THERMOCOUPLE

INTRODUCTION : Thermocouple is a temperature measuring instruments Which does not measure the absoulte temperature of the Medium . It shows the temperature difference between the two medium. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: Thermocouple is working based on the principle of seeback effect. Two conductors are joined at one end and this junction is heated to high temperature with respect to free end an e.m.f is induced on the free end because of this temperature difference. when the free end is connected the current flow takes place this flow of is measured by means of suitable device. This induced voltage is fully depends on the temprature of the junction and the material of the conductor.

All thermocouples (unless other wise specified) are constructed using a metallic sheath and high purity mineral oxide insulation. This provides a rugged and bendable design that exceeds the temperature rating of non noble metal calibrations. Mineral oxide type thermocouples have a high insulation resistance and are suited for most process applications. Smart thermocouples are available in all calibrations with a variety of sheath materials and diameter

TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE:
1) Iron - constantan ( J type) 2) Copper - constantan ( T type) 3) Chromel - alumel ( K type) 4) Chromel - constantan ( E type) 5) Platinum - redium alloys ( S,R, and B -type) 6) Tungsten rhenium TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE T J E K R or S B TEMPERATURE RANGE 0 to 350 DEG C 0 to 750 DEG C 0 to 900 DEG C 0 to 1250 DEG C 0 to 1450 DEG C 800 to 1700 DEG C

Field Adjustable Thermocouples

Todays high inventory costs plus the need for quick turnaround on plant maintenance projects or the routine replacement of thermocouples dictates the need for standardization. Now you can standardize on one length sensor for all your temperature requirements. Our Type ATC, APO, and APH sensors are easily cut to length in the field to a minimum of 3 inches long. The removable grommet is easily reinserted into the sheath and protects the leads from abrasion and provides some mechanical relief. All adjustable sensors are also supplied with a heavy duty spring.

Field adjustable thermocouples and RTDs may be ordered as a PAK option. PAKs include a tube cutter, extra grommet and spade lugs.

Thermocouple Specification Accuracy : Standard Limits +.75% Wire Type: Fiberglass insulated 20 ga. Solid Sheath : .250" O.D. 316 stainless steel

Maximum Temperature: 900F

Industrial Thermocouples All industrial thermocouples are manufactured using a high purity mineral oxide insulation and a metallic sheath. The standard sheath material unless otherwise noted is 316 SS. The ODs found in this section are those that are typically used when an element is housed in a well or protection tube. Each industrial thermocouple is supplied with a heavy duty spring

Thermocouple are made up of high quality materials, carefully and precisely welded to assure fast response to temperature changes. The selection of thermocouple depends upon the conditions under which the element is to operate and the expectation of life time TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE ASSEMBLY: 1) Multipoint thermocouple assembly 2) Free hanging assembly 3) Multitude assembly 4) Fast response assembly 5) Spring loaded assembly 6) Flexible assembly

CALIBRATION METHOD 1) Calibration using fixed points a) by using freezing points b) by using melting points 2) Calibration using comparison method 3) Interpolation method Calibration using fixed points: The melting and freezing point of all metals are constant. That points are reproducible. These points are used as a reference while calibration Calibration by using freezing points: The emf developed by a homogenious thermocouple at the freezing point of a metal is constant and reproducible if all of the following conditions are fulfilled. 1. The thermocouple is protected from contamination 2. The reference junctions are maintained at a constant and reproducible temperature 3. The freezing point sample is pure 4. The metal is maintained at uniform temperature during freezing Calibration by using melting points Calibration by using freezing point is sufficient than calibration by melting point. Melting points are used when only a small amount of material is available and some experimental techniques freezing is difficult.

To apply this method a short length of metal whose melting point is known is joined between the end of the two wires of thermocouple and placed in an electrically heated furnace the temperature of which is raised slowly, when the melting point of that metal is reached , the emf of thermocouple remains steady for a few minutes and then drops to zero as the fused metal drops away from the junction. With this good technique we can achive the good results. Special types of thermocouple 1) Smart thermocouple

Speciality sensor surface

3) Industrial hand hold thermocouple

RESISTENCE TEMPERATURE DEDECTOR

When the temperature of an conductor is changed its resistance will also be changed this change in resistance is find by using wheat stone bridge circuit and this change of resistence is calibrated as a change of temperature Platinum wire is most commonly used in the RTD because of its high reproducibility and quick responsibility Its temperature range is -200 to +600 deg c

RTDs are constructed using thin film technology. Thin film elements are made by depositing platinum or nickel on a substrate and trimming to the desired resistance. Ceramic elements are employed for cryogenic applications and used with a mineral insulated sheath for high vibration applications. Smart RTDs are available in platinum, nickel and copper and with several different resistances to temperature coefficient curves 1) Industrial RTD

SMART SANITARY TEMPERATURE SENSORS