EQUILIBRIUM AND LECHATELIER S PRINCIPLE 1.

Equilibrium in a Saturated Solution System 1 = Explanation when HCl is added to the saturated solution, it dissociates and gives H+ and Cl- ions. The extra Cl- ions disturb the equilibrium. Since Cl- ions are part of the products, the equilibrium shifts towards reactants side of equation, resulting in more reactants. The equilibrium shits to the left because the stress is on the products side and in order to minimize the effect of this shift, the equilibrium shifts to the left. 2. An Acid-Base Indicator Equilibrium System 2, Stress 2 = Explanation by adding more OH- ions, the concentration of H+ decreases because the H+ ions combine with OH- to form H2O. To reach the new equilibrium, the equilibrium has to shift in order to minimize the effects of the stress. The equilibrium shifts to the right to form more products. This is indicated by the blue color of the solution. 3. A Complex Ion Equation System 3, Stress 1 = Explanation the KSCN molecules dissociated when they were added in the solution to give free SCN- ions. Since the SCN- ion is a reactant, the stress is on the right side of the equation. To reach the equilibrium, the shift is towards the products side which is indicated by the change in color of the solution. System 3, Stress 2 = Explanation the Fe3+ ions from the iron(III)nitrate solution added to the reactant part of the equation. The stress is therefore on the reactants side. The equilibrium will shift to the products side to reduce the effects this disturbance. This resulted in production of more products which was indicated by the deep red-brown color of the solution. System 3, Stress 3 = Explanation addition of Na2HPO4(s) removed Fe3+ ions which made the solution clear. The sodium hydrogen phosphate dissociates to give hydrogen phosphate ions and sodium ions. The hydrogen phosphate ions combine with iron III ions which ultimately removes iron from the solution. The change in color was caused by the shift in equilibrium towards the reactants side. The change in the equilibrium was caused by the removal of reactant (Fe3+). 4. An Equilibrium with Cobalt Complex Ion System 4, Stress 1 = Explanation addition of products to an equilibrium system leads to higher amount of reactants therefore, by adding water, system shifts towards the reactants. The shift in the equilibrium is towards the reactants side in order to minimize the effects of the stress which is on the products side. System 4, Stress 2 =Explanation addition of Cl- ions (reactants) by adding HCl resulted in higher production of products thus giving the solution a blue color. The addition of chlorine ions

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produces a stress on the reactant part of the equation. To minimize the effects of this disturbance, the equilibrium shifts towards the products side. System 4, Stress 3 = Explanation - addition of Cl- ions (reactants) by adding NaCl resulted in higher production of products because the addition of the chlorine ions produces a stress on the reactant part of the equation. The equilibrium shifts towards the products side to produce more products thus giving the solution a blue color. However, the change in color was not rapid and intense as expected. One possible explanation to such problem could be that that NaCl didn t have enough solvent (water) to dissociate enough ions to cause a great effect on solution. System 4, Stress 4 = Explanation addition of AgNO3 removed Cl- ions from the system by the method of precipitation. The chlorine ions combine with the free silver ions from the silver nitrate solution. As silver chloride is insoluble in water, it precipitates out. Because there was a reduction in the quantity of the reactants, the equilibrium shifted towards the reactants to recover for the lost Cl- ions. This was proved by the pink color of the solution. Lab Assignment 3. A) Stress addition of carbon dioxide. Result more C6H12O6 will be produced. Reason since the stress is on the reactants side of the equation, the equilibrium has to shift towards to products side of the reaction to minimize the effects of the stress. B) Stress increase in temperature. Result more C6H12O6 will be formed. Reason the forward reaction between carbon dioxide and water is endothermic. When the temperature is raised, the equilibrium shifts in the direction of endothermic reaction. Therefore, in this case, more products will be formed because the forward reaction is endothermic. C) Stress volume is decreased Result no change in amount of C6H12O6. Reason when there is an increase in volume, the equilibrium shifts towards the side with the lease amount or moles of gas. Since the amount of gas on both side of the reaction is equal, there is no shift in the equilibrium. D) Stress oxygen gas is removed. Result decrease in amount of C6H12O6. Reason - when products are added to a system, the equilibrium shifts towards the reactants side. In this given system O2 is a reactant which is being added to the system. This will result if a shift of equilibrium towards to reactants side. E) Stress - C6H12O6 is added. Result decrease in amount of C6H12O6.

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Reason when products are added to a system, the equilibrium shifts towards the reactants side. In this given system C6H12O6 is a reactant which is being added to the system. This will result if a shift of equilibrium towards to reactants side. F) Stress addition of a catalyst. Result no change in amount of C6H12O6. Reason addition of a catalyst can only speed up the reaction without entering the reaction chemically. Therefore there will be no shift in the equilibrium. G) Stress removing of water. Result no change. Reason when reactants are removed from a system, the equilibrium shifts towards the reactants side i.e. creating more reactants to cover up the loss from the disturbance. However liquid water is not considered a reactant and doesn t enter the equilibrium constant equation therefore it will not have any effect on the production of C6H12O6.

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