KINDS OF BRIDGES

NORMAL BRIDGE - perpendicular to the flow of water

BRIDGE DESIGN
By: Rhonda Divina Amores-Rapirap

SKEWED BRIDGE - follows the flow of water

CURVED BRIDGE

TYPES OF BRIDGE
By Construction

TYPES OF BRIDGE
By Span Lengths

Steel Bridge Concrete Bridge Prestressed Concrete Bridge Timber Bridge Aluminum Bridge

Short-Span (6-40 meters) Medium-Span (40-100 meters) Long-Span (over 100 meters)

By number of Decks

Single Deck Double Deck Combination

TYPES OF BRIDGE
By Structural Form

TYPES OF BRIDGE
Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder Bridges

Slab Bridges

TYPES OF BRIDGE

TYPES OF BRIDGE

Slab-Stringer Bridges

Truss Bridges

TYPES OF BRIDGE

TYPES OF BRIDGE

Rigid Frame Bridges

Arch Bridges

TYPES OF BRIDGE

TYPES OF BRIDGE

Cantilever Bridges
Quezon Ave. - EDSA Flyover

Suspension Bridges

Cable-Stayed Bridges

TYPES OF BRIDGE
By Span Types

TYPES OF BRIDGE

Simple Continuous

By Position

Stationary Movable

TYPES OF BRIDGE

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Main Elements
Abutment - end to end structure of the bridge Pier - inner structure of the bridge

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Detailed Elements

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Beams / Girders

Superstructure
Deckslab Guardrails Sidewalks Truss Cable and Hangers Beams / Girders

Flatslab Girder

Flatslab Girder

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Beams / Girders

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Beams / Girders

Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder (RCDG)

Pre-Stressed Concrete Deck Girder (PSDG)

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Beams / Girders

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Beams / Girders

Steel Deck Girder

Voided-Slab Deck Girder

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE
Detailed Elements

ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE

Substructure
Coping / Cap Beam Column / Wall Footing / Pile Cap Piles

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Dead Load

LOADS ON BRIDGES

Selfweight Future Wearing Surface Superimposed Loads - deadweights of guardrails, sidewalks, utilities connected to the bridge, etc. Span 0 to 25 feet in length = 85l lb/ft^2 = 4.07 kN/m^2 Span 26 to 100 feet in length = 60 lb/ft^2 = 2.87 kN/m^2 (Liveload factor) x (effective width of sidewalk) x (sides) ex.: 4.07 kN/m^2 x 0.76 m x 2 = 6.19 kN/m

Liveload

Sidewalk liveload / Pedestrian loading

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Liveload

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Liveload

Truck Loading
H - Loading - consists of a two-axle truck

Truck Loading
HS - Loading - consists of a tractor truck with semi-trailer

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Liveload

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Liveload

Truck Loading

Lane Loading

HS 20 - 44 Where : H - kind of truck to be used 20 - gross weight in tons 44 - year where series of trucks were developed

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Liveload

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Impact Vibration Longitudinal forces - 5 % of the liveload in all lanes carrying traffic headed in the same direction

Lane Loading

braking acceleration

Centrifugal force - to be applied on structures on curves Curb loading

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Railing Loading Wind Loads - moving uniformly distributed loads applied to the exposed area of the structure. Temperature - induced Forces - stresses or movements resulting from variations in temperature. Forces from Stream Current and Debris Earth Pressure

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Seismic Loads
ex. CQC - Complete Quadratic Combination

scale - acceleration x gravity acc = 0.40 - before liquefaction acc = 0.20 - during liquefaction damping ratio - percentage of reducing the energy absorbed by the material

0.01 2.50; 0.42 2.50; 0.46 2.42; 0.50 2.29; 0.70 1.83; 0.78 1.70; 0.86 1.59; 1.02 1.42; 1.50 1.10; 2.00 0.91; 2.50 0.78; 3.00 0.69 From: DIVISION 1-A AASHTO GRAPH (RESPONSE SPECTRUM)

LOADS ON BRIDGES
Miscellaneous Loads

ANALYSIS RESULTS
Maximum Positive Moment

construction handling erection deformation etc.

results to be use to design the bottom bars results to be use to design the top bars results to be use to design the stirrups

Maximum Negative Moment

Maximum Shear