HARM IC AN YSIS MONI NALY

Power Ana alytics Corp poration 168 West Be 870 ernardo Drive Suite 330 e, San Diego California 92127 o, USA

Co opyright 2011 1 All Rig ghts Reserve ed

Version 5.00.00

May 2011 y

Harmonic Analysis

Table of Conten nts

Whats New in Versio 5.00.00 ..................... N on ................... ...................................... ......................... 1 I. II. FOR REWORD ......................................... ................... ...................................... ......................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................... ................... ...................................... ......................... 2 3.1 Harmonic Current Sou c urce Data .... ................... ...................................... ......................... 6 c urce Data .... ................... ...................................... ......................... 8 3.2 Harmonic Voltage Sou I ................... ...................................... ......................... 9 3.3 FFT and Inverse FFT ................... C ................... ...................................... ....................... 11 3.4 Thyristor Converter Simulation ..... S ................... ...................................... ....................... 12 3.5 Common Harmonic Sources ........ IV. ND NENT MODE ............. ...................................... ELS ....................... 13 NETWORK AN COMPON ................... ...................................... ....................... 14 4.1 Long Feeder Model ...................... ct.................................... ................... ...................................... ....................... 15 4.2 Skin Effec ompany Freq quency Resp ponse.......... ...................................... ....................... 15 4.3 Power Co V. VI. EQUENCY SCAN ANALY S YSIS ........... ................... ...................................... ....................... 17 FRE HARMONIC DI ISTORTION INDICES (T THD, TIF ET ................................ TC) ....................... 19 6.1 Bus Volta Indices ..................... age ................... ...................................... ....................... 21 es ................... ...................................... ....................... 22 6.2 Branch Current Indice ................ mer ................... ...................................... ....................... 23 6.3 Transform K-factor .................... C ................... ...................................... ....................... 23 6.4 Conduct Calculation ..................... GN PLICATION.. ................... ...................................... ....................... 28 VII. FILTER DESIG AND APP

III. SOU URCES OF HARMONIC ................ H CS ................... ...................................... ......................... 5

Whats New in Versio 5.00.00 on

In this ve ersion of the program, we implement a new us interface based on f e ted ser e feedback fro our om users. Th calculatio engine wa also rewritten based o our latest power flow engine. The he on as on t w e program is now faste and more robust. The new user in er nterface is m more user frie endly, makin it ng easier to conduct the analysis an select des e nd sired results s. For existing harmonic analysis projects built in a previou DesignBa version, they can be directly us ase opened and used in the current version. The harmonic d a v e device symbols (harmon sources, filters nic and PFR however, need to be replaced by selecting To R), r ools > Replace Old Har rmonic Symb as bol shown be elow. All the project data is automat e a tically conve rted and unt touched.

For cond ducting harm monic frequen scan, the following d ncy dialog box is involved an from here its s nd e easy to make selections and view results gra m w aphically or in text show in Crystal Report form wn mat.

Harmonic Analysis

The text results gene erated in Cry ystal Report format can a also be easiily exported and saved in other formats as shown be a elow.

I.

FOREWORD

ngineer fam This discussion assumes that the us is a Pro T s ser ofessional En miliar with the issues e su urrounding harmonics problems in electrical po h p ower system The prog ms. gram's assu umptions and definition are consis ns stent with standard anallysis techniq ques. This d document sh hould be used in conjunction with other texts on the subjec and should not be use as the de o o ct, ed esigner's so source of information on harmonic analysis. ole o n Determinatio of validit of the re D on ty esults, and whether th program is applicab to a he ble sy ystem, is so olely the res sponsibility of the user r. This program is undergoin continuou developm T ng us ment and refin nement. As with all its p products, EDSA is com E mmitted to making the Harmonic An m H nalysis program as curr rent, compre ehensive and easy to use as possib u ble. Any com mments, sug ggestions or errors enco ountered in e either the re esults or doc cumentation should be im mmediately b brought to ED DSA's attent tion.

NTRODUCT TION II. IN The DesignB T Base Harmo onic Analys program has been designed to assist e sis electrical engineers in solving har rmonic problems. This program is capable of performing various n Frequency Sc Analysis and Harmonic Distortion Indices An can s nalysis. Frequency Scan Analys F S sis The reason for harmonic problems in power sy f cs ystems is th there are harmonic sources hat e pr resent and the system is in resona t ance conditio (with high impedanc on ce). This pro ogram is ca apable of ca alculating the impedance frequency responses (Frequency Scan) of a buses e e y y all with respect to a harmon source at a given lo w nic a ocation (bus and with respect to positive, s) ne egative and zero sequ d uence netw works to ide entify possib resonan ble nce situation The ns. fre equency sca results ca be plotted or viewed in crystal rep format. T unit is O an an d port The Ohms for th magnitude degrees fo the angle and Hz or pu for the freq he e, or u quency.
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Harmonic Analysis

stortion Indices Harmonic Dis The main ind T dex for mea asuring the harmonics problems of a power s f system is th Total he Harmonic Dis H stortion (THD The Telephone Interf D). ference Fact (TIF) is u tor used to measure the se everity of th noise pro he oblems in the phone sys stem due to induced harmonic com o mponent when telepho w one lines are in parallel with power lines that c e r contain harm monic curren This nt. program can calculate bu voltage TH and TIF f all buses and branch current TH TDD us HD for s, HD, (T Total Deman Distortion and TIF fo all branch es of a pow system w nd n) or wer when one or several r ha armonic sou urces are pr resented. Als bus volta so age RAM, k kVT, branch current RM kIT h MS, va alues and tra ansformer K-factors are calculated. T simulatio results ar presented in timeThe on re d do omain wave eform and in frequency n y-domain spectrum. The can be d ey displayed in text or n graphics. The program is designed in a user frie T endly way. It can help yo in perform t ou ming a "Wha if" type at of analysis quickly and easily by permitting you to match th same ne f e he etwork descr ription to different filter designs and harmonic source se r c ets. It gives you the c s choice of de escribing harmonic sou urces in either the time-domain or f frequency do omains. It m maintains a library of st tandards and user define harmonic sources for quick inclus d ed sion into analysis. After building a DesignBa A aseproject, cl the Harm lick monics Analy ysis button a shown be as elow

There are thre icons to choose: Options, Freque T ee c ency Scan an Harmonic Indices. nd c

Options y Frequency Scan Harmonic I di

Harmonic Analysis

The Options dialog box: T d

The Frequenc Scan dialog box: T cy o

Harmonic Analysis

The Harmonic Distortion Indices dialo box: T c I og

III. SOURCES OF HARMON S O NICS When there is a nonlinea device in a power sy W i ar ystem it will generate ha armonics. N Nonlinear devices may be modeled as harmo d onic voltage sources or harmonic c current sourc ces. For power system harmonics studies non m s nlinear devic are usua treated a harmonic current ces ally as c so ources. Both harmonic current and voltage so h d ources are available for harmonic studies. Figure 1 show a harmon source cu ws nic urrent wavefo and spe orm ectrum.

Harmonic Analysis

Figure 1: Harmonic Current Wave C eform and Sp pectrum

A harmonic current can be specified in time-doma by a set of waveform sampling p b i ain m points, or in frequency-d n domain by it spectrum: individual h ts : harmonic ma agnitude and angle. To facilitate d Fast Fourier Transformer (FFT) oper r ration, the s ampling points need to be 2n (32, 6 128, 64, 256, ). The Following picture Fig T g gure 2 shows the symbo of harmon current a voltage s s ols nic and sources. Figure 3 shows a harmo onic current source atta ached to nod 0019. Th harmonic current de he c so ource editor dialog box appears by double clic r y cking the cu urrent source symbol. H e Harmonic vo oltage sourc is similar to harmonic current sourc with extra impedance data. ce c ce a e

Figure 2: Har F rmonic Curr rent and Vol ltage Sourc Symbols ce

Figure 3: A Harmonic Current Source Attached to Node 0019 F H e o

3.1

Harmonic Current So c ource Data

By double-clic B cking a harm monic curren source sym nt mbol in a ne etwork, the e editor dialog box will open, as show below. wn
6

Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic sou H urce current data can be directly atta e ached to a b of a netw bus work or adde to the ed harmonics so ource library for genera usage. Th y al hey can be in frequenc cy-domain fo ormat of harmonic in percent with respect to the fundam p h mental curren and phase angle, or in timent domain forma of wavefor sampling points. Sour data are entered by direct screen editing at rm rce n in spreadshee form or co from a spreadsheet data. The d n et opy s t data can be saved with just one cl lick into the library. The are both frequency d ere domain and time domai data libraries and in th can be easily transfo hey e ormed to eac other. ch Harmonic sou H urce data us in the program are in frequencysed n -domain with fundament being h tal 100%. Therefore, if the original data are in time o a e-domain, th data will be transform he med into fr requency do omain stored in the proj d ject file. The absolute f e frequency s spectrum val lues are depending on the sourc KVA and power fact n ce tor. The cur rrent magnit tude and an ngle are alculated by using the fo ollowing equa ations: ca I(1) =

1000 x SourceKVA 3 x BusSystem oltage mV

(3.1) (3.2)

Angle(V(1),I(1)) = arcc (SourceP cos PF)

Harmonic cur H rrents in a power system may be in positive se p m n equence, ne egative sequ uence or ze sequenc The relat ero ce. tionship betw ween harmo onics, freque ency and se equence is s shown in th following table: he t
Table 1: Harmonic Se H equence 7

Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic H 1 2 3 3n-1 3 3n 3 3n+1 3 Note: n=1,2, N

ncy(Hz) Frequen 60 120 180 60(3n-1) 60(3n) ) 60(3n+ +1)

Seque ence + 0 0 +

3.2

Harmonic Voltage So c ource Data

The harmonic voltage sou T c urce editor dialog box:

Compared wit harmonic current sour C th rce, harmonic voltages s source has th additiona data of he al se eries impeda ance and shunt admittan nce. For the series imped dance, it ma change ac ay ccording to the frequen in a way that can on be measu o ncy y nly ured. The pr rogram prov vides the fac cility (two ex columns of series R and X) to handle just th Otherwis leave the two column of the xtra s hat. se, e ns se eries R and X being 0. The following shows the voltage wa T g e aveform and the spectrum of the m de efined harmo onic voltage source.

Harmonic Analysis

3.3

FFT and Inverse FFT T

A periodic wa aveform (60 or 50 Hz for most electr r rical power s systems) can be defined in timen domain by a set of sampling points, or in frequenc s o cy-domain b its spectru The Fast Fourier by um. t Transform (FF algorithm is used to find the spec T FT) m ctrum of a tim me-domain w waveform or inverse r FFT to find the waveform of a frequen ncy-domain s spectrum. The FFT algorithm may be based on cosine fu T o unction or s sine function On the H n. Harmonic Analysis Option dialog bo user can select FFT Basis: cosin or sine for his/her app A ox, ne r plication. FFT operation the sampling points ha to be 2n. Users can c n ave choose 32, 6 128, 256 512 64, 6, points.

Harmonic Analysis

If the Graph button on the harmonic current source dialog box as show below is clicked, f t c wn th program will transform the spectru to wavefo by inver FFT and plot both. he w m um orm rse

f n on ent dialog box is clicked, If the Import time domain data butto on the ha rmonic curre source d th program transforms the spectru to wavef he um form and sh how the wa aveform data in the a sp preadsheet in the Time Domain Da dialog b ox as shown below. You can save t data e ata n the in the time domain so nto e ource data library or e enter or co opy from oth sources to the her s sp preadsheet. If OK is click ked, the wav veform data w be transf will formed to sp pectrum back k.

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Harmonic Analysis

3.4

Thyristor Converter Simulation r

Thyristor conv T verter circuit used in AC ts C/DC conver rsion are one of the majo harmonic sources e or in power syste n ems. The pr rogram provides a conve erter simulation module, w which calcul lates the AC currents in a convert circuit wi six thyris A ter ith stors and the it automa en atically trans sfers the re esulting AC line current to the main program (h harmonics so ource library or a bus). F y Figure 4 sh hows the converter circu uit.

Figure 4: Equivalent Network for a Converter Circuit r r

Click the Co C onverter button on the harmonic c current sour rce dialog b box to generate the harmonic curr rent source data as show below. d wn

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Harmonic Analysis

The converte model is based on re T er eference [1] The chara ]. acteristic ha armonics (h) current ) generated by a converter having p pu y r ulses are of the order: h = p k 1, Where k is an integer sta W n arting from k=1,2,... For example the harmonic o e orders generated by a 6-pulse con nverter are: 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and a 12-pulse con 1 1 nverter gene erates: 11, 13, 23, 25 The harmonic current ord Ih is computed accor T c der rding to the f following:
A = ([COS (2 ) COS (2( + ))] + j[ SIN (2( + )) SIN (2 ) 2 ]) / 4 N B = ([COS ( (h + 1)) COS ((h + 1)( + ))] / h + 1) + [COS ( (1 h)) CO ((1 h)( + )] /(1 h) + /( S OS j ([ SIN ( (h + 1)) + SIN((h + 1)( + ))] /(h + 1) + [ SIN ( (1 h)) SIN ((1 h)( + )] / 1 h)) / 2 / h /(

Ih =

B * I1 A

Where is th firing angle and is the extinctio n (overlap) angle and I1 is the fundamental W he t cu urrent.

3.5

Common Harmonic Sources n

The following are commonly encounte T ered harmon sources in power syst nic n tems: Thyristor-Co T ontrolled Equipment, Di iode Bridge etc. es, Since this typ of equipment impos S pe ses cyclical changes in impedance in a power source r circuit, it is a source of harmonic Static V o cs. VAR source Cyclocon es, nverters (fre equency
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Harmonic Analysis

co onverters), Rectifiers, Inverters, Motor Speed Controllers and Voltage Controllers for d s, in ndustrial heat ting, inductio melting, lig on ghting contro are all exa ol amples of ha armonic sour rces. Transformer T rs When the ap W pplied prima voltage is above th transform rated vo ary he mer oltage, or w when the tr ransformer is saturated (nonlinear re s ( elation betwe the mag een gnetizing forc and the m ce magnetic flu in the iron harmonics are genera ux n), s ated. Arc Equipme A ent The nonlinear voltage cur T r rrent charact teristic of pow arcs gen wer nerates harm monics. Rotating Mac R chinery Variation in magnetic relu V m uctance cau used by slots in the mac s chine's start ter, or rotor, are the principle sour of harmonics in rotating machiner rce ry.
Ty ypical data fo 7 types of commonly encountered harmonic so or f e ources are build-in the pr rogram's so ource library Users can use these ty y; ypical data o have the choice of inpu or utting their o own field te ested data an add them to the library nd y.

Harmonic cur H rrent source library:

N A ONENT MOD DELS IV. NETWORK AND COMPO It is assumed that the power netwo being st d p ork tudied is lin near: all com mponents ar linear re devices, exce the harm ept monic source The netw es. twork is repr resented by its bus adm y mittance matrix Y whic is built at each frequency of har monic curre with resp m ch t ent pect to the h harmonic se equence. Fo positive sequence harmonics the program us positive sequence Y or ses Y-matrix,
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Harmonic Analysis

fo negative sequence harmonics th program uses negatiive sequenc Y-matrix, and for or h he ce ze sequenc harmonics the progra uses zero sequence Y-matrix. The bus volta ero ce s am o ages are fo ound by solving the follow wing equatio on: I = YV where I: e Y: V: bus injection current vec c ctor bus admittanc matrix ce bus voltage ve ector (4.1)

Load at the fundamental frequency can be mod f l deled as constant powe constant current, er, co onstant impe edance or mixed load. Load at harm m monic frequen ncies is treat as imped ted dance. It ca be ground or ungro an ded ounded (sele ected in the l oad editor dialog box). Before runnin harmonic analysis pro B ng ogram, make sure power flow converged for the network e r (s the powe flow program users guide). In th harmonic analysis opt see er g he tion dialog b box, user ca select the equivalent impedance parameter of generato and mot an e r ors tors of the n network. Load impeda ance can be parallel or series. Ha e r armonic source can ove erride or ad to an dd ex xisting bus load if the so ource is atta ached to the load. User can define t minimum feeder e the m le ength for the feeders be e eing modeled using long feeder mo g odel. Consid dering skin e effect for generators, motors and branches is selective Also FFT setting a m e. T and the Te elephone In nterference Factor Weigh F hting are her to view, se re elect or edit.

4.1

Long Fee eder Model

he a d by s Feeders in th analysis are modeled generally b circuit. For feeders that their length is ngth defined on the harm d monic analys option dia sis alog box, equal or greater than the minimum len hey esented with a model ba h ased on an e equivalent cir rcuit derived from the so d olution of th are repre th second order differen he ntial equation describing wave propagation alon long trans ns g ng smission lin nes. This mo odel is referre to as equ ed uivalent cir rcuit as show in the follo wn owing equati ions and Figure.

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Harmonic Analysis

Z( h) =
Y( h ) =

Z sinh

(
(

YZ

)
)

(4.2) (4.3)

YZ
Y tanh YZ

YZ

where Z and Y are the tot admittanc and imped w tal ce dance of the nominal c e circuit.

Figure 5: Feeder Wav Model ve

Lo ong lines ar usually more than 15 miles or 250 km. Th can be modeled us re m 50 hey sing one eq quivalent circuit or by cascading several ciircuit. Its wo s orthwhile to cascade sec ctions of ei ither model to produce harmonic volt t tage profile a along the line e.

4.2

Skin Effe ect

nous machin nes, inductio machine s, transform on mers and Line/Cable, u user can For synchron hoose includ ding skin eff fect or not. According IEEE Std 39 (referenc [3]), the f 99 ce following ch fo ormula are used in consid dering skin effect: e For synchrono machine induction machines, a transform ous es, and mers: c R(h) = Rdc (1.0 + A * hB) . where Rdc is the DC resi w istance and h is the harm monic order. Coefficient A and B have t ty ypical values of 0.1 and 1.5, respect s tively.

For lines and cables: R(h) = Rdc (0.035 X2 + 0.938) for X < 2.4 5 ) 2 R(h) = Rdc (0.35 X + 0.3) for X >= 2.4 r where X = 0.0 w 001585 * (f / Rdc)0.5 and f is frequenc in Hertz and Rdc in Ohms/Miles. cy

4.3

Power Co ompany Fre equency Res sponse

Utility/power companies are represen U c a nted in the a analysis by iimpedance, which is de ependant on its short circuit KVA and X/R ra atio. The re esistance is constant an the react nd tance is
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Harmonic Analysis

proportional to the freque t ency. If powe company frequency r er response (PF is availa FR) able, the fr requency res sponse can be entered into the p d program and used to re d epresent the power e co ompany. The program has a library facility for th power com e h he mpany frequ uency respon data nse to assist the data manage o d ement. The following screen pictu shows a PFR symbo connected to a utility b T ure ol d bus. Double click the PFR to edit th data in s spreadsheet format. P he s

PFR data spr P readsheet an library. nd

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Harmonic Analysis

V. FREQUENCY SCAN ANA Y ALYSIS

Frequency sc refers to scanning the network fo impedance characteris can or e stics as a fun nction of fr requency ov a range of frequen ver e ncies with re respect to a driving po oint. There are two im mpedance ca alculations: driving point and transfe impedance The drivi point imp d er es. ing pedance is defined as the voltage calculated at bus i divide by curren injected at the same b s a ed nt t bus. The tr ransfer impe edance is th voltage measured at bus j due to a unit c he m t current inject ted at a different bus i. The two im i mpedances are expresse in equation as follows a ed ns s:

zii =
zij =
Where W

Vi Ii
Vj Ii

(5.1) (5.2)

Zii is th driving im he mpedance at bus i Zij is th transfer im he mpedance to bus i o Vi is th voltage measured at bus i he m b Vi is th voltage measured at bus j he m b Ii is the current inje e ected at bus i. To perform fr T requency sca analysis, select one o more buses in the dra an or awing and th click hen th Frequenc Scan ico There is no need for harmonic so he cy on. n ources prese ented in the n network. If they are, th will be no considere in the calc f hey ot ed culation. In t following screen picture, bus the g 1020 is selec cted, after click Frequen Scan ic ncy con, the freq quency scan options dia n alog box appears.

Select bus1020 an nd then click Frequen c ncy Scan

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Harmonic Analysis

User can cho U oose the freq quency range and the to points, c select a different driv otal can ving bus and buses for report here can select frequency u used in t report an can choos curve r e, unit the nd se re esult or text report. The following scre pictures show the cu r f een s urves and pa artial text rep port.

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Harmonic Analysis

The above re T esult shows that there is a peak a around the 11th harmonic. The res sonance fr requency is around 660H If there is a 11th harm a Hz. s monic curren componen generated by nonnt nt lin near load co onnected to this bus, it will produce high 11th h w e harmonic vo oltage to cau over use vo oltage prob blems. This may result in the fa t ailure of the capacitor. These res e sonance fr requencies, if close to ha armonic frequ uencies, are the major ca auses of sys stem problem ms.

VI. HARMONIC DISTORTIO INDICES (THD, TIF E H ON S ETC) There are two areas one needs to be concerned about: the fiirst is the eff T o e fect of harmo onics on protection de evices, metering and control equipm ment, in whic cases, errors could occur in ch measuring d measuring, operation of devices and interference with utility m m d e devices. The second e im mportant area is the effec of harmon on equip ct nics pment and p plant. In this c case, high h harmonic cu urrents and voltages will cause eq w quipment da amage and disturb the plant opera ation. Of ransformers, rotating ma particular con ncern is the effect of har e rmonics on tr achines, switchgear, ca apacitor ban and on system voltag and curr nks, s ges rents. Harmonic pro H oducing loads can affect other loads if significant voltage and current dist s t d tortion is ca aused. The distortion is a function of both the a o amount of ha armonic curr rent injected and the sy ystem imped dance charac cteristics. Vo oltage distort tion is the m major cause o failure of c of capacitor banks. The program calculates all major ha T armonic dist tortion indice and also generates violation es re eport based on the stan ndard the user selected or defined in the opti d d ion dialog b box. The harmonic stan ndard selection is as sho own in the fo ollowing scree picture. en

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Harmonic Analysis

For telephone interference factor ca alculation, a weighting factor table related to hearing e se ensitivity is applied and the factor ta a able can be viewed and edited from the Option dialog d m ns bo as shown below. ox, n

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Harmonic Analysis

6.1

Bus Volta Indices age

The most com T mmonly used index for ha d armonics pro oblem meas surement is the bus volta Total age Harmonic Dis H stortion (THD which is defined as fo D), d ollows: THDv = where: w
V22 + V32 + ... + Vh2 V1

(6.1)

V2 ,V3 ,..., Vh

are th individual harmonic vo he oltages; V1 is the funda amental frequ uency voltag ge.

The total RMS value is ca T S alculated as

Vrms =

V
h =1

2 h

(6.2)

The telephone interferenc factor (TIF based on bus voltage is calculated as T e ce F) d

TIF =

(w V )
h h h =1

Vrms

(6.3)

Where wh is the weighting factor defin in the Op W t g ned ptions dialog box. g The VT prod T duct index is another me easure of the harmonic in e nterference in audio circ cuits and is calculated as s
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Harmonic Analysis

V T =

(w V )
h h h =1

(6.4)

6.2

Branch Current Indic C ces

Branch current THD calc B culation is ba ased on equ uation (6.5), where curre values a used ent are in nstead of voltage, as follo ows: THDi =
2 2 I 2 + I 3 + .. + I h .. 2

I1

(6.5)

Branch curren RMS value is calculate according to: B nt ed g

2 2 I rms = I12 + I 2 + ... + I h

(6.6)

Because the heating loss of a feeder is dependan on the Irms, not on the I1, feeders sh B nt hould be si ized according to Irms und harmonic condition. der cs . The telephone interferenc factor (TIF based on current is ca T e ce F) alculated as

TIF =

(w I )
h h h =1

I rms

(6.7)

Where wh is the weighting factor defin in the Op W t g ned ptions dialog box. g The IT produ index is calculated as T uct c s
I T =

(w I
h =1

h h

)2

(6.8)

Total Demand Factor (TD is T d DD)

2 2 2 I 2 + I 3 + ... + I h

TDD =

IL

(6.9)

where IL is the rated curre w e ent.

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Harmonic Analysis

6.3

Transform K-facto mer or

Under harmo U onic condition transform current m be diffe ns mer may erent on prim mary and se econdary si ides, becaus zero seq se quence current may no go throug Y- conn ot gh nected transformers. Therefore, the program ca T e alculates all transformer current indic for all sid ces des. For two winding tr ransformers, it is the prim mary and sec condary side and for thr winding t es ree transformers its the s, primary, seco ondary and te ertiary sides. Transforme K-factor is calculated a . er s according to:

K-fact = tor

I h2 h I 1 h =1 2 Ih h =1 I1

( (6.10)

6.4

Conduct Calculation n

To conduct harmonic dist T tortion indice calculatio it needs a least one harmonic source in es on, at th studied ne he etwork. User selects des r sired buses a branche on the dra and es awing and th click hen H Harmonic Ind dices button as shown below. n b

Need at le east one har rmonic source to run harmon nic distortion indices analysis.

After clicked the Harmonic Indices, harmonic callculation was executed a the harm A t h s and monic analysis Repo dialog bo opened. User can sellect desired buses and b orts ox U branches on the re t nic con, or they may be sele ected in the d dialog drawing befor selecting the Harmon Indices ic bo after sele ox ecting the ico on.

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Harmonic Analysis

The program provides bus harmonic voltages and branch harm s v d monic curren in plotting (select nts g bu uttons of Bu Harmonic Voltage an Branch H us nd Harmonic Current on the Reports dia e alog bo and text (Harmonic Voltage/Current button) The followiing screen p ox) V ). pictures show one w ha armonic volta curve, one harmonic current cur and a po age o c rve ortion of the t text report.

Harmonic volt tage in wave eform and sp pectrum at bu Busbar: us

24

Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic cur H rrent in wave eform and sp pectrum throu Switch 1: ugh

Portion of har rmonic voltag at differen frequency text report: ge nt

Portion of har P rmonic current at differen frequency text report: nt

25

Harmonic Analysis

Select the To Harmoni Indices to view the tot harmonic indices text report. The S otal ic o tal c t fo ollowing show a portion of the repor ws rt.

Selecting TH Violations button on the Reports dialog box p S HD s t provides a re eport of the b buses and branches that have higher THD numbers than the standa limits defi s n n ard ined. IEEE S Std. 519-1992 sug ggests the fo ollowing valu as maxim ues mum recomm mended limi for voltag its ge distortion:

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Harmonic Analysis

Table 6.1 Maximu Voltage D e um Distortion Lim mits Individual Co omponent V Voltage Di istortion 3.0% 1.5% 1.0% To Voltage Distortion otal (THDF) 5.0% % 2.5% % 1.5% %

Voltage at PCC a 9 V 69 kV 69 kV < V 161 kV V > 161 kV 1

These values are to be considere as wors ed st-case scen narios appli icable to operating co onditions lasting at lea one hour. For mom ast mentary cond ditions such as load st h tart-ups, sw witching and other non d n-steady sta circumst ate tances, thes limits ma be excee se ay eded by 50%. For current di istortion Lim mits, the follow wing IEEE S 519-199 table indic Std. 92 cates that th he amount of harmonic curre a custom is allowe to inject b ent mer ed back into the PCC depen on e nds th size of the customer's load relativ to the sys he e s ve stem's short circuit capac city.
Table 2: Maximum Current D Distortion Lim mits

Ma aximum Harm monic Curren Distortion in % of Fundamental (< 69 kV) nt ISC/IL h < 11 < 20 20 - 50 50 - 100 100-1000 > 1000 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics) % 11<h<17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 17<h<23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 23<h<3 35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 h>3 35 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 5.0 0 8.0 0 12.0 15.0 20.0 TDD %

TDD: Total Demand Dis stortion Isc: Maxim mum short ci ircuit current at the PCC t C c IL: Maxim mum demand load current (fundame d ental) at the PCC calcula ated as the average of the maximum demand over the preced d r ding 12 mont ths. s o ered as wor rst-case sce enarios applicable to The values shown in this table are to be conside op perating con nditions lasting at least one hour. Fo momentar conditions such as loa starto or ry s ad up switching and other non-steady state circum ps, g mstances, th hese limits m be exceeded by may 50 0%. Even harmonics should be limited to 25 of the od harmonic limits listed in the s 5% dd c ta able. Further rmore, half wave conver w rters should not be allow wed.

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Harmonic Analysis

VII. FILTER DESIG AND APP GN PLICATION

The common solution to harmonic problems is t use harmo T n to onic filters. In the simula ation, Filters can be added to any bus in a power n b n network. Fo a selected bus, it ca be or d an co onnected to with many filters, for exa ample, 3rd, 5 7th and high-pass filters. Six typ of 5th, pes fil lters can be simulated in the progra e i am, as show in the fo wn ollowing harm monic filter e editor dialog box:

Filter type included: es

Single tuned filter S

double tuned filter e r

1st order high h-pass f filter

2 order high h-pass filter

nd

3 ord high-pass filter der s

rd

3rd order high h-pass C C-type filter

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Harmonic Analysis

The R, L and C parame T d eters are ent tered into th program in ohms at the fundam he mental fr requency or mH, H, F, mF ... at user's choice. T m There are als Design, Graph and VIso d Cal buttons to assist filter design as shown in the screen pictu below. C t r s e ure

In the current version, the Design is only availab for single tuned filter. When click n t e ble e . king it, th following dialog box opens: he d

This is a 5th single t tuned filter

This is the fre T equency impe edance curv of the designed single tuned filter: ve e

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Harmonic Analysis

Clicking VI-Cal button gets the filter P, Q consumption, V and I of each e C C e m element:

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Harmonic Analysis

REFERENCE R ES mbark, "Direc Current Tra ct ansmission", vol. 1, John Wiley & So n ons,1971. 1. E. W. Kim 2. "IEEE Recommended Practice an Requirements for Har d nd rmonics Cont in Electri trol ical Power Sy ystems", IEEE Standard 519-1992. 5 3. "IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial a Commer d r and rcial Power S Systems Analysis, IEEE Stand dard 399-199 97. 4. Jos Arrilla and Nev R. Watson, "Power S aga ville System Har rmonics", 2nd edition, Jo ohn Wiley & Sons 2003. S

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