Autotrophs *Heterotrophs

Photosynthesis Homework Modes of Getting Food Chemical Energy ADPATP

*ATP adenosine triphosphate

Van Helmont 1600s

Famous Photosynthesis Experiments

Where does the mass of a growing plant come from? *Not from the soil! *CO2 in air, H2O in soil

Priestley 1700s

Famous Experiments

Plants produce a gas (oxygen) that allows a candle to be relit in a sealed container *Light is necessary to produce this gas

Remember this?

Video Clip Photosynthesis Equation Overview Photosynthesis Light and Pigments

Pigments (chlorophyll a and b) absorb light energy *Accessory pigments absorb other wavelengths of light (colors) that Chlorophyll can not.
Xanthophylls and Carotenoids

Absorb blue and green wavelengths of light

Light and The Visible Spectrum Reflection and Absorption of Light Chlorophyll Absorption Spectrum

Accessory Pigments
Photosynthesis Overview

*Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts

*Stroma is the space surrounding the granum
* granum

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

*Thylakoids are membrane sacks looking like stacks of coins

*Pigments are embedded in the thylakoid membrane *Act like a light antenna *They absorb sunlight energy

Chloroplasts

*Two step process *Step 1 (Photophosphorylation, Light Dependant Reaction)

Overview

*Carbon dioxide and water are taken in by organism *Organism absorbs light energy and converts it to ATP *Thylakoid membrane *ATP is used to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules *Sugar is converted to starch and stored for use *Stroma

*Step 2 (Calvin Cycle, Light Independent Reaction)

*Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH

Electron/H+ carrier *Transports high energy electrons and Hydrogen ions around during photosynthesis *Like a school bus picks up at point A, drops off at point B
NADP + e-

*Absorbed light E causes an e- to leave a chlorophyll in photosystem II (PS II)

Overview of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Rxn

NADPH

*The Electron Transport Chain (etc)

*Water splits (photolysis)

Light Dependent Rxn

*e- from PS II passes down the etc via electron carriers

*Plastoquinone (PQ), Cytochrome, Plastocyanin (PC) *O2 is a waste product *e- are given to chlorophyll to replace lost e*H+ are released

*Series of Redox (Oxidation/Reduction) rxns

*Each carrier is reduced and then oxidized *The E that is released pumps H+ into the inner thylakoid space (against the concentration gradient) (active transport)
*Creates a H+ gradient

*e lands in PS I
-

*More light = more E to e*e- jumps off PS I into NADP with H+ from water

*H+ inside thylakoid space diffuses through a protein called ATP Synthase (Chemiosmosis) *NADPH and ATP go to Calvin cycle
*Energy from H+ gradient is used to make ATP from ADP

Electron Energy States Light Dependent Rxn

*Happens in sunlight, and in dark. *ATP and NADPH from light reactions drive the Calvin Cycle. *Carbon from CO2 is used to make monosaccharides

Light Independent Reactions (formerly the dark reactions)

Light Dependent Rxn

*Takes place in three basic steps

*Carboxylation (Carbon fixation) *Reshuffling (Reduction) *Reforming (Recycling)

Calvin Cycle

*CO2 is added to a 5C molecule, RuBP

Step 1 Carboxylation

(ribulose bisphosphate) Then split into two 3C molecules called PGA (3phosphoglycerate) By the enzyme RuBisCo (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)

*Reshuffling

Steps 2 and 3

*Reforming

*ATP and NADPH turn PGA into PGAL (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) *Two of these 3C molecules will make one glucose molecule *Some PGAL molecules are recycled to reform RuBP
*this requires energy in the from ATP

Calvin Cycle