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APA Style Manual, 6th Edition 7/1/11

Quick Reference Guide

Dr. John H. Carter

Revised 7/11/12

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORMAT 4 General ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Using WORD 2007 & 2010 to Automatically Format Your Paper .............................................................................. 4 Section Heads ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Font ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Margins ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Line Spacing .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Page Numbers............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Header ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Title Page ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Active Voice ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Sample Paper Showing Format ................................................................................................................................. 5 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 7 Purpose of Using APA Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 7 Definition of a Direct Quote....................................................................................................................................... 7 Four Basic Rules of Using a Direct Quote ................................................................................................................ 7 Direct Quote Must Be a Part of the Sentence ............................................................................................................ 7 Definition of a Paraphrase......................................................................................................................................... 8 Definition of a Summarization ................................................................................................................................... 8 Definition of an In-text Citation................................................................................................................................. 8 Definition of a Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Credible Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Unacceptable Sources ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Source Publication..................................................................................................................................................... 8 IN-TEXT CITATION ........................................................................................................................... 10 DIRECT QUOTATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 10 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Book, Magazine, Journal article w/author ............................................................................................................... 11 Book, Magazine, Journal article NO author ............................................................................................................ 11 Book, Magazine, Journal article or Webpage with NO publication date .................................................................. 12 Webpage article w/author ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Webpage article with NO author .............................................................................................................................. 12 Showing Author Expertise ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Quoting an Entire Sentence: .................................................................................................................................... 12 Quoting Part of a Sentence ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Using Block Quotes ................................................................................................................................................. 14 PARAPHRASING ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Book, Magazine, Journal article .............................................................................................................................. 15 Webpage article w/author ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Webpage article with NO author .............................................................................................................................. 16 Book, Magazine, Journal article or Webpage with NO publication date .................................................................. 16 Paraphrasing an Entire Sentence or paragraph ...................................................................................................... 16 MULTIPLE AUTHORS ................................................................................................................................................... 16 WEBPAGES (IN-TEXT CITATION) ............................................................................................................................... 16 Paraphrase............................................................................................................................................................... 17 If no author ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 If no article title ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 If no date for website................................................................................................................................................ 17 Direct Quote............................................................................................................................................................. 17 CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................................................... 18 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 18

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REFERENCES LIST............................................................................................................................ 19 GENERAL 19 REFERENCE PAGE FORMAT ............................................................................................................................................... 19 BOOKS 20 Book With No Author: ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Book With One Author: ........................................................................................................................................... 20 Book With Two Authors: ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Book with Three to Seven Authors ........................................................................................................................... 20 Book with more than Seven authors: ....................................................................................................................... 20 Edited Book: ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Article/Essay in an Edited Book:.............................................................................................................................. 21 ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Newspaper Article .................................................................................................................................................... 21 Magazine Article:..................................................................................................................................................... 21 Magazine Article With No Author............................................................................................................................ 21 Journal Article ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 ELECTRONIC SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................... 22 General .................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Internet Source - author given ................................................................................................................................ 22 Internet Source - If no author given, begin with article title..................................................................................... 22 Newspaper Article Retrieved From the Newspapers Website ................................................................................... 22 Article in an On-line Only Periodical....................................................................................................................... 23 Journal Article Retrieved from an Online Database................................................................................................ 23 Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries.................................................................................................................... 23 Press Release ........................................................................................................................................................... 23 E-mail ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post ......................................................................................................................... 24 Wikis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 Answers.com ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 MULTIPLE AUTHORS ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Source with Two Authors: ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Source with Three to Seven Authors ........................................................................................................................ 25 Source with more than Seven authors:.................................................................................................................... 25 MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Book Review in a Periodical .................................................................................................................................... 25 Government Publication .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Brochure .................................................................................................................................................................. 26 STRAYER UNIVERSITY PLAGIARISM POLICY ......................................................................................................... 26 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 28 INDEX................................................................................................................................................... 29

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GENERAL FORMAT
FORMAT
General Double space all lines, including title page and references page. Do not include any caps (except for the header), bolds (except for section heads), or underlines. Using WORD 2007 & 2010 to Automatically Format Your Paper You can let Microsoft WORD 2007 or 2010 do the work for you by going to Home on the top tool bar. Then go to Paragraph on the bottom tool bar (third from left) and click on the arrow to reveal the pull down box entitled Paragraph. Under INDENTATION set Indent Left at 0; set Indent Right at 0 and set Special at first line and by at .5. Under SPACING, set Before at 0; set After at 0; and set Line Spacing at Double. Also remember, you do not double, double space between paragraphs. This will assure that the body of your paper will be double spaced with the first line indented by .5 inches. In developing your Reference page, you will repeat the steps above with one exception. The Special section will be set at handing indent by .5. This will assure that your first line is flush and your second line is indented by .5 inches. Please visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY to review a video on how to format research, term papers and essays with APA Sixth Edition Publication Manual.

Section Heads If section headings are used, the first level should be centered and boldface. For additional levels of APA Headings and Seriation, see below or visit http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/ .
APA Headings Level Format 1 2 3 4 5 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period. Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. Begin body text after the period.

Font Times New Roman, 12 point. Margins 1 for top, bottom, right and left margins on all pages, left justified. Indent first line of paragraphs 5 spaces. Do not use extra double spacing between paragraphs. Line Spacing Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figures.

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Page Numbers Page numbers should be flush right and should be on all pages, including the title and reference pages. Header The header must be on all pages, including the title page and Reference List. The header is positioned at the top of the page and consists of an abbreviated title and the page number. The page number of the header should be flush right. The abbreviated title cannot exceed 50 characters, including punctuation and spacing, should be in all capital letters and should be flush left at the top of the page. NOTE: The Title Page will include the words Running head: prior to the abbreviated title. Page 2 and beyond will drop the words Running head:. Using most word processors, the header and page number can be inserted into a header, which then automatically appears on all pages. Title Page All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Header with abbreviated title and page number (See Header format above). NOTE: The Title Page will include the words Running head: prior to the abbreviated title. Page 2 and beyond will drop the words Running head:. The following information, is centered on the page and double spaced: o Full Title - Your title should be no more than 12 words in length and it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up to one or two lines. o Writer o Instructor o Course o Date Active Voice As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For example, use We predicted that rather than It was predicted that . Abstract NOTE: This class does not require an Abstract. However, if the student elects to use an Abstract, it must be on a separate page and will not count toward the minimal number of pages required for the assignment. Sample Paper Showing Format Please see a sample of the title page below. You may also visit http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6ECorrected-Sample-Papers.pdf to view a sample paper. Note: This class will not require an Abstract.

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APA Quick Reference Guide John Doe Dr. John H. Carter Introduction to Business 100 March 30, 2010

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GENERAL INFORMATION
Purpose of Using APA Guidelines - In order to prepare you for the world of business, Strayer University is putting a heavy emphasis on writing. This is consistent with the demands of Corporate America. Businesses are constantly quoting communication as one of the skills most lacking in college graduates. Our major goal at Strayer University is to prepare you to successfully compete in the Corporate World. Definition of a Direct Quote - A direct quote is using the exact words from a source. Remember, if you use three (3) or more consecutive words directly from a source, it is considered a direct quote, and must be cited as a direct quote. Failure to include a direct quote in quotation marks is plagiarism; a serious violation of Strayers academic policy and will result in an automatic 0 for the entire paper. Four Basic Rules of Using a Direct Quote - There are four basic rules to using direct quotes. They are: Number 1 You cannot begin a sentence with a quote. Number 2 You cannot begin a paragraph with a quote. Number 3 You cannot end a paragraph with a quote. Number 4 You cannot have back to back quotes.

These rules are put in place to discourage quoting and to force the writer to paraphrase and use him/her own analysis and words. Remember, three (3) or more consecutive words directly from a source, is a direct quote. Direct Quote Must Be a Part of the Sentence - A quotation, even if it is a complete sentence must be a part of the writers sentence. The following quote is introduced by the writer and part of the sentence: To become successful is not an easy task. According to Sarah Lake (2010), staff writer for CNNMoney, [a] key factor to success in today's market place is finding subtle differences to give a business the marketing edge (para 2). Therefore, it is important that one always puts their best feet forward.

To keep the first work capital, you can use a colon to introduce the quote, e.g., To become successful is not an easy task. According to Sarah Lake (2010), staff writer for CNNMoney: A key factor to success in today's market place is finding subtle differences to give a business the marketing edge (para 2). Therefore, it is important that one always puts their best feet forward.
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Remember, the four basic rules of using a direct quote as stated above. Definition of a Paraphrase - Paraphrasing is interpreting ideas expressed by an author by restating passage in your own words but keeping the passage at approximately the same length. NOTE: A paraphrase must be cited in the body of your paper, but does not require a page or paragraph number. The four basic rules of using a direct quote do not apply to a paraphrase. Definition of a Summarization - Summarizing is putting the authors ideas into your own words, but shortening the length of the passage. It, too, must be cited in the body of your paper, but does not require a page or paragraph number. The four basic rules of using a direct quote do not apply to a summarization. Definition of an In-text Citation - The in-text citation provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source from the Reference Page. Therefore, you cannot have an in-text citation without a corresponding Reference, unless it is a Personal Communication. Please visit pages 9 16 and/or the following YouTube site for helpful hints on setting up in-text citations: http://www.youtube.com/ ?v=7HsYUA-helk&feature=related
watch

Definition of a Reference - The References page provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Therefore, only sources cited in the body of the paper should appear on the References page. Consequently, you cannot have a Reference without a corresponding In-text Citation. Please visit page 18 -24 and/or the following YouTube video for additional guidance on the proper manner for formatting your Reference page: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmcaYdZDa-U&feature=related Credible Sources - Always use credible sources. Please use sources of repute when citing material, for example, material published in peer-reviewed journals. According to Chelsea Lee, Manuscript Editor/Journals American Psychological Association (personal communication, November 18, 2009), APA does not prohibit any source; however, sources such as BLOGs should be checked carefully to assure the source is credible. Since Wikipedia changes so often and anyone can make additions and changes, please review and cite the credible sources from their Reference List rather than Wikipedia, itself. Unacceptable Sources - The purpose of writing assignment exercises is to test and hone your use of proper grammar, as well as, you analytical skills. Therefore, the instructor will also not accept citations from websites with pre-written papers and analyses. Such unacceptable sources include, but are not limited to: Answers.com; Essaydepot.com; studentoffortune.com; oppapers.com, allfreeassays.com, papercamp.com, QuickMBA.com, Answerbag.com, Marketingteacher.com, etc. Please write your own paper and do your own analysis! Students found using these pre-written papers and answers site will receive an automatic 0 on the total assignment. Source Publication - There should be rare cases whereby an article does not have a source publication, e.g., a book, magazine, webpage, etc. The source publication should come after the title in the reference and should be in italics, e.g., Executive Coaching Can Bring You BIG! Results. (2006 - 2011). Jean Paul Cortes. Retrieved from http://www.what-is-coaching.com/executive-coaching.html

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In this example, Jean Paul Cortes is the publisher. In most cases, the publisher may be found at the bottom of the page as part of the copyright, e.g., Copyright 2006-2011 by Jean Paul Cortes All Rights Reserved Worldwide. If there is no copyright, use the web address e.g., What-is-coaching.com.

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IN-TEXT CITATION
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
Using exact words from a source. Remember, if you use three (3) or more consecutive words directly from a source, it is considered a direct quote, and must be cited as a direct quote. General Use quotation marks . Failure to put a direct quote in quotation marks is plagiarism. Include page # or paragraph #. The in the in-text citation goes inside of the punctuation mark, unless it is a Block Quote, e.g. Florida is not the only state that has sunshine. It has been demonstrated that the sun always shines in Georgia (Carter, 2006, p. 10). This makes Georgia one of the best places to live in America If the quotation appears in mid-sentence, end the passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parenthesis immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence, e.g. Florida is not the only state that has sunshine. It has been demonstrated that the sun always shines in Georgia (Carter, 2006, p. 10) when it is not raining. This makes Georgia one of the best places to live in America

If there is no date in a source, use the copyright date, or the latest update. If neither can be found, use n.d.. When citing a paper more than once in the same paragraph, omit the date after the first citation. When quoting two or more authors, the last author should be separated by an ampersand (&), e.g., (Carter & Mathews, 2006). However, when referencing these authors in the text, the last author will be separated by the word and, e.g., Florida is not the only state that has sunshine. According to John Carter and Seaborn Mathews (2006), authors of the book, The Sun of Georgia, the sun never sets on Georgia (p. 10). This makes Georgia one of the best places to live in America.

You cannot have an in-text citation without a corresponding Reference, unless it is a Personal Communication. Never begin or end a paragraph with a quote. It is better to paraphrase.

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A quotation, even if it is a complete sentence must be a part of the writers sentence. A transition or an authoring tag can integrate the quote into the writers sentence, or the quotation can be introduced with a colon, e.g.,

In fact, [a] significant number of business professionals [who failed to graduate from college the first time] are returning to college to earn advanced degrees in order to increase their earning power and potential for advancement (Smith, 2002, p. 101) or As outline by John H. Carter (2010), business professor at Strayer University, [t]he purpose of this class is to introduce you to the real world of business (para. 5). When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the Reference List, separated by a semi-colon, e.g., (Carter, 2002; Jones, 1983). If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the Reference List e.g., Carter, J. (2010a). The right way. Carter & Carter, LLC. Retrieved from http://www.cartercarterllc.com. Carter, J. (2010b). On the right road. Carter & Carter, LLC. Retrieved from http://www.cartercarterllc.com. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation, e.g., (Carter, 2010a). When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report. e.g., ("Climate and Weather," 1997). When a source has 3 to 5 authors, cite each author the first time the citation appears e.g., (Jones, Smith, Collins, & Krantz, 2002, p. 3). In subsequent citations, cite only the last name of the first author, followed by et al., e.g., (Jones, et al., 2002, p. 1). Please visit the following YouTube site for helpful hints on setting up in-text citations: http://www.youtube.com/ ?v=7HsYUA-helk&feature=related
watch

Book, Magazine, Journal article w/author (authors last name, publication date, p. #) Ex: (Smith, 2002, p. 12).

Book, Magazine, Journal article NO author


Dr. John H. Carter

(shortened title, publication date, p. #) Ex: (Crafting, 2002, p. 12). 11


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Book, Magazine, Journal article or Webpage with NO publication date (authors last name or shortened article title, n.d., p. or para. #) Ex: Ex: (Pizzas, n.d., para. 4).

Webpage article w/author (authors last name, copyright OR last update, para. #). Ex: (Jones, 2004, para. 3).

Webpage article with NO author (shortened article title, copyright OR last update, para. #) Ex: (Pizzas, 2003, para. 4).

Showing Author Expertise NOTE: Before using an authors name to introduce a quote or paraphrase, you must first introduce the author to identify this authors expertise. For example, you might say:

How are our students different today? James Smith (2002), author of The New College Landscape, explains that todays college student is often an adult professional with over five years experience, married, a parent, and an active volunteer (p. 12). Therefore, these students bring partial life experiences to the classroom. After the initial introduction of the author, you may then use the authors last name only to introduce the quote or paraphrase, a technique that adds credibility and authority to your sources.

Quoting an Entire Sentence: Authors name not given within sentence, e.g., Processing a college degree is essential to be successful in business. In fact, [a] significant number of business professionals are returning to college to earn advanced degrees in order to increase their earning power and potential for advancement (Smith, 2002, p. 101). Have you considered this alternative? (author, publication date, page number) NOTE: The citation goes inside the punctuation mark.

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A quotation, even if it is a complete sentence must be a part of the writers sentence. A transition or an authoring tag can integrated the quote into the writers sentence, or the quotation can be introduced with a colon.

Authors name used to introduce quote, e.g., How are our students different today? According to James Smith (2002), author of The New

College Landscape, [a] significant number of business professionals are returning to college to earn advanced degrees in order to increase their earning power and potential for advancement (p. 101). Therefore, these students bring partial life experiences to the classroom. introductory phrase with author name (publication date), authors expertise, . . . (page number). Before using an authors name to introduce a quote or paraphrase, you must first introduce the author to identify this authors expertise. After the initial introduction of the author, you may then use the authors last name only to introduce the quote or paraphrase, a technique that adds credibility and authority to your sources. NOTE: The citation goes inside the punctuation mark.

Quoting Part of a Sentence Authors name not given within sentence, e.g.,

Why are so many adults returning to school? For many adults, the commitment to obtaining a college degree is motivated by a desire to increase their earning power and potential for advancement (Smith, 2002, p. 101). Have you considered this option?

Authors name used to introduce quote, e.g.,

Why are so many adults returning to school? James Smith (2002), author of The New College Landscape, explains that for many adults, the commitment to obtaining a college degree is motivated by a desire to increase their earning power and potential for advancement (p. 101). Have you considered this option?

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Using Block Quotes: more than 40 words indent QUOTE ONLY 5 spaces from left margin, but do not change the right margin do not use quotation marks Authors name not given within sentence used to introduce quote, e.g.,

Adult students are often more dedicated to achieving their college education than many traditional students. In fact, [m]ost adult students who make the choice to return to college are accustomed to prioritizing their tasks. These individuals have experienced the demands of juggling their responsibilities and are more willing and able to take the initiative to succeed in their academic career. (Smith, 2002, p. 121). Many adults who have excelled in their professional lives know how to apply themselves in their new academic lives.

Indent entire quote five spaces. No quotation marks utilized. NOTE: The citation goes outside the punctuation mark. NOTE: If you continue with the paragraph after the indented reference, you will return to the left margin to complete the sentence. NOTE: Remember, you cannot begin or end a paragraph with a quote.

Authors name used to introduce quote, e.g.,

Why are so many adults returning to school? James Smith (2002), author of The New College Landscape, points out that adult students are often more dedicated to achieving their college education than many traditional students: Most adult students who make the choice to return to college are accustomed to prioritizing their tasks. These individuals have experienced the demands of juggling their responsibilities and are more willing and able to take the initiative to succeed in their academic career. (p. 121)

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Thus, many adults who have excelled in their professional lives know how to apply themselves in their new academic lives.

Indent entire quote five spaces. No quotation marks utilized. NOTE: The citation goes outside the punctuation mark. NOTE: If you continue with the paragraph after the indented reference, you will return to the left margin to complete the sentence. Remember, you cannot end a paragraph with a quote. After the initial introduction of the author, you may then use the authors last name only to introduce the quote or paraphrase, a technique that adds credibility and authority to your sources. Even a multi-sentence, offset quotation must be integrated into the writers text, here; a colon works very well.

PARAPHRASING
Interpreting idea expressed by an author by restating passage in your own words and keeping approximately the same length as the original. The same rules also apply to a summarization, which is putting the authors ideas into your own words, but shortening the length of the passage. A paraphrase or summarization is preferred over a direct quote. General No quotation marks used. No page or paragraph #. If there is no date on the article, use the copyright date, or the latest update. If neither can be found, use n.d.. When citing a paper more than once in the same paragraph, omit the date after the first citation. When quoting two or more authors, the last author should be separated by an ampersand (&), e.g., (Carter & Mathews, 2006). However, when referencing these authors in the text, the last author will be separated by the word and, e.g., According to John H. Carter and Seaborn Mathews (2006), authors of the book, The Sun of Georgia, the sun never sets on Georgia. You cannot have an in-text citation without a corresponding Reference, unless it is a Personal Communication.

Book, Magazine, Journal article: (authors last name, publication date). Ex: (Smith, 2002).

Webpage article w/author: (author, copyright date OR last update). Ex: (Jones, 2004).

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Webpage article with NO author (shortened article title,, copyright date OR last update). Ex: (Pizzas, 2003).

Book, Magazine, Journal article or Webpage with NO publication date: (authors last name or shortened article title, n.d.). Ex: (Pizzas, n.d.,).

Paraphrasing an Entire Sentence or paragraph Authors name not given within paraphrased sentence, e.g.,

The revitalization of many urban neighborhoods has resulted in a substantial increase in property values (Lentz, 2003). (author, publication date no page number)

Authors name used to introduce paraphrase, e.g.,

Urban planner James Lentz (2003), Professor of Urban Planning, Strayer University, asserts that the revitalization of many urban neighborhoods has resulted in a substantial increase in property values.

introductory phrase with author name (publication date), authors expertise, . . . No page number.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS
When a source has 2 authors, cite both names. Ex: (Smith & Jones, 2002, p. 3). When a source has 3 to 5 authors, cite each author the first time the citation appears. Ex: (Jones, Smith, Collins, & Krantz, 2002, p. 3). Note : the ampersand (&) is used only in parenthetical references and on the reference page: write out in the text and use the word, and. In subsequent citations, cite only the last name of the first author, followed by et al. Ex: (Jones, et al., 2002, p. 1). More than 6 authors, cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al. every time the citation appears. Ex: (Jones, et al., 2002, p. 1). NOTE: The above examples are for citing direct quotes; for paraphrases, no page is used)

WEBPAGES (IN-TEXT CITATION)

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Paraphrase (author, update/copyright date). Ex (Carter, 2001). No paragraph number used for paraphrases. When quoting two or more authors, the last author should be separated by an ampersand (&), e.g., (Carter & Mathews, 2006). However, when referencing these authors in the text, the last author will be separated by the word and, e.g., According to John Carter and Seaborn Mathews (2006), authors of the book, The Sun of Georgia, the sun never sets on Georgia. You cannot have an in-text citation without a corresponding Reference, unless it is a Personal Communication.

If no author Give shortened article title. , e.g., (Executive Coaching, 2009).

If no article title Give website name, e.g., (Carter & Carter, LLC, 2009).

If no date for website Direct Quote (author, update/copyright date, paragraph number). Ex: (Carter, 2001, para. 10). Hand number paragraphs when citing direct quotes Direct Quote author, date given on webpage, e.g., Put n.d., e.g, : (Carter, n.d.).

Pizza is different in other parts of the world. The use of pizza toppings that seem bizarre to current tastes, such as squid and octopus, were common in the fishing areas of the Mediterranean sea (Smith, 1998, para. 5). That is a long way from pepperoni!

Direct Quote no author given from article entitled Pizzas of the World, from website called PizzaLore, e.g.,

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Pizza is different in other parts of the world. The use of pizza toppings that seem bizarre to current tastes, such as squid and octopus, were common in the fishing areas of the Mediterranean

sea (Pizzas, 1998, para. 5). That is a long way from pepperoni!

Direct Quote -- no author or article title given from website called PizzaLore, e.g.,

How did pizza begin. Many culinary archaeologists have determined that the making of pizza was actually an accident (PizzaLore, 1998, para. 5). Arent you glad the accident occurred?

CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS


General For letters, memos, e-mail, interviews, cite source in text only. Do not list on References page, e.g.,

S.U. Varnes (personal communication, May 12, 2001) acknowledges

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REFERENCES LIST
General
All research papers must contain a list of references starting on a new page after the body of the paper. The References page should contain full publication information (see examples below) There should be rare cases whereby an article does not have a source publication, e.g., a publication, website, etc. Publications should come after the title and should be in italics. The References page provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Therefore, only sources cited in the body of the paper should appear on the References page. Consequently, you cannot have a Reference without a corresponding In-text Citation. Please visit the following YouTube video for additional guidance on the proper manner for formatting your Reference page: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmcaYdZDaU&feature=related .

Reference Page Format


The word References should be centered at the top of your Reference Page. Page numbering and header should be continued on the Reference page. For each entry in the list, the first line begins at the left margin and all following lines are indented five spaces. Use the hanging indent command to ensure the spacing is not lost. Lines are double-spaced. Alphabetize by first word of entry (authors last name; title if no author). If there are two or more entries for the same author, arrange by year of publication with the earliest one first. Do not utilize any underlining or quotation marks for titles. If there is no date in the source, use the copyright date, or the latest update. If neither can be found, use n.d.. Websites are not to be underlined. In other words, remove all hyperlinks. Capitalize journal or magazine titles. Capitalize only the first word of the title of a book or article, except for proper nouns. When referencing more than one author, always use the ampersand symbol & rather than the word and, prior to the last authors last name. Always include a period after the authors first initial, the publication date, the title and the publisher. Please note, you would use a period even if the title ends in another punctuation mark, e.g., Why Use APA?. (2010, April 21). The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/664/1/

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BOOKS
Book With No Author: Psychology and you (10th ed.). (1989). New York: Macmillan. [Book title. (year published). City published, state (if applicable see APA Style Guide, states are not always included): name of publisher.] Book With One Author:

Jones, S. (2003). The Jones chronicles. Boston: Smith Publishing Company. [author last name, first initial. (year published). Book title. City published, state (if applicable see APA Style Guide, states are not always included): name of publisher.] Book With Two Authors: Jones, S., & Smith, J. (2000). The history of Strayer University. Washington, DC: Jones and Smith Publishing. [first authors last name, first initial, & second authors last name, first initial (year published). Book title. City published, state (if applicable): name of publisher.] Book with Three to Seven Authors Miller, J., Kramer, P., Cane, L., & Font, M. (2000). How to be a business partner. New York: Harlan Publishers. Book with more than Seven authors:

Logan, P., Smith, U., Lenz, R., Tome, M., Fox, P., Jones, M., et al. (2001). Elements of real estate transactions. Boston: Ridgeworth Publishers.

Edited Book:

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Jones, S., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2000). The history of Strayer University (4th ed.).Washington, DC: Jones and Smith Publishing.

Article/Essay in an Edited Book:

Carter, J. H., Carter, S. G., & Carter, G. L. (1972). The blue sky (5th ed.). Atlanta: University of Utah Press.

[author last name, first initial. (year). Article/essay title (edition.). Place of publication: publisher.]

ARTICLES in PERIODICALS
Newspaper Article Jones, S. (2003, April 12). Strayer opens new campus. Charlotte Observer, p. A3. [author. (year, month day). article title. Name of newspaper, p. or pp. page number(s).] [Note: This is the only instance where you will use p. in front of the page numbers on the References page.] Magazine Article: Gross, D. (2009, December 14). Economic panic attack: Why the world overreacted to Dubai. Newsweek, 32.

[author last name, first initial. (year, month day). article title, magazine name, volume(issue #, if applicable), page number(s).] If a magazine or journal article has more than two authors, follow the rule for books re: no. of authors. Magazine Article With No Author Duke Power understates earnings. (2003, May 1). Newsweek, 32.

[article title. (year, month day). magazine name, volume(issue #, if applicable), page number(s).]
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Journal Article Johnson, J. (2002). The undergraduate student population of Strayer Universitys graduating class of 2001. Journal of Education Statistics, 1(2), 200-211.

[author last name, first initial. (year). Article title. Journal name, volume (issue #), page number(s).]

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
General DO NOT ONLY LIST URL for Webpage sources! Must give authors name if available, last update/copyright date, retrieval date, complete URL e.g., Grant, C. (2003). Why go to college?. College.com. Retrieved from http://www.college/rev.Q&A.html

Internet Source - author given Grant, C. (2003). Why go to college?. College.com. Retrieved from http://www.college/rev.Q&A.html [author, if known. (date). Title of section. Publication. Retrieved from (website address).] [NOTE: A period goes after the subject, even if it ends in another punctuation mark, e.g., Why go to college?.]

Internet Source - If no author given, begin with article title Shark attack summer. (2003, January). Allaboutsharks.com. Retrieved from http://www.allaboutsharks.com/attacks

[article name. (date). Publication. Retrieved from (website address).] Newspaper Article Retrieved From the Newspapers Website

Greenwood, L. C. (2003, May 3). Education loans at all time low. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com

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[author. (year, month day). Article title. Newspaper name. Retrieved from (website address).] Article in an On-line Only Periodical Kobb, M. (2000). The New South. Lifestyles, 5(2). Retrieved June 12, 2003, from http://www.lifestyles.com/south.html

[Author. (year). Article title. Periodical title, vol.(issue). Retrieved (date) from (website address)] Journal Article Retrieved from an Online Database: (An example would be an EBSCO Host database such as Academic Search Elite) Johnson, J. (2002). The undergraduate student population of Strayer Universitys graduating class of 2001. Journal of Education Statistics, 1(2), 200-211. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

[author last name, first initial. (year). Article title. Journal name, volume (issue #), page number(s). Retrieved from (database).]

Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from http:// www.britannica.com [Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry. When listing the URL, give only the home or index root as opposed to the URL for the entry.] Press Release Department of Business, Strayer University. (2010, January 29). Strayer named number one business school in the nation [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.strayer.edu/departments/business/ /Baltimore_GCPOY.htm

[Author Last, First Initial or Corporate Author Name. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title [Press release]. Retrieved from URL]
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E-mail [E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). ] Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post

Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? Spring Corporation. Message posted to http://www.spring.org.uk/

the1sttransport. (2004, September 26). Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video File]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M

[NOTE: Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g., blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the authors name is not available, provide the screen name.] [NOTE: APA recommends students use sources of repute when citing material, for example, material published in peer-reviewed journals. However, APA certainly does not prohibit any sources; it just asks that you cite them properly. The APA Publication Manual does show examples for how to properly cite a blog post or comment, showing that these can be legitimate sources. According to Chelsea Lee, Manuscript Editor/Journals American Psychological Association, [i]t is important that all citations are from reputable sources. Therefore, all BLOGS are not prohibition. Remember, not all blogs are created equal. For example, the APA has a style blog (http://blog.apastyle.org) where we discuss issues related to the manual. Entries go through extensive vetting to make sure they are consistent with whats in our manual. They would certainly be a legitimate source for a paper, as would, say, a blog from a prominent psychologist talking about his or her research, for example. So while anyone can post a blog, there are lots of people out there with good, legitimate ideas. Therefore, we ask that you look at who is writing the blog and what blogs we are talking about than the fact that the information is in blog format. (personal communication, November 18, 2009). [NOTE: When you use a non-peer reviewed source, such as a site found by searching Google, it is a good idea to carefully evaluate the source by, for example, following the CARS procedure. Check for credibility, accuracy, reasonableness, and support. For more information, see http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se03/cars.mhtml ] Wikis

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[Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects which cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries. Therefore, we ask that if you have an occasion to find your source from a WIKI, please research and cite the credible sources from their Reference List rather than the Wiki, itself.] Answers.com [In some cases, the answers to Assignment questions have been listed on Answers.com. This is not a reliable source and will not be accepted by the instructor].

MULTIPLE AUTHORS
Source with Two Authors: Jones, S., & Smith, J. (2000). The history of Strayer University. Washington, DC: Jones and Smith Publishing. [first authors last name, first initial, & second authors last name, first initial (year published). Book title. City published, state (if applicable): name of publisher.]

Source with Three to Seven Authors Miller, J., Kramer, P., Cane, L., & Font, M. (2000). How to be a business partner. New York: Harlan Publishers. Source with more than Seven authors:

Logan, P., Smith, U., Lenz, R., Tome, M., Fox, P., Jones, M., et al. (2001). Elements of real estate transactions. Boston: Ridgeworth Publishers.

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Book Review in a Periodical Small, S. (2001). Gone again. [Review of the book End of an era]. Solutions, 292, 12.

[author. (year). Title of review. [Review of the book book title.] Periodical name, volume. page number]

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Government Publication National Institute of Business Resources. (2001). Training personnel to respond in national emergencies. (DHHS Publication No. ADM 01-1775). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [Governmental agency. (year). Title of publication. (Publication number.) Place of publication: publisher.] Brochure Small Business Center. (1999). What you need to know about insurance (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Orlando, FL: Author.

[agency name. (year). Title of brochure. (edition of printing.) [Brochure]. Place of publication: publisher.]

STRAYER UNIVERSITY PLAGIARISM POLICY


It is essential that all students fully under the Universitys Plagiarism Policy. It is as follows: The Strayer University plagiarism important is At Strayer University we strongly condemn all forms of academic dishonesty including, but not limited to, plagiarism. Academic integrity is a critical piece of our overall institutional objective of providing quality education; hence, we also believe that it is not only important to help students to understand academic integrity but also help them to see the ways in which it is implemented and maintained throughout the university and to guide them in learning the proper ways to avoid plagiarism within all pieces of academic work. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means: 1. 2. 3. 4. To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own. To use (another's production) without crediting the source. To commit literary theft. To present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

Quite simply, plagiarism is using someone else's words or ideas as one's own without giving proper credit and Strayer University considers it to be a serious offense. (Plagiarism, n.d.).

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It is the responsibility of all students to fully understand this policy. Failure to adhere to this polity is a serious violation of Strayers academic policy and will result in an automatic 0 for the entire paper.

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References

The American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American psychological Association (6th ed.).Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association. Coates Library Trinity University. (n.d). APA Style for Electronic Sources (American Psychological Association). Retrieved from http://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/APAelectronicsources.pdf The McGraw-Hill Companies. (2001). Source Evaluation Tutor: CARS. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se03/cars.mhtml Plagiarism. (n.d.). Strayer University iCampus. Retrieved from https://icampus.strayer.edu/lrc/plagiarism plagiarize. (2010). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http:// www.merriamwebster.com Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL). (1995-2009). Reference List: Electronic Sources (Web Publications). Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/ Strayer University. (2004, November 29). APA Style Manual, 5th Edition: Quick Reference Guide. Retrieved from https://facultyportal.strayer.edu/Cobb/docs/downloads/APA%20Style%20Quick%20Reference% 20Guide.doc The writing center. (2009). The University of Wisconsin Madison. Retrieved from http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPAReferences_Govt.html

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INDEX
A Abbreviated Title (Header), 5 Abbreviated Title (In-text Citation), 11 Abstract, 5 Active Voice, 5 Ampersand (Use of), 10 Answers.com (Reference List ), 25 Article/Essay in an Edited Book (Reference List ), 21 Articles in Periodicals (Reference List ), 21 Author Multiple (In-text Citation), 16 Author Expertise - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 12 Authors Three to Seven (Reference List ), 25 Authors - Two(Reference List ), 25 Authors Multiple (Reference List ), 25 B Back to Back Quotes, 7 Beginning a Paragraph with a Quote, 7 Beginning a Sentence with a quote, 7 Block Quote (In-text Citation ), 14 Blog (Reference List ), 24 Book - Edited (Reference List ), 20 Book - Paraphrase (In-text Citation), 15 Book More Than Seven Authors (Reference List ), 20 Book NO author - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Book No Author (Reference List ), 20 Book One Author (Reference List ), 20 Book Review in a Periodical (Reference List ), 25 Book Three to Seven Authors (Reference List ), 20 Book Two Authors (Reference List ), 20 Book w/author - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Brochure (Reference List ), 26 C E EBSCO Host (Reference List ), 23 Edited Book (Reference List ), 20 Electronic Document (In-text Citation ), 16 Electronic Document with Author - Direct Quote (Intext Citation ), 12 Electronic Documentwith Author - Paraphrase (In-text Citation ), 15 Electronic Sources No Author (Reference List ), 22 Electronic Sources With Author (Reference List ), 22 Electronic Sources (Do Not Only List URL ), 22 Electronic Sources (Reference List ), 22 E-Mail (In-text Citation ), 18 E-Mail (Reference List ), 24 Encyclopedias On-Line (Reference List ), 23 Ending a Paragraph with a Quote, 7 Essay/Article in an Edited Book (Reference List ), 21 D Date Paraphrase (None - In-text Citation), 16 Date (None - In-text Citation), 12 Definition (Credible Sources), 8 Definition (Direct Quote), 7 Definition (In-text Citation), 8 Definition (Paraphrase), 8 Definition (Reference), 8 Definition (Sources - Credible), 8 Definition (Sources Unacceptable), 8 Definition (Summarization), 8 Definition (Unacceptable Sources), 8 Dictionaries On-Line (Reference List ), 23 Dictionary On-Line (Reference List ), 23 Direct Quote (Definition), 7 Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 10 F Font, 4 Format, 4 Format (General), 4 Format (Reference List ), 19 Format (WORD 2007), 4 Format (WORD 2010), 4 Formatting (Abstract), 5 Formatting (Active Voice), 5 Formatting (Font), 4 Formatting (Header), 5 Formatting (Line Spacing), 4 Formatting (Margins), 4 Formatting (Page Numbers), 5 Formatting (Reference), 4 Formatting (Running Header), 5 Formatting (Sample Paper), 5 Formatting (Section Heads), 4 Formatting (Title Page), 5 Formatting (YouTube), 4 Four Rules (Direct Quote), 7 G General Format, 4 General Information, 7 Government Publication (Reference List ), 26 H Header, 5 Header (Abbreviated Title), 5 I Indentation, 4 Index, 29 Interviews (in-text Citation), 18 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Author Expertise), 12 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Electronic Document with Author), 12 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Webpage with Author), 12 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Electronic Document with Author), 15 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Webpage with Author), 15 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Book NO author), 11 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Book w/author), 11 Credibile Source (Definition), 8 et al. (3 to 5 authors), 11 Expertise - Direct Quote (Author - In-text Citation), 12

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In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Journal article NO author), 11 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Journal article w/author), 11 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Magazine NO author), 11 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Magazine w/author), 11 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Quoting an Entire Sentence), 12 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Quoting Part of a Sentence), 13 In-text Citation - Direct Quote (Webpage with No Author), 12 In-text Citation Midsentence (f0rmat), 10 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Book), 15 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Journal article), 15 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Magazine), 15 In-text Citation - Paraphrase (Webpage with No Author), 16 In-text Citation (Abbreviated Title, 11 In-text Citation (Block Quote), 14 In-text Citation (Definition), 8 In-text Citation (Direct Quote), 10 In-text Citation (E-Mail), 18 In-text Citation (General), 10 In-text Citation (Interviews), 18 In-text Citation (Letters), 18 In-text Citation (Memos), 18 In-text Citation (Paraphrasing), 15 In-text Citation (Same Author/Same Year), 11 In-text Citation (Two or More Sources), 11 In-text Citation (Use of Ampersand), 10 In-text Citation (YouTube Instructions), 8, 11 J Journal Article NO author Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Journal Article - Paraphrase (Intext Citation), 15

Journal Article w/author Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Journal Articles (Reference List ), 22 L Letters (In-text Citation), 18 Line Spacing, 4 M Magazine - Paraphrase (In-text Citation), 15 Magazine NO author - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Magazine w/author - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 11 Magazine Articles No Author (Reference List ), 21 Magazine Articles (Reference List ), 21 Margins, 4 Memos (In-text Citation), 18 Miscellaneous Sources (Reference List ), 25 More Than Seven Authors (Reference List ), 25 Multiple Authors (In-text Citation), 16 Multiple Authors (Reference List ), 25 N n.d. (No date), 10, 19 Newspaper Article from Electronic Source (Reference List ), 22 Newspaper Article from Website (Reference List ), 22 Newspaper Articles (Reference List ), 21 No Author (In-text Ciation), 11 No Date, 10, 19 No Publication Date - Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 12 No Publication Date Paraphrase (In-text Citation), 16 Numbers (Page), 5 O On-line Database (Reference List ), 23 On-line Dictionaries (Reference List ), 23 On-line Encyclopedias (Reference List ), 23 On-line Periodical Only (Reference List ), 23 On-Line Writing Library Purdue University, 28 OWL Purdue University, 28

P Page Number (In-text Citation Direct Quote), 10 Page Numbers, 5 Paragraph (Same In-text Citation), 10 Paraphase (Definition), 8 Part of Sentence (Direct Quote), 7 Periodicals (Reference List ), 21 Personal Communication (Intext Citation), 18 Plagiarism Policy (Strayer University ), 26 Policy - Strayer University Plagiarism, 26 Press Release (Reference List ), 23 Publication (Source), 8 Purdue University On-Line Writing Library, 28 Purpose of Using, 7 Q Quotation Marks (In-text Citation Direct Quote), 10 Quotation Marks (In-text Citation Inside), 10 Quoting (Two or More Sources), 10 Quoting an Entire Sentence Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 12 Quoting Part of a Sentence Direct Quote (In-text Citation), 13 R Reference (Definition), 8 Reference (Formatting), 4 Reference List (Answers.com), 25 Reference List (Article/Essay in an Edited Book), 21 Reference List (Articles in Periodicals), 21 Reference List (Authors Three to Seven), 25 Reference List (Authors - Two), 25 Reference List (Authors Multiple), 25 Reference List (Blog), 24 Reference List (Book - Edited), 20 Reference List (Book More Than Seven Authors), 20 Reference List (Book No Author), 20

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Reference List (Book One Author), 20 Reference List (Book Review in a Periodical), 25 Reference List (Book Three to Seven Authors), 20 Reference List (Book Two Authors), 20 Reference List (Brochure), 26 Reference List (Dictionaries OnLine), 23 Reference List (EBSCO Host), 23 Reference List (Edited Book), 20 Reference List (Electronic Sources No Author), 22 Reference List (Electronic Sources With Author), 22 Reference List (Electronic Sources), 22 Reference List (E-Mail), 24 Reference List (Encyclopedias On-Line), 23 Reference List (Essay/Article in an Edited Book), 21 Reference List (Format), 19 Reference List (General), 19 Reference List (Government Publication), 26 Reference List (Journal Articles), 22 Reference List (Magazine Articles No Author), 21 Reference List (Magazine Articles), 21 Reference List (Miscellaneous Sources), 25 Reference List (More Than Seven Authors), 25 Reference List (Multiple Authors), 25 Reference List (Newspaper Article from Electronic Source), 22 Reference List (Newspaper Article from Website), 22 Reference List (Newspaper Articles), 21

Reference List (On-line Database), 23 Reference List (On-line Dictionaries), 23 Reference List (On-line Encyclopedias), 23 Reference List (On-line Periodical Only), 23 Reference List (Periodicals), 21 Reference List (Press Release), 23 Reference List (Purpose), 19 Reference List (Seven or More Authors - Two), 25 Reference List (Strayer Database ), 23 Reference List (Three to Seven Authors), 25 Reference List (Two Authors), 25 Reference List (Unacceptable Sources), 25 Reference List (Video Blog Post), 24 Reference List (Weblog), 24 Reference List (Wikis), 24 Reference List(YouTube Instructions), 8, 19 References APA Quick Reference Guide, 28 Rules (Direct Quote), 7 Running Header, 5 S Same Author/Same Year(In-text Citation), 11 Same Paragraph (In-text Ciation), 10 Sample Paper, 5 Section Heads, 4 Seven or More Authors Two (Reference List ), 25 Source Publications, 8 Sources (Credible), 8 Sources (Unacceptable), 8 Sources APA Quick Reference Guide, 28 Spacing (Line), 4 Strayer Database (Reference List ), 23

Strayer University Plagiarism Policy, 26 Summarization (Definition), 8 T Three to Five authors (et al.), 11 Three to Seven Authors (Reference List ), 25 Times Romans (Font), 4 Title Page, 5 Two Authors (Reference List ), 25 Two or more Sources (In-text Citation), 11 Two or More Sources (Quoting), 10 U Unacceptable Sources (Definition), 8 Unacceptable Sources (Reference List ), 25 V Video Blog Post (Reference List ), 24 W Weblog (Reference List ), 24 Webpage with Author - Direct Quote (In-text Citation ), 12 Webpage with Author Paraphrase (In-text Citation ), 15 Webpage with No Author Direct Quote (In-text Citation ), 12 Webpage with No Author Paraphrase (In-text Citation ), 16 Wikis (Reference List ), 24 WORD 2007 (Formatting), 4 WORD 2010 (Formatting), 4 Y YouTube (Formatting), 4 YouTube Instructions (In-text Citation), 8, 11 YouTube Instructions (Reference List), 8 YouTube Instructions (Reference), 19

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