 2 deals with flow equations for both oil and gas reservoirs. Reservoirs are first regarded as infinite acting systems; then bounded reservoirs are taken into account. The main well testing operating procedures, the flow equations used to interpret the field data, and the parameters that can be obtained are outlined in the case of both oil and gas wells. Eventually, an introduction to the pressure derivative method, currently used worldwide for well test interpretation, is presented. SECTION 3 thoroughly describes all the theoretical reservoir models together with the respective pressure derivative responses that have been developed in the literature and are available in any software for well test analysis. The models are classified as early time models to evaluate wellbore and near wellbore effects, middle time models to investigate the reservoir behavior, and late time models to infer possible boundary effects.
Well Testing
The Principle of Well Testing is ...
to analyse the output signal of a well on which a known input signal has been applied.
well
INPUT OUTPUT
BHP, psia
2000
1000
RATE
0 0 20 40 60 80 120 160
TIME , hours
and for new infilling wells : optimise drilling technique by choosing the best mud in order to minimise formation damage
DST Standard Production Test Interference Test (areal /vertical) Limit Test
Objectives
1) 2)
First Pool
active ( producing ) pool observer pool ( shut - in ) variable ( hours - days ) Recognise within the well pools comunication
Surface Data
Bottom Data
Produced Fluids
Wellhead Pressure
Wellhead Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
Flow Rates
DWT
SRO
Memory Gauge
Separators
Flow rates :
The flow rates selected in the Rate History must be homogeneous with the corresponding bottomhole p ( Validation Rates - INT/2 ).
Bi-threephase separators Choke manifold Dead weight tester ( DWT ) mechanical ( Amerada ) electronic : Memory gauge SRO gauge
Strain Gauge
Resolution Accuracy Drift : : : 0.2 psia 10 psia 3 psi/1day or 1.5psi/week
Quartz Gauge
0.01 psia 2 psia negligible
Gauges specifications
Microsystems-Technology
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Geometrical
Petrophysical
PVT
Rate History
BHP
Q.C.
Q.C.
Simulation