CONTENT

No.

Title

M/S

1.

OBJECTIVE

2.

EQUIPMENT

3.

THEORY

2-4

4.

PROCEDURE

5.

RESULT

6.

DISCUSSION

7.

CONCLUSION

8.

REFERENCE

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TENSILE TEST

OBJECTIVE : To determine the stress, strain and young modulus and behaviour of mild steel bar when subjected to an axial tensile test.

EQUIPMENT a. Universal testing machine b. Steel reinforcing bars / specimen c. Cut-off machine d. Measurement apparatus such as ruler, divider, ect.

THEORY

Tensile testing is a way of determining how something will react when it is pulled apart when a force is applied to it in tension. It is one of the simplest tests for determining mechanical properties of a material.

In this test, a load is applied along the longitudinal axis of a circular test specimen. The applied load and the resulting elongation of the member are measured. The resulting stressstrain curve or diagram gives direct indication of the material properties.

P L L

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Stress (f) C B A

A Proportional limit B Elastic limit C Plastic limit / upper yield limit D Yield limit / Lower yield limit E Ultimate stress F Breaking point

Strain ()

The curve is typical of class of steel known as mild steel. The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to proportional limit; the material is said to follow Hookes Law until point A, namely proportional limit. After this point, Hookes Law wouldnt happen although the material has an elastic characteristic. The B point called Elastic Limit. The elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the proportional limit and the upper yield point (point C). Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of diagram, the same path followed during loading. This part of the stress-strain diagram, the same path followed during loading. This part of the stress-strain diagram is called the elastic range.

A peak value, the upper yield point (point C), is quickly reached after that, followed by levelling off at the lower yield point (point D). At this stage of loading, the test specimen

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continues to elongate as long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This constant stress region is called plastic range. When a further load is applied to the specimen, the curve will rise continuously but became flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred as the ultimate stress (point E). Throughout the test, while the specimen is elongating, its cross-sectional area will decrease. At the ultimate stress (point E), the cross-sectional area begins to decrease in a localized region of the specimen, instead of over the specimens entire gage length. This phenomenon is caused by slip planes formed within the material, and the actual strains produced are cause by shear stress. As the result, a constriction or neck gradually tends to form in this region.

Since the cross-sectional area within this region is continually decreasing, the smaller area can only carry an ever-decreasing load. Hence, the stress-strain diagram tends to curve downward until the specimen breaks at the fracture stress (point F).

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PROCEDURE

1. The specimens were cut 40 mm long using the cut-off machine. 2. The electronic extensometers was installed into the specimens (the extensometer has to be fitted centrally the specimens) 3. The specimen was placed centrally on the grips of the testing machine. 4. The specimens were locked by tightening the upper and lower clamps. 5. The cable was inserted into the electronic extensometer. 6. The pump was switched ON and the first piston was moved up, the second pistons were moved toward the motor and the last piston was moved up. 7. Once the specimen failed, the pumps were switched OFF and the piston were moved back to the normal position. 8. The deformation was transferred automatics to computer set. 9. The stress and strain values were recorded into the table.

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RESULT

Specimen Diameter

: 12.5 mm : 122.718 mm2

Reduction of Area (A)

Specimen gauge length (L)

: 200 mm

Load (kN) Elongation (x103 mm) Stress Strain

20 50 0.16 250

60 180 0.49 400

100 260 0.81

140 360 1.41

160 410 1.30

170 440 1.39

172 470 1.40

176 550 1.43

178 720 1.45

180 760 1.47

190 900 1.55

220

240

257 3120 2.09

261 4500 2.13

242 5800 1.97 29000

229 5850 1.87 29250

1460 1990 1.79 1.96

1300 1800 2050 2200 2350 2750 3600 3800 4500 7300 9950 15600 22500

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DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION The strain increase constantly (or proportionally) with stress. Since the stress is proportional to the strain, ratio of the stress to strain is constant. At the yield point, there is a definite extension with no increase in load. The stress reduce and there are two yield stress values used to identify the yield value i.e the upper yield point and the lower yield point. Then, the specimen continues to extend as the load increase the extension being primarily not recoverable the material is deforming plastically. At the ultimate stress, the specimen will exhibit within a significant reduction is section diameter within the calibration length. From ultimate stress to breaking point the specimen will start to lengthen with no increase in load and the overall strain at breaking point is important as it identifies the ductility of the material and is listed in the material standards as the % elongation at rupture. It tells us that the shear force is in direct proportion to the load applied. The equation that we used is accurately predicting the behaviour of the beam.

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REFERENCE 1. Internet http://www.slideshare.net/gaconnhome1987/3-stress-strain-tension-test http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Mechanics/Stress_Strain_diagram.html

2. Notes Mechanics of Structure notes Chapter 4 Pn. Nor Hazian Binti Osman.

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