Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net.

Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. Origin of volleyball On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort. The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a 2550 ft (7.615.2 m) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)except in the case of the first-try serve. After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCA. Refinements and later developments The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others claim it was created in 1900.]The rules evolved over time: in the Philippines by 1916, the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later, a "three hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established. In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries. The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900. An international federation, the Fdration Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe (where especially Italy, the Netherlands, and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late 1980s), in Russia, and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as in the United States.

Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Volleyball is also a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled. Nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early as the late 1920's. By the 1960's, a volleyball court had become standard in almost all nudist/naturist clubs. Skills Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig. Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball. Serve A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent. In contemporary volleyball, many types of serves are employed: Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up and striking it with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in high-level competitions. Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated. In Brazil, this serve is called Jornada nas Estrelas (Star Trek). Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist span, giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely used above the high school level of play. Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, akin to a knuckleball in baseball. Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve amongst college and professional teams. Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve. The ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve, but contact is still made while in the air. This serve is becoming more popular amongst college and professional players because it has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern.

Pass Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely. The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball. Set The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court. The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball. As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set. Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent. In the case of a set, one also speaks of a front or back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter. There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net. In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net. The setter usually stands about of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can see). Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent's court. This movement is called a "dump". This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack. The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4. More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit. Attack The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.

Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point. Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques: Backcourt (or backrow)/pipe attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line. Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle. A cross-court shot with a very pronounced angle, resulting in the ball landing near the 3-meter line, is called a cut shot. Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball lightly, so that it lands on an area of the opponent's court that is not being covered by the defense. Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court. Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus confusing the opponent's defense. Quick hit/"One": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit. Slide: a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set. The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her. Double quick hit/"Stack"/"Tandem": a variation of quick hit where two hitters, one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick hit at the same time. It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from backcourt, maybe without block at all. Block Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's attack.

A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the "perfect" block. The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the net. Palms are held deflected downward about 4560 degrees toward the interior of the opponents court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof. By contrast, it is called a defensive, or "soft" block if the goal is to control and deflect the hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes more easy to be defended. A wellexecuted soft-block is performed by jumping and placing one's hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backward. Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved. Thus, one may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block. Successful blocking does not always result in a "roof" and many times does not even touch the ball. While it's obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed, a block that consistently forces the attacker away from his or her 'power' or preferred attack into a more easily controlled shot by the defense is also a highly successful block. At the same time, the block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking. Dig Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms. It varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill, especially at the higher levels. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes; several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they're ready to move in any direction. Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing. A player may sometimes perform a "dive", i.e., throw his or her body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball, and land on his or her chest. When the player also slides his or her hand under a ball that is almost touching the court, this is called a "pancake". The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball, but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and infirm nature of the sand court limits the chances that the ball will make a good, clean contact with the hand. When used correctly, it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays.

Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop his or her body quickly to the floor to save the ball. In this situation, the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries. INSTRUCTIONS FOR SCORER The official scorer should record the numbers of the starting players of each team, in the serving order submitted, in the appropriate spaces provided on the game score sheet (under Player No.). Each square represents one play or action such as a serve, a substitution or a time-out. Each play should be recorded as such using the appropriate figure in the key accompanying the match score sheet. The squares, unless otherwise indicated, represent a serve. If a point is scored on the serve, the respective point shall be recorded. If the serve results in a loss of rally, replay or penalty, the appropriate figure shall be inserted. As each point is scored, the appropriate number should be marked off the running score section. DEFINITIONS FOR SCORER 1. Serve: Contact with the ball to initiate play. 2. Point: A point is awarded when the opposing team violates a rule during play. 3. Penalty Point: A point which is awarded when the opposing team violates a rule during play or a dead ball. 4. Loss of Rally: A loss of rally is awarded when the serving team violates a rule during play. 5. Replay: A replay is the act of putting the ball in play (other than at the start of the game) without awarding a point or a loss of rally and without a service rotation. 6. Re-serve: When the server releases the ball for service, then catches it or drops it to the floor. RECORDING COMMENTS Penalties for illegal uniform/equipment, cards issued for unsporting conduct, unconscious / apparently unconscious player, an exceptional substitution or re-designation of libero shall be recorded in the Comments section of the score sheet. Exceptional substitutions shall be recorded as ES and player's number replaced by the exceptional substitute. (e.g. ES #20 means #20 was replaced by exceptional substitute.) Cards for unsporting conduct shall be recorded following the sample procedure below: Warning: (Yellow card): Y #12 (7-6) means a yellow warning card was given to #12 when the score was 7-6 (offending player's team's score listed first). The same procedure applies to a coach or any other individual on the team bench.

Penalty: (Red card): R #3 (7-0) means a red penalty card was given to the #3 player when the player's team led 7-0. Disqualification: (Yellow and Red card held apart): DQ #10 (4-14) means #10 was disqualified when the player's team trailed 4-14. Uniform/Equipment Violations: E #5 (3-0) means #5 attempted/was discovered in the game wearing illegal equipment. Unconscious Player: Write "unconscious player #___" when an unconscious or apparently unconscious player has been removed from the game. DEFINITIONS FOR STATISTICIANS Ace: A serve which lands in the opponent's court without being touched, or is touched but unable to be kept in play by one receiving team player. Block: A player or players block the ball into the opponent's court leading directly to a point or loss of rally. Assist: A player passes or sets to a teammate who attacks the ball for a kill. Attack: Any action other than a block or serve that directs the ball toward the opponent's court. Spike: An attack play in which the ball is forcibly hit into the opponent's court with one-hand overhead motion. Dig: An underhand or overhead defensive saving skill resulting from a kill attempt in which the ball is contacted by the forearm(s), fist(s) or hand(s) and allows the ball to remain in play for the next hit. Kill: An attack by a player that is non-returnable by the receiving player on the opposing team and leads directly to a point or loss of rally. Note: A replay does not constitute an attempted serve since the serve did not develop into a point or loss of rally. Player specialization There are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level. Setter, Outside Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Opposite Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.

Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team. They aim for second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a point. They have to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set. Setters need to have swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy, and must be quick at moving around the court. Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills.

Libero means 'free' as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on the court during each play. They do not necessarily need to be tall, as they never play at the net, which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated as a libero for a match may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a different color jersey than their teammates. Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking, since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court. In non-beginners play, every team will have two middle hitters. Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets. Inaccurate first passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since most sets to the outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners play, there are again two outside hitters on every team in every match. Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well formed block against the opponents' Outside Hitters and serve as a backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the antennae.

Variations: Footvolley Hooverball Newcomb Ball Throwball Buka Ball Beach Volleyball Sepak Takraw
BASIC / ADVANCED TERMS ACE - A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a point. ANTENNA - The vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted near the edges of the net. The antennas are mounted directly above the sidelines and are not-in-play. Antennas are not usually used on outdoor nets. APPROACH - Fast stride toward the net by a spiker before he jumps in the air. ASSIST - Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks the ball for a kill. This stat is normally only logged for high school, college, and National/Olympic team play. ATTACK - The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent's side. ATTACK BLOCK - Receiving players' aggressive attempt to block a spiked ball before it crosses the net.

ATTACK ERROR - An unsuccessful attack which does one of the following: 1) the ball lands out of bounds, 2) the ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes into the net on the third hit, 3)the ball is blocked by the opposition for a point or sideout, 4) the attacker is called for a center line violation, or 5) the attacker is called for illegal contact (lift, double hit...) on the attack. ATTACKER - Also "hitter" or "spiker." A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team's favor. ATTACK LINE - A line 3m from the net that separates the front row players from the back row players. Commonly referred to as the "10-foot line." BACKCOURT - The area from the endline to the attack line. BACK SET - A set delivered behind the setters back, which is subsequently hit by an attacker. BACK ROW ATTACK When a back row player attacks the ball by jumping from behind the 3m line before hitting the ball. If the back row player steps on or past the 3m line during take-off, the attack is illegal. BEACH DIG - An open hand receive of the ball, also called a "Deep Dish" BLOCK - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitters court. It may be a combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands. BUMP a common term for forearm passing. BALL HANDLING ERROR - Any time the official calls a double hit, a thrown ball or a lift (except on a serve reception or attack). For our purposes, this category also includes any blocking errors (when an official calls a blocker for a violation such as going into the net, centerline violation, reaching over the net, etc.). BUMP PASS - The use of joined forearms to pass or set a ball in an underhand manner. CAMPFIRE - A ball that falls to the floor in an area that's surrounded by two, three, four or more players. At the instant after the ball hits the floor, it appears as if the players are encircling and staring at a campfire. CENTER LINE - The boundary that runs directly under the net and divides the court into two equal halves. CLOSING THE BLOCK - The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to join the primary blocker and create an impenetrable block in which a ball cannot fit between the two individual blockers. CROSS COURT SHOT - An individual attack directed at an angle from one end of the offensive team's side of the net to the opposite sideline of the defensive team's court. CUT SHOT - A spike from the hitter's strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net. DECOY - An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who will receive the set. DEEP SET - Set to be hit away from the net to confuse or disrupt the timing of the blockers. DIG - Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the floor. DINK - A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.

DOUBLE BLOCK - Two players working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net back to the hitters side. DOUBLE HIT - Successive hits or contacts by the same player. (Illegal) DOUBLE QUICK - Two hitters approaching the setter for a quick inside hit. DOUBLES - A game with two players on each side, most commonly played on a sand court. DOWN BALL - A ball the blockers elect not to attempt to block because it has been set too far from the net or the hitter is not under control. A "Down Ball" is hit overhand and driven over the net with topspin while the player remains standing. "Down Ball," is usually called aloud by the defense when it becomes apparent the attacker has no chance of hitting a powerful spike. FIVE-ONE A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter. FIVE SET A back set to the right front hitter. FLARE Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid behind a quick hitter. FLOATER - A serve which does not spin or rotate and therefore moves in an erratic path. This is similar to a "knuckle ball" pitch in baseball. FOREARM PASS - Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. FOUL - A violation of the rules. FOUR SET - A set 1' from the sideline, and 1 to 2' above the net. FOUR-TWO - A 6-player offensive system using four hitters and two setters. FREE BALL - A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike. This is usually called aloud by the defense instructing players to move into serve receive positions. HELD BALL - A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a foul. HIT - To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot. HITTER - Also "spiker" or "attacker" HITTING PERCENTAGE - kills vs. attempts INSIDE SHOOT - A playset or a 33. ISOLATION PLAY - Designed to isolate the attacker on a specific defender, normally to exploit a weakness or give a hitter a chance to hit against a single block. JUNGLE BALL - Any volleyball game with people who don't really know how to play volleyball. A common euphemism for this type of game is "Picnic Volleyball." JUMP SERVE - A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the air and jumping into and hitting the ball in its downward motion.

JOUST When 2 opposing players are simultaneously attempting to play a ball above the net. KEY - To predict a team's next play by observation of patterns or habits. KILL - An attack that results in an immediate point or side out. LINE - The marks that serve as boundaries of a court. LINE SHOT - A ball spiked down an opponent's sideline, closest to the hitter and outside the block. LET SERVE - A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles over, it's playable just like any other ball that contacts the net on the way over. If the ball fails to clear the net, it will become dead when it either hits the serving team's court, or is contacted by a player on the serving team. MIDDLE-BACK - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover deep spikes. MIDDLE-UP - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover dinks or short shots. MINTONETTE - The original name of the game of volleyball, created by William Morgan. MULTIPLE OFFENSE - A system of play using different types of sets other than just normal outside sets. OFFSIDE BLOCK - Player at the net, which is on the side away from the opponent's attack. OFF-SPEED HIT - Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin. OUTSIDE HITTER a left-front or right-front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside the court OVERHAND PASS - A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just above the forehead. OVERHAND SERVE - Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. OVERLAP refers to the positions of the players in the rotation prior to the contact of the ball when serving. PANCAKE - A one-handed defensive technique where the hand is extended and the palm is slid along the floor as the player dives or extension rolls, and timed so that the ball bounces off the back of the hand. PASS see "Forearm Pass" PENETRATION The act of reaching across and breaking the plane of the net during blocking. POINT OF SERVICE - A serve that results in a point (an ace by NCAA standards) as the serve is not returnable due to a bad pass by the receiver, this number includes aces. POWER ALLEY - A cross-court hit traveling away from the spiker to the farthest point of the court. POWER TIP A ball that is pushed or directed with force by an attacking team. POWER VOLLEYBALL - A competitive style of volleyball started by the Japanese. QUICK a player approaching the setter for a quick inside hit

QUICK SET a set (usually 2 above the net) in which the hitter is approaching the setter, and may even be in the air, before the setter delivers the ball. This type of set requires precise timing between the setter and hitter. READY POSITION - The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to contact the ball. RECEPTION ERROR - A serve that a player should have been able to return, but results in an ace (and only in the case of an ace). If it is a "husband/wife" play (where the ball splits the two receivers), the receiving team is given the reception error instead of an individual. RED CARD a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The result of a red card may be a player is disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may be given with or without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up to the officials discretion. ROLL - a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or passer lays out an arm, passes the ball, and rolls over the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll) after passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to action after the play. ROOF - A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive player such that the ball deflects straight to the floor on the attackers side. ROTATION - The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position following a side out. SERVE - One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one player. SERVER - The player who puts the ball into play. SERVICE ERROR - An unsuccessful serve in which one or more of the following occurs: 1) the ball hits the net or fails to clear the net, 2) the ball lands out of bounds, or 3) the server commits a foot fault. SERVICE WINNER - A point the serving team scores when this player has served the ball. The point can be an immediate (in the case of an ace) or delayed (a kill or opponent attack error after a long rally). Therefore, the sum of the team's service winners equals their score. SET - The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it into the opponent's court. SETTER the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who "sets" the ball with an "Overhand Pass" for a teammate to hit. The setter normally runs the offense. SIDE OUT - Occurs when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error, and the receiving team thus gains the right to serve. SIX PACK Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or face by a spiked ball. SIX-TWO A 6-player offense using 2 setters opposite one another in the rotation. Setter 1 becomes a hitter upon rotating into the front row as setter 2 rotates into the back row and becomes the setter. SPIKE - Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent's floor or off the opponent's blocker. STRONG SIDE - When a right-handed hitter is hitting from the left-front position or when a left-handed hitter is hitting from the right-front position.

STUFF - A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team's floor by the opponent's blockers. A slang term for "block." TURNING IN the act of an outside blocker turning his/her body into the court so as to ensure the blocked ball is deflected into the court and lands in-bounds. UNDERHAND SERVE a serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed fist in an "underhand pitching" motion. WEAK SIDE When a right-handed player is hitting from right-front position or when a left-handed player is hitting from the left-front position. WIPE when a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block so it lands out of bounds YELLOW CARD a warning from an official indicated by the display of a yellow card. Any player or coach who receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A single yellow card does not result in loss of point or serve.