STANDARDS OF LEARNING CONTENT REVIEW NOTES

ALGEBRA II
4 Nine Weeks, 2012-2013
th

OVERVIEW

Algebra II Content Review Notes are designed by the High School Mathematics Steering Committee as a resource for students and parents. They have been revised this year as part of an internship process. Each nine weeks Standards of Learning (SOLs) have been identified and a detailed explanation of the specific SOL is provided. Specific notes have also been included in this document to assist students in understanding the concepts. Sample problems allow the students to see step-by-step models for solving various types of problems. A section has also been developed to provide students with the opportunity to solve similar problems and check their answers. Supplemental online information can be accessed by scanning QR codes throughout the document. These will take students to video tutorials and online resources. In addition, a self-assessment is available at the end of the document to allow students to check their readiness for the nine-weeks test. The document is a compilation of information found in the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) Curriculum Framework, Enhanced Scope and Sequence, and Released Test items. In addition to VDOE information, Prentice Hall Textbook Series and resources have been used. Finally, information from various websites is included. The websites are listed with the information as it appears in the document. Supplemental online information can be accessed by scanning QR codes throughout the document. These will take students to video tutorials and online resources. In addition, a self-assessment is available at the end of the document to allow students to check their readiness for the nine-weeks test. To access the database of online resources scan this QR code, or visit http://spsmath.weebly.com

The Algebra II Blueprint Summary Table is listed below as a snapshot of the reporting categories, the number of questions per reporting category, and the corresponding SOLs. Algebra II Test Blueprint Summary Table
Reporting Categories Expressions & Operations Equations & Inequalities Functions & Statistics No. of Items 13 13 24 SOL AII.1a d AII.3 AII.4a d AII.5 AII.2 AII.6 AII.7a h AII.8 AII.9 AII.10 AII.11 AII.12

Total Number of Operational Items Field Test Items* Total Number of Items

50 10 60

*These field test items will not be used to compute students scores on the tests.

It is the Mathematics Instructors desire that students and parents will use this document as a tool toward the students success on the end-of-year assessment.

Exponential and Logarithmic Equations AII/T.4 The student will solve, algebraically and graphically,
c) equations containing rational algebraic expressions;

You can use the properties of exponents and logarithms to help you solve exponential and logarithmic equations. One way to solve an exponential equation is to rewrite terms on both sides of the equation with a common base. Example 1: Solve
Rewrite each term with a common base Set exponents equal to each other (Power Property of Exponents) Solve

If you cannot find like bases, you can solve by taking the logarithm of both sides. This is only true as long as both bases are positive. Example 2: Solve
Take the logarithm of both sides Power Property of Logarithms Use your calculator to estimate the answer

You can also solve an exponential or logarithmic equation by graphing both sides of the equation in your calculator and finding where the two graphs intersect. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 1. 2. 3. 4.

(Remember that logarithms are only defined for positive numbers)

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on logarithmic and exponential equations.

Natural Log and Log Applications

AII/T.4

The student will solve, algebraically and graphically, c) equations containing rational algebraic expressions; AII/T.9 The student will collect and analyze data, determine the equation of the curve of best fit, make predictions, and solve real-world problems, using mathematical models. Mathematical models will include polynomial, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

The same properties that apply to logarithms also apply to natural logarithms. The natural logarithm is a logarithm with base

Example 1:

)
Rewrite in exponential form. Remember that the natural log uses base e. Solve for x. Use your calculator to estimate the answer

Example 2:
Isolate the term.

Rewrite in logarithmic form. Solve for x. Use your calculator to estimate the answer Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on natural log and log applications.

Natural Log and Log Applications 1. Simplify 2. ( ) 3. 4. A bacteria population at time (in months) is given by where initial population. If the initial population was 100, how long does it take for the population to reach one million? is the

Sequences and Series AII/T.2 The student will investigate and apply the properties of arithmetic and geometric
sequences and series to solve real-world problems, including writing the first n terms, finding the nth term, and evaluating summation formulas. Notation will include and an.

Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequence A sequence where the difference between A sequence where the difference between consecutive terms is a constant. consecutive terms is a common ratio. (You add or subtract a constant value) (You multiply or divide a constant value) Examples: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (constant is ) Examples: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 (ratio is ) 25, 20, 15, 10 (constant is ) 6, 9, 13.5, 20.25, 30.375 (ratio is ) Formula Formula

is the starting value, is the common difference and is the number of terms.

is the starting value, is the common ratio and is the number of terms.

Example 1: What is the 35th term of the arithmetic sequence that begins 7, 4 ( ) Substitute your values ( ) ( )( )
Simplify

Example 2: What is the 20th term of the geometric sequence that begins 1, 2, 4
Substitute your values ( Simplify )

Example 3: What is the missing term in this geometric sequence

Substitute your values ( Simplify Solve for the common ratio, . )

The missing term is

A series is the sum of a geometric or arithmetic sequence. Sum of a Finite Arithmetic Series Sum of a Finite Geometric Series ( )
. Where is the first term, and the common ratio. is

Sum of an Infinite Geometric Sequence (Only applicable for | | )

(
Where the

is the first term, is term, and n is the number of terms.

Where is the first term, is the common ratio, and n is the number of terms.

You may see series written in Summation Notation You can write the series 7+9+11+ +89 as ( ( Example 4: Evaluate
Because the explicit formula is linear, this will be an arithmetic series. In order to evaluate an arithmetic series we need to know the first and last term and number of terms. n = 1 is the lower limit 42 is the upper limit 2n +5 is the explicit formula for each term in the series.

( (

) )
(

Substitute your values ( ) Simplify ( ) )

Sequences and Series 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the 9th term of the geometric sequence that begins 2, 1, What is the missing term in this arithmetic sequence Write the series in summation notation 120 + 115 + 110 + 105 + 100 + 95 Find the sum of the geometric series
Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on sequences and series.

Statistics AII/T.12 The student will compute and distinguish between permutations and combinations
and use technology for applications.

You can use multiplication to quickly determine the number of ways a certain event can happen. You can use Permutations and Combinations to determine the number of ways. You use Permutations when order is not important and Combinations when the order is important. These formulas are on your formula sheet, but your formula sheet does not tell you when to use each formula.

Permutation

The number of permutations of 8 items of a set arranged 2 items at a time.

Combination

The number of combinations of 8 items taken 2 at a time.

( )

Example 1: In a diving meet, the top 8 divers advance to the finals and scores are cleared. In how many ways can a field of 14 divers qualify to the finals? Because all of the top 8 advance to the finals, the order that they finish isnt important, as long as they are in the top 8. This means we will use a combination! ( ) ( )

There are 3003 possible combinations of divers that can advance to the finals.

Example 2: In the finals of the diving meet in Example 1, the top 3 finishers score points for their team. First place receives 10 points, 2nd place 8 points, 3rd place 6 points. In how many ways can the 8 finalists finish in the top 3? Now the order is important because 1st place gets more points that 2nd place. We will use a permutation! ( )

There are 336 possible ways that the top 8 divers can finish in the top 3.

The three most common measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode. These all indicate the middle of the data set, however middle is defined differently with each measure. Measure Mean Definition The sum of all of the data points, divided by the number of data points. The middle value of the data set when the data is listed in order. If there are two numbers that share the middle, find the mean of those numbers. The data value that occurs the most frequently Example using 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10

Median

If we count in from both sides on this data, we will find that 5 and 7 are in the middle. To find the median we will take the mean of these numbers: .

Mode

In this data, the point 2 occurs three times. The mode of this data is 2.

You can use your calculator to quickly find the mean and median of the data.

Example 3: The height in inches of the Washington Wizards starting lineup is shown below. Find the mean, median and mode. 75, 80, 76, 79, 81 Start by entering the data into L1 in your STAT menu. Then go to STAT, scroll over to CALC, and select 1: 1-Var Stats

When you press ENTER twice, your calculator will display the single variable statistics.

KEY

MEAN SUM of the DATA SUM Squared Sample Standard Deviation Population Standard Deviation Sample Size

We will be using the Standard Deviation data in another procedure. If you continue to scroll down you will also find the quartile data, and the Median. The mean of the data is 78.2. The median is 79. There is no mode for this data.

The quartiles that are listed in the 1-variable statistics can help you to create a boxand-whisker plot. A box and whisker plot is a way to summarize a set of data by using five key values (the median, upper and lower quartiles, and upper and lower extremes). Box and whisker plots make it easy for us to see how data is distributed within a set. The data will be separated into quartiles, and one quarter of the data points are included in each quartile.

Example 4: The box and whisker plot below shows how many questions students answered correctly on their last Geography quiz. What is the inner quartile range? If 48 students took the quiz, how many answered 6 or more questions correctly?

The inner quartile range can be calculated by subtracting the lower quartile from the upper quartile. The inner quartile range is 10. To answer the second part of the question we have to remember that a box and whisker plot separates the data into quartiles. Thus one quarter of the data points are in each quartile. If 48 students took the quiz, one quarter of them would be 12 students ( ).

If we are only considering students that answered 6 or more correctly, we will look at all of the areas from 6 23. Therefore we would add 12+12+12 = 36 students. 36 students answered 6 or more questions correctly

To create a box and whisker plot: Arrange your data in ascending order Find the median Find the median of each half (quartiles) Check for outliers (LQ (1.5 x IQR) or UQ + (1.5 x IQR))

A box and whisker plot can also be created pretty easily in your calculator.

Example 5: Use your calculator to create a box and whisker plot for the data below which shows the bowling scores of a team.

Begin by entering the data into L1. Then press 2ND and then y = to bring up the STAT PLOT menu. Press ENTER to select plot 1. Make sure that On is highlighted, then highlight the box and whisker plot with outliers. Also make sure that the Xlist is L1, which is where our data is entered. Go to the ZOOM menu and select ZoomStat and press ENTER. A box and whisker plot will be graphed.

If you press TRACE you will be able to determine each of the quartile values and any outliers. You can see two outliers on this graph, 205 and 290. Statistics 1. A teacher is making a multiple choice quiz. She wants to give each student the same questions, but have each student's questions appear in a different order. If there are twenty-seven students in the class, what is the least number of questions the quiz must contain? 2. A coach must choose five starters from a team of 12 players. How many different ways can the coach choose the starters? Use the box and whisker plot showing students 1st nine weeks science grades to answer questions 3 and 4. 3. What value would constitute an upper outlier? Lower outlier? 4. If this plot was created with data from 600 students, how many students scored between 66 and 85? 5. Sketch a box and whisker plot for the data below. Be sure to check for outliers! 48 52 39 41 48 50 48 30 51 46

Standard Deviation AII/T.11 The student will identify properties of a normal distribution and apply those
properties to determine probabilities associated with areas under the standard normal curve.

Standard Deviation and Variance The standard deviation of a data set tells us how spread out the data is, if the data is very spread out the standard deviation will be higher than if the data is all clumped together. The variance is another measure of how spread out the data is. Standard deviation is represented by (lowercase Greek letter sigma). The variance is just the standard deviation squared, . There is a way to calculate these values in the graphing calculator. Example 1: The height in inches of the Washington Wizards starting lineup is shown below. Find the standard deviation and the variance of the data, round your answer to the nearest hundredth. 75, 80, 76, 79, 81 Start by entering the data into L1 in your STAT menu. Then go to STAT, scroll over to CALC, and select 1: 1-Var Stats

When you press ENTER twice, your calculator will display the single variable statistics.

KEY

MEAN SUM of the DATA SUM Squared Sample Standard Deviation Population Standard Deviation Sample Size

We want to use the standard deviation that is represented by , therefore our standard deviation is 2.32.The variance is just the standard deviation squared = (2.32) = 5.38

Standard Deviation = 2.32 inches Variance = 5.38 inches

Example 2: Using the data from Example 1, how many of the starting lineups heights are within one standard deviation of the mean? The heights were 75, 80, 76, 79, 81 This question is referring to players who are both one standard deviation above the mean, and one standard deviation below the mean. The mean was 78.2 inches, and the standard deviation was 2.32 inches. 78.2 + 2.32 = 80.52 inches 78.2 2.32 = 75.88 inches

There is one player (81) who is taller than one standard deviation above the mean and one player (75) who is shorter than one standard deviation below the mean. This means that 3 players (80, 76, and 79) are all within one standard deviation of the mean. Example 3: How short would a player have to be to be 2.5 standard deviations below the mean? First we need to calculate how many inches is 2.5 standard deviations. We can do this by multiplying the standard deviation by 2.5. We can then subtract 5.8 from the mean of 78.2. A player would have to be 72.4 tall to be 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.
Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on standard deviation.

Standard Deviation Use the speeds of the top 10 fastest roller coasters, to answer the questions below. 128, 120, 107, 100, 100, 95, 93, 85, 85, 82 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the standard deviation? (round to nearest hundredth) What is the variance? (round to nearest hundredth) How many coasters are within 1.25 standard deviations of the mean? How fast would a coaster have to be going to be 3 standard deviations above the mean?

Z-Scores A z-score tells us how many standard deviations a specific data point is from the mean. Z-scores can be positive or negative. If a z-score is positive it indicates that the data point is that many standard deviations above the mean, if a z-score is negative it indicates that the data point is that many standard deviations below the mean. If a data point has a z-score of zero, then that data point is the same as the mean of the data. The formula for calculating a z-score is on the Algebra 2 formula sheet.

Example 4: A classs history midterm grades are shown below. What is the z-score for a score of 78? Grades: 81, 62, 90, 77, 82, 86, 98, 100, 90, 75, 83, 88, 79, 76, 85

First calculate the 1-Var Stats in your calculator. We need the Mean and Standard Deviation.

We want to know the z-score for a 78.

This shows that a score of 78 is a little more than standard deviation below the mean.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on z-scores.

Example 5: Jessies teacher wouldnt tell her the actual score that she received; only that she had a z-score of 1.26. Determine Jessies score. Now we are given the z-score and asked to find the data point. Plug everything that you know into the formula, and then solve the equation for the missing piece. We know the z-score, mean and standard deviation. Now we just need to solve for X!

Jessies score was a 95%

Example 6: Another class took the exam and had the same class average but a standard deviation of 3.60. If Jessie had been in this class (and still had a z-score of 1.26), would her score be lower or higher? Explain. We could calculate the answer to this problem, but this isnt necessary. The class average is exactly the same, but the standard deviation is lower. Jessie still scored 1.26 standard deviations above the mean, but now those standard deviations are smaller, therefore her grade will be lower.

We know the z-score, mean and standard deviation. Now we just need to solve for X!

Jessies score was a 88%

Normal Curve

In a normal distribution: 68% of the data will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean 95% of the data will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean 99.7% of the data will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean Example 7: The graph below shows how temperatures were normally distributed across the globe one day last year. If 1000 cities were sampled, how many cities had temperatures between 4 and 100?

4 is 2 standard deviations below the mean and 100 is 2 standard deviations above the mean. 95% of the data points fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, therefore 95% of the cities sampled would have had temperatures between 4 and 100.

Standard Deviation The heights of the tallest 7 men ever recorded are shown below (in inches). Use these to answer the questions. 107, 105, 103.5, 99, 99, 99, 98 5. What is the z-score for 99 inches? 6. What is the z-score for 107 inches? 7. The tallest woman ever confirmed would have had a z-score of -1.13. How tall was she? 8. The means and standard deviations for two schools SAT scores is shown below. The z-score for the 95th percentile is 1.598. By how many points do the 95th percentile scores differ for each school? School A: Mean = 1520, Standard Deviation = 110 School B: Mean = 1490, Standard Deviation = 155 9. The height of the men in the United States is normally distributed as shown in the graph. The mean is 69.25 with a standard deviation of 2.5. What percent of the heights are between 66.75 and 74.25?

Answers to the 1. 2. 3. 4.

problems: Standard Deviation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Natural Log and Log Applications 1. 2. 3. 4. Sequences and Series 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. Upper outliers above 124.5 Lower outliers below 21.5 4. 5.

Statistics