UNIVERSITI OF MALAYA DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING KEEE 3213: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Investigation the Effects of the EMF Exposure on Railway Operations

Group Members: Adrian Dandot Anak Phillip Tonis KEW 100001 Ku Muhammad Hilmi Bin Ku Halim KEE 100014 Mohd Faris Bin Tarmizi KEE 100025 Muhammad Akmal Bin Zainal KEE 100032 Nur Syahida Binti Zamri KEE 100042

INTRODUCTION EMF stands for Electromagnetic fields, which are often called EMFs, and invisible electrical and magnetic forces. EMFs are a type of radiation that takes the form of waves. Natural EMFs - The earth produces an electromagnetic field (EMF), and so does the human body. Also known as or extremely low frequency ELFs. In fact, scientific research has demonstrated that every cell in your body may have its own EMF, helping to regulate important functions and keep you healthy. Natural EMFs or ELFs are low in intensity; for example, a healthy human body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at around 10 hertz. EMFs are a form of non-ionising radiation that are produced by electricity. An EMF is made up of an electric field (measured in Volts per metre) and a magnetic field (measured in Tesla or Amperes per metre). Electric fields occur wherever there is a voltage. The electric field between two infinitely large parallel plates with a potential difference V separated by a distance d is equal to V/d. Thus the higher the voltage or the smaller the separation distance, the more intense is the electric field. Magnetic fields occur where there is a current; the higher the current, the stronger the magnetic field. The magnetic flux lines around an infinitely long single wire in free space takes the form of concentric circles. The flux lines would be distorted if a magnetic material was introduced into the free space, resulting in intensification of the magnetic fields in certain areas. Both electric and magnetic fields become weaker the further away from the source. The frequency of the radiation (the rate at which the waves oscillate) as well as the strength of the fields are factors in determining the effects on health. At present, the risk of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is controlled by the general provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. However, by April 2008 European Directive 2004/40/EC on Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) will place a statutory duty on employers to protect employees from exposure to EMFs that exceed defined limits. This report is to investigate the effect of the Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive on railway operations. The direct effects of electric shock have been know about and studied since the dawn of the electric age. Since the beginning of the 20th century, equipment and practices have been developed to manage the danger of injury or death due to electric shock from direct contact with conductors. Since the early 1970s2, a number of scientific bodies have being studying the possible health effects of exposure to EMFs.

METHODOLOGY The methodology that has been adopted to investigate the effects of the EMF Exposure on railway operations has involved the following: Review the background to EMFs, Understanding action levels and exposure limits. Identify types of EMF and the groups of people at risk. Identify circumstances in which groups at risk could be exposed to excessive EMFs. Identify when/how action levels will be approached. Review how scenarios that exceed the action levels can be assessed against the exposure limits. Identify assessment methods in the absence Risks associated with EMFs The principal risks that have been identified are: Direct effects, which involve an EMF impinging directly on the human body: Exposure to EMFs results in internal body currents and energy absorption in tissues. The limits associated with direct effects have been developed based on short-term, immediate health effects such as stimulation of nerves and muscles, and increased tissue temperatures. Research into potential long-term effects such as an increased risk of cancer continues. Indirect effects, which involve an object at a different potential to the human body: This can lead to shocks and burns caused by touching conducting objects at a different potential (i.e. when either the body or the object has been charged by an EMF). For example, a person walking through a substation in insulated boots may receive a 50Hz electric shock when an earthed handrail is touched. The discomfort of static electric shocks is a common experience. The difference with EMFs is that the supply of current is continuous and potentially high enough to cause cardiac fibrillation leading to death. The limits in relation to indirect effects have been developed based on the perception level when touching conducting objects. Other indirect effects relate to the impact on medical devices, which may lead to their malfunction. No mandatory limits have been developed for this mechanism. Understanding Exposure Limits The exposure limits are stated in terms of the underlying mechanisms, being either induced current or absorbed energy: Induced Current: Contact current (IC) between a person and an object is expressed in amperes (A). Current density (J) is defined as the current flowing through a unit cross section perpendicular to its direction in a volume conductor such as the human body or part of it, expressed in amperes per square meter (Am-2).

Absorbed Energy Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the whole body or over parts of the body, is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue and is expressed in watts per kilogram (Wkg-1). Power density (S) is the appropriate quantity used for very high frequencies, where the depth of penetration in the body is low. It is the radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided by the area of the surface and is expressed in watts per square meter (Wm-2). Whilst current flow in the limbs can be measured, circulating currents in the trunk and head cannot. Similar to current flows, thermal effects cannot be measured directly. The evaluation therefore must be by compliance with the action levels or evaluation by use of analytical methods, numerical techniques or phantom models. Approach to Identify Types of EMF and Groups at Risk The types of EMF to which people who work in the railway environment may be exposed depend on two factors: The sources of EMF in the railway environment; and The duties of the staff involved (this affects the level of exposure to such sources). The principal difference between the railways and other industrial applications is the use of electric traction. In the UK 25kV AC and 750V DC systems are in use. These systems use an overhead contact system (OCS) and a conductor rail respectively. Following an initial assessment of the likely sources of EMF that could be present, a brainstorming meeting based on a HAZID format was held on 26th April 2005 to: Provide project stakeholders with the opportunity to communicate any comments/issues that they wished to raise and to confirm that the areas proposed for investigation were appropriate. Review the most significant railway specific sources of EMF that might be encountered by railway staff and in doing so identify: the types and locations of such sources of EMF in the railway environment; the characteristics of the sources of EMF; and Whether the duties of staff bring them within the zone of influence of the sources (this affects the level and duration of exposure). Types of EMF in the Railway Environment The application of electrical energy can be categorized as power or information transmission. The majority of power transmission uses 50Hz AC although there are some examples of DC (particularly in railway applications). EMFs can broadly be divided into the frequency bands shown in Table 1:

ITU Band --TLF

Designation

Frequency

Wavelength

Tremendously low frequency

<3Hz

>100,000km

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

ELF Extremely low 3Hz to 30Hz frequency Superlow frequency 30Hz to 300Hz Ultralow frequency Very low frequency low frequency Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency Ultrahigh frequency

300Hz 3000Hz 3kHz to 30kHz 30kHz to 300kHz 300kHz to 3MHz 3MHz to 30MHz

100,000km to 10,000km 10,000km to 1,000km to 1,000km to 100km 100km to 10km 10km to 1km 1km to 100m 100m to 10m

THF

Superhigh frequency Extremely high 30GHz to 1cm to 1mm frequency 300GHz Tremendously high frequency 300GHz to 3THz <1mm

30MHz to 10m to 1m 300MHz 300MHz to 1m to 10cm 3000MHz 3GHz to 30GHz 10cm to 1cm

Table 1: Definition of Frequency Bands Groups at Risk Duty Holders TOC Employee Groups Station Staff Types of EMF Exposure Exposure distance to traction supply equipment limited by rules for safe working and rules for minimum heights/clearances. Public exposure similar.

Train Crew

Exposure distance to traction supply equipment limited by rules for safe working and rules for minimum heights/clearances. Rolling stock traction sources likely to be relatively remote (metres) and located in metallic equipment cases. Public exposure similar. Potential for frequent and close exposure to trainborne traction supply equipment, auxiliary equipment and radio transmitters (e.g. shoegear, 25kV transformers, high voltage cubicles protected by plastic covers, radio antennas etc.). As TOC station staff. As TOC train crew. As TOC station staff. Exposure mainly arises from access and egress to workplace.

Maintenance Staff

Infrastructure Controller

Station Staff Train Crew Operational Control Centre: -Signalling, -Telecommunications--Electrical Controller Maintainers: -Permanent Way -Signalling -Telecommunications -Electrification

Potential for frequent and close exposure to traction supply, plant & equipment (e.g. crossing over tracks, live working on 750V DC lines with insulated conductor rail troughs, working in feeder stations, maintenance of antennas etc.).

Table 2: Identification of Employee Groups at Risk.

Approach A combination of modelling, calculation and testing has been used to assess those scenarios with the greatest potential to exceed the action levels as follows: System modelling using computer based tools to assess the electric and magnetic fields produced by components of the 25kV AC and 750V DC electrification system. Calculations to estimate the EMFs produced by RF transmitters and other miscellaneous sources and systems. Additional analysis was carried out using Mathcad Version 11. Electromagnetic fields may either be quasistatic or radiative. Quasistatic applies when the time variations are so slow that the corresponding wavelength ( = c /f) is large compared to the device dimensions of interest. In this case the solutions are the same as the electrostatic or magneto static solutions, plus small perturbation fields due to time variation effects such as eddy currents. Assessment of Scenarios against Exposure Limits There are various techniques that could be used to establish if the exposure limit values have been exceeded in such circumstances: Site measurements of induced currents (possible for limbs). Numerical models using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Method of Moments techniques. Methods described in standards Analytical models Methods in Standards To date standards relating to EMFs have been developed for: Household appliances. Electronic article surveillance devices. Generic electrical & electronic equipment. Telecommunications base stations. Cellular handsets. LITERATURE REVIEW Background The study of the interaction between electromagnetic energy and living things involves aspects of both physical and biological science that are less than perfectly understood. Electromagnetic energy, one of the four basic forces of the universe, is neither quite particulate nor quite wavelike in nature but displays properties of both simultaneously. Biological effects produced by the electromagnetic waves may sometimes, but not always lead to adverse health effects.

Literature This literature is based from 51 original investigations or references and this literature is found from website title Cytogenetic Studies on Railway Engine Drivers Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) Finding From the article, we can find that Electric train engine drivers are occupationally exposed to relatively high magnetic field flux densities, while exposure to the other genotoxic agents is considered to be low or nonexistent. To find out if magnetic field exposure has any genotoxic potentials, Nordenson et al .(2001) first performed a pilot study on 18 non smoking Swedish male engine drivers . Results showed an increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome type aberrations (gaps excluded) .The authors concluded that exposure to the magnetic field at mean intensities of 215 T can induce chromosomal damages. To investigate the relationship between extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure and mortality from leukaemia and brain tumor in a cohort of Swiss railway workers, recently, Rsli et al .(2007) carried out a study on 20141 Swiss railway employees with 464129 person years of follow-up between 1972 and 2002. Mortality rates for leukemia and brain tumor of highly exposed train drivers (21 mT average annual exposure) were compared with medium and low exposed occupational groups (i.e. station masters with an average exposure of 1 mT). The authors concluded that Some evidence of an exposureresponse association was found for myeloid leukemia and Hodgkins disease, but not for other haematopoietic and lymphatic malignancies and brain tumors. Background The effects of chronic exposure to environmental electric and magnetic fields (EMF) have been the subject of intensive research leading to no definitive answers. Possible risks for childhood and adult leukemia have been acknowledged, but many other health outcomes are still under study. Among them are breast cancer, neuropsychological disorders, and reproductive outcomes. An underlying mechanism that could explain all of these potential effects is alteration of melatonin secretion as a result of EMF exposure. Melatonin secretion is important in the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep but could also be involved in the aging process, carcinogenesis, and reproduction. Literature This literature is based from 46 original investigations or references and this literature is found from website title Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from High-power Lines on Female Urinary Excretion of 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin. Finding From the article, we can find that recent epidemiologic studies have suggested an effect of chronic EMF exposure on melatonin secretion. It was carried out in Seattle, Washington, among women exposed to mean levels of 0.1 T (18). This study found an effect of nocturnal magnetic

field exposure on morning 6-OHMS excretion among women using beta blockers and other related drugs, leading to the hypothesis of a particular vulnerability among these persons. Other than that, people living near high-voltage power lines are particularly exposed to powerfrequency EMF. In this paper, we present the results of an epidemiologic study in which we tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to 60-Hz EMF emanating from power lines is associated with reduced 6-OHMS urinary excretion in women aged 2074 years. Data from table 2 shows the variable that has been taken into account, number of people, percentages of people living near the power line, adjusted geometric mean and comparison between exposure levels. The data shown variable that have been taken into account relating to the exposure of the EMF.

Background Human neuronal-like cells were exposed to static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields at the intensities of 2 mT and 1 mT, respectively. The effects of exposure were investigated in the midinfrared region by means of Fourier self deconvolution spectroscopic analysis.

In particular, exposure of 3 hours to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields can be related to unfolding processes of proteins structure and cells death. Further exposure up to 18 hours to static magnetic field produced an increase in -sheet contents as to -helix components of amide I region. Literature This literature is based from 43 references and this literature is found from website title Static and 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields Effects on Human Neuronal-Like Cells Vibration Bands in the Mid-Infrared Region. Finding From the article, we can find In the vicinity of certain home appliances, the magnetic-field intensities due to ELF-EMFs can be as much as a few hundred microtesla (mT), whereas in some workplaces can reach 10 mT. Exposure to ELF-EMFs from transmission and distribution lines has been proposed as a possible explanation for the association with childhood leukaemia. From the experiment conducted, increased in cell proliferation, changes in cell cycle and increased DNA damage, in HL-60 leukaemia cells exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 0.5-1 mT up to 72 hours. Other than that, Effect of 1 hour or 24 hours exposure of Jurkat cells to a 5 mT, 50 Hz EMF, either alone, or with two genotoxic metabolites and there will be no effect of 1 hour exposure to magnetic fields was observed, whereas exposure for 24 hours caused increases in micronuclei. In further studies it was found that the maximum of damage was obtained in fibroblasts after (15-19) hours of exposure to ELF-EMFs. After the peak of the damage, the effect declined within the next hours. Effects of exposure of human neuroblastoma cells to a 50 Hz EMF at 1 mT were investigated and it proved that a 24 hours exposure significantly increased cell proliferation by (+10%) and a 72 hours exposure delayed the retinoic-acid-induced differentiation through increased cell proliferation and decreased expression of the B-myb protein. Based from Reference from A. A. Marino, O. V. Kolomytkin and C. Frilot studied the effects of ELF-EMF in synovial fibroblasts and neuroblastoma cells. No effects were found in nerve cells, but a decrease in the conductance of gap junction channels under exposure to 20 mA/m2 at 60 Hz and a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ at current densities of more than 10 mA/m2 were found. Other reference by R. R. Raylman, A. C. Clavo and R. L. Wahl; exposed three malignant human cell lines (melanoma, ovarian carcinoma and lymphoma) to a 7 T uniform magnetic field for 64 hours and the effect from the exposure reduced the number of viable cells in each cell line by 20% to 40%.

Background Time-varying electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) with a frequency below 300 Hz are defined as being extremely low frequency (ELF). Electric trains are operated at 16.7 Hz in some EU countries, so public exposures at this frequency also have to be taken into account. The main sources of exposure for the general public are from household and similar electric appliances, transmission power lines, transformer stations, the wiring of buildings and from electric transportation systems. Literature This literature is based from 61 original investigations or references and this literature is found from website title European Health Risk Assessment Network on Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Finding Residential and indoor exposure assessments For residential exposure, the major sources of magnetic fields are household appliances, nearby power and high-voltage transmission lines, and domestic installations. Long-term exposures are mainly caused by power lines, transformer stations and domestic electrical wiring installations. In some cases exposures form electric trains also need to be considered. Exposure measurements of electric devices For members of the public, the highest ELF fields are found in close vicinity of household and similar appliances, and these fields may reach up to few mT. However, these high fields are very localized and are limited to very short distances (less than some centimetres) from the surface of the equipment. Additionally, the exposure times are usually also limited for short-term use. The highest exposures in the ELF range occur during the use of electrical appliances that are held in close proximity to the body; for example, the use of electric razors or hair dryers. Exposure from transport systems Relatively few studies have been conducted within the EU on the ELF exposure levels from transport systems such as trains, trams and hybrid cars. The maximum levels of recorded magnetic field strength are emitted at 50 Hz in a tram, 15.2516.50 Hz in a train, and 12 Hz in a hybrid car. According to WHO (2007), peak magnetic fields of up to a few tens of T have beenrecorded on the platform of a local city railway line. The measurements of magnetic field strength in the front of a train at floor level were in the range of 3.48.7 T. In a tram, the peak magnetic field strength of 7.6 T was recorded in the middle of the tram on the floor level when another tram passed in close proximity. The magnetic field strength near the floor on the outside of the tram reached up to 3.5 T when a tram passed on the rail. Most of the field strength was in the range of 0.015.5 T.

Typical ELF exposures in the ambient outdoor and indoor environment of the population The highest magnetic fields can be found close to several domestic appliances that incorporate motors, transformers, and heaters. Such exposure levels are very local and decrease rapidly with distance from the appliance, plus exposure form these sources is not constant. In pooled analyses of childhood leukemia studies, magnetic fields of 0.4 T have been used as a high exposure category, but these differ by factors of only 2 or 4 from those in a lower exposure category, and ideally these categories should be higher by at least one order of magnitude. We can conclude that the general ELF exposure level of the population is very low, between 0.01 and 0.1 T. Approximately 0.5 % of general populations are exposed continuously to levels above 0.2 T from the fixed outdoor ELF sources (i.e. high-voltage power lines, lines of transport systems). Elevated ELF exposure (up to a few T) can be seen in apartments above built-in line transformers. Background This study is a re-examination of the possibility that exposure to extremely low frequency alternating magnetic field (ELF-MF) may influence heart rate (HR) or its variability (HRV) in humans. In a wooden room (cube with 2.7-m sides) surrounded with wire, three series of experiments were performed on 50 healthy volunteers, who were exposed to MFs at frequencies ranging from 50 to 1000 Hz and with flux densities ranging from 20 to 100 AT for periods ranging from 2 min to 12 h. In each experiment, six indices of HR/HRV were calculated from the RR intervals (RRIs): average RRI, standard deviation of RRIs, power spectral components in three frequency ranges (pVLF, pLF and pHF), and the ratio of pLF to pHF. A group in the Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO) conducted an extensive series of human experiments on the possible relationship between exposure to ELF-EMF and HR/HRV, and they observed a significant decrease in both HR and the low frequency component of the HRV power spectrum following the exposure. If indeed ELF-EMF has such an effect, this will not only be of interest in the field of cardiophysiology but also an issue of health science because the majority of humans are almost always exposed to ELF-EMF from surrounding highly electrified environment. Literature This literature is based from 24 original investigations or references and this literature is found from website title Can extremely low frequency alternating magnetic fields modulate heart rate or its variability in humans? Finding In Experiment 1, all fields were 50 Hz and circularly polarized and had 20 kinds of modes: a combination of two modes of polarity, two modes of continuity (continuous and intermittent), and five modes of intensity (20, 40, 60, 80,and 100 AT). In Experiment 1, the subjects were carefully set under conditions in which their physical and mental states were stable, and a pair

of 2-min data obtained both immediately before and during the exposure was collected from each session. Consequently, the statistical test demonstrated that short-term exposure to MF does not alter HR/HRV acutely, and this finding suggests the absence of a direct action of MFs on ANS. Experiment 2, the generated field was identical to one of those used in Experiment 1: 50 Hz/20 AT circularly polarized MF with vertical axis. Experiments 2 were conducted to examine whether MF exposure for periods ranging from 1 to 6 h influenced cognitive performance tests. In Experiments 2 and 3, the subjects were exposed to ELF-MF for longer periods than in Experiment 1, and the results showed no influence. In Experiment 3, the generated field was based on a 50 Hz, 20 AT sinusoidal MF, in which three components were superimposed: third harmonics with 30% intensity of the base field, fifth harmonics with 10% intensity of the base field, and a 1-kHz, 100-AT (at the peak) field that occurred at 1-s intervals and attenuated exponentially over a duration of 50 ms. results of Experiment 3 demonstrated that exposure to ELF-MFs during nighttime sleep does not influence HR/HRV. CONCLUSION From the finding in Literature Review 1, it can be concluded that the low frequency magnetic field can affect the health of a person when the person continuously exposed to it. The chromosome can be damaged and could cause leukemia and brain tumor. From Literature Review 2, it can be concluded that the person that live far from the power lines will have less effect from the magnetic field induced by the power lines. On the other hand, the person that live near the power lines will have his/her urinary excretion be reduced. From Literature Review 3, the low frequency of magnetic field by the home appliances can cause the children to have leukemia. There will be some changes on the DNA. Severe case will likely occur when the children exposed to the magnetic field for too long around 15-19 hours. However, when exposed to the magnetic field for about an hour, there will be no effect on the DNA. In Literature Review 4, all the magnetic field induced devices ranging from household appliances to electric transportation system can affect the health of a person. This is regardless how low or how high the frequency of the magnetic field. However, the person exposed to the low frequency magnetic field will less likely to have severe effect. Based on the Literature Review 5, when exposed to the 50Hz magnetic field for a short duration, the heart rate will not be affected. The same results occur when the subject is

exposed to the magnetic field for a longer period. Therefore, it is concluded that neither low frequency nor high frequency will change the heart rate. Through out the whole reviews, it may be conclude that the magnetic field can be very cancerous to the person under any forms of exposure under various period of time. The significant effects may be seen on the person under the long-term exposure to the magnetic field. On the contrary, the heart rate of a person will not show any sign of change whether under low frequency or high frequency of magnetic field.

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