Homework on Statistical Physics (Microcanonical Ensemble, Canonical Ensemble)

Due : 11 / 9 (Fri) 23:59, @ mailbox

Notice: Copying, group work is strictly not allowed! Copied homework will be graded 0.
1. (Ideal gas in Microcanonical Ensemble) In a system, there are N distinguishable ideal gas particles of mass m having energy E in volume V. Regard the unit volume in phase space for one coordinate (i.e. (x, px )) is the Planck constant h. A. B. Find the multiplicity (E, V, N) of this ideal gas system. Find S(E, V, N), T(E, V, N), p(E, V, N).

2. (Ideal gas using pseudo quantum mechanical counting of microstates) In a 3dimensional cubic box of dimension L , the one-particle state have the waveform nx , , = ( E{nx , ,} =
2 82

)(

)(

) ., with the corresponding single-particle energy

2 2 (n2 + + ). Consider a system has N distinguishable particles and the x

total systems energy is E. A. Find the multiplicity (E, V, N), hence Entropy S(E, V, N) of this system. Compare the result with the problem 1. 3. (ideal gas using Canonical Ensemble) In a system, there are N distinguishable free ideal gas particles of mass m. A. B. C. Find the partition function Z(T, V, N) of this system Find S(T, V, N), E(T, V, N). Compare the results with the problem 1. Find the pressure p, chemical potential , heat capacity Cv , Isobaric heat capacity Cp

4. (N 3-D Classical harmonic oscillator using MCE, CE) Consider a system containing N distinguishable harmonic oscillators with mass m and frequency . A. Find the multiplicity (E, N), hence Entropy S(E, N) and Temperature T(E, N) of this system using Microcanonical Ensemble.

B.

Find the partition function Z(T, N), hence the free energy F(T, N) and the energy E(T, N) of this system using Canonical Ensemble. Compare the results from 4-A.

C.

Find the equations of states of chemical potential , heat capacity C.

5. (N 1-D Quantum harmonic oscillator in CE, MCE) In quantum harmonic oscillator, the energy level has discrete states, different from the classical harmonic oscillator. The Hamiltonian of the single particle is given as H(n) = ( + ). Consider a system has N
2 1

distinguishable harmonic oscillators, and find the followings. A. Consider a system has total energy E + . Find the multiplicity (E, N), hence
2 N

Entropy S(E, N) and Temperature Ensemble. B.

T(E, N) of this system using Microcanonical

Consider a system of temperature T. Find the partition function Z(T, N), hence the free energy F(T, N) and the energy E(T, N) of this system using Canonical Ensemble. Compare the results from 5-A.

C.

Find the equations of states of chemical potential , heat capacity C.

6. (Ideal gas velocity distribution profile) Suppose a system of single free ideal gas particle. Considering the partition function and the Boltzmann factor has a relation between a systems probability density function, find the probability density function of velocity of ideal gas. 7. (Diffusion rate of ideal gas) Consider the system at temperature T, Volume V, Number N. This system has a hole, which let the particle evaporate from the system of the evaporation rate R =
d2

. Find the evaporation rate R as a function of system parameters,

R(T, V, N). You may use the result of 6 without proof. 8. (The law of atmospheres) Consider an air column above the surface of earth with a basis area A. Calculate the density distribution of the particles in the column under the influence of gravitation, at a given temperature T, and hence find the pressure in the height z. The gas behaves as ideal gas, and the gravitational force is uniform along the horizontal axis.

9. (The Virial theorem) A. B. Prove the generalized equipartition theorem in Canonical Ensemble Derive the virial theorem

10. (Mixing Entropy and Gibbs paradox) Consider a system of particles consists of two volume region , , and two kinds of particles with number , . A. Find the probability that NA particles belong to VA . (hint : the probability that a particle belongs to is 1.) B. C. Using probability p~ , find entropy change of gas before and after mixing.
1

Concerning indistinguishableness, repeat A and B when A and B is identical. Confirm Gibbs paradox.

11. (2-state paramagnet) Consider a system contains distinguishable N spin moments. For spin parallel to the field, spin has the energy , while antiparallel to the field, . A. Find the multiplicity (E, N), hence Entropy S(E, N) and Temperature T(E, N) of this system using Microcanonical Ensemble. B. Find the partition function Z(T, N) by energy sum, hence the free energy F(T, N) and the energy E(T, N) of this system using Canonical Ensemble. Compare the results from 10-A. 12. (S=1 spin system) Unlike Spin-1/2 particles such as electrons, spin-1 particles are the ones which having 3 energy states. The examples of such particles are mesons , , J/, and the weak intermediate vector bosons W and Z. S=1 particle has 3 spin states, which has energy under a field as , 0, .. A. Consider the system has N distinguishable particles. Find the multiplicity (or degeneracy) for given energy E. B. Find the partition function, and E(T, N)

13. (Dipole in field) Consider a single dipole is fixed in a 3-D space, under a field = yielding an energy of U = . A. Find the canonical partition function Z

B.

Find angular probability distribution function P(, )

14. (2-D diatomic molecule) A molecules constituted with two different atoms such as NO, have not only translational, but also rotational movements. Let the molecular mass m, rotational moment I. The system is 2 dimensional and filled with N identical molecules, with the system temperature T and volume A. Note that this system represents rotating particles confined in a surface. A. B. C. Find the canonical partition function Z Find the equation of states of pressure P, energy E Find Heat capacity Cv

15. (1-D Rubber model) One way to model a rubber is describing as a chain of polymer. Suppose a single link has a length of l, and has two possible orientations left and right. (See figure below) l F L A. Derive the equation of state of force F(T, L, N) and spring constant k(T, L, N). You may derive from the Microcanonical Ensemble, or from the Canonical Ensemble. 16. (1-D Zipper model) A zipper has N links; each link has a state in which it is closed with energy 0 and a state in which it is open with energy . We require that the zipper only unzip from one side (say from the left) and that the link can only open if all links to the left of it (1, 2, , n-1) are already open. See figure below

A. B.

Find the partition function Find the average number of open links <n> and show that for low temperatures T , <n> is independent of N.