Ancient Romic Chronology

UC-NRLF
SB 353 CE 29 ROMIO
;IENT
H2
CHRONOLOGY
Herbert Bruce Harm?
'
t'sqr.,
Of the Inner Temple, Bumster*at-Law
Published by the
to
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
1920
GIFT OF HORACE W. CARPENTIER
ANCIENT ROMIC CHRONOLOGY
BY
HERBERT BRUCE HANNAH,

of the
ESQR.
Inner Temple, Barristr-at-Lw
PRINTED BY
THACKER. SPINE AND CO

CALCUTTA
CE
PEEFACE.
TN
*
published in London, through. Messrs. Sampson " Low, Marston & Co., Ld., a little book entitled The
I
1916
Secret of Egyptian Chronology." "
Instead
of
Romic," an adjective coined from Romiu, the name by which the original inhabitants of Khem called themselves.
"
Egyptian,"
now adopt
the
word
monthly Meeting of the " Asiatic Society of Bengal, I had the honour of "reading a paper on Ancient Eomic Chronology, which was the outcome of further investigations that I had been making. " " It was to the Society through the kindcommunicated
July,
On 2nd
1919, at
the
ness of that very distinguished son of Bengal, Sir Asutosh Mookerjee, Kt. without whose unfailing encouragement it
t
is
if
possible that not ceased.
my
investigations would have languished,
In that paper
of the
I worked out my problem on the basis Year being one of 365 days, with further' manipula-
tions to bring
approximate only correct Solar or Natural Time.
my
results
into line with
adopt the more direct course of working on the basis of a Year of 365J days. The outcome is in every way
I
Here
more
satisfactory.
With the paper read to the Asiatic Society I submitted a few illustrations, showing how I apply my principles and methods to the data that so far have come to light.
In the following pages such illustrations are more numerous. Indeed, except for periods in respect of which
620108
IV
PREFACE.
we
possess no data whatever, I practically cover the entire Romic history. I work out my case field of ancient
a series of cases, in fact
who can
himself test
under the very eye of the reader, every submission that I make, either
of fact or of inference, as the
argument proceeds, except
that, not being in possession of
my
Lists,
he
will
probably
be rather handicapped.
This present statement of
my system,
and
of
my results,
supersedes, of course, everything not consistent therewith, " " The Secret of contained in Egyptian Chronology or any
other publication of mine.
BENGAL CLUB,
CALCUTTA:
25th July, 1919.
H. BRUCE HANNAH.
ANCIENT EOMIC CHRONOLOGY.

THE Natural
48 seconds.
12 seconds.
or Solar
is, it
Year has 365 days^ 5 hours, 48 minutes,

days,
all
That
has 365'242, or 365
but 11 minutes,
us 1461 Years
This 365|, taken as years and multiplied by 4, gives and on the exacter basis which I am now adopting
:
we get 1461 Years,
all
bat 11 days, 8 hours, 32 minutes,
seconds.
For purposes of calculation it is convenient to neglect the odd days, hours and minutes, and to proceed on the footing of a Year
of
365
days, and a Cycle of 1461 Years.

of
The Year
365
days
of
I divide
up
spheroidally thus
360 periods
12
3
30A
121f.
of
Year are also naturally divisions of the of these latter we may speak under the following nomenclature and abbreviations
These divisions
Cycle of
the
1461 Years,
and
1.
The Quadratures
of the Cycled total- L
/"Great
1
I
1st,
Panegyrical Year,
2nd, 3rd,
or
365 J Years each, ling 1461 Years.

2.
and 4th
P. Y.
Each 12th part
of the Cycle 16
121 f- Years
the 1 basis
1
I
Great Panegyrical Month, or

G. P. M.
of
the
Hunti
Heb,
or
Festival.
3.
Each Jth partôf the G. P. M.] Years the 30-j^g-
Great
Panegyrical
Quarter-
basis of the
4.
Sed Heb.
of the G. P.
Month,
f
or G. P. Q.-M.
Each 30th part

Each
M.
Great
= 4-j^^ Years.
ultimate
of
Panegyrical
Day, or
G. P. D.
5.
unitary-^
division
the
Cycle, or
th part of the G. P. D.
^"fkiS Years.
Great Panegyrical Sub-Division, or G. P. S.
All these terms are, of course, quite arbitrary.

H,
AR
ANCIENT ROMIC CHRONOLOGY.

Next, I construct a Table or List of
all
possible
Sed Hebs,
or Festivals, of the G. P. Q.-M. periods of 30^ Years, starting it from which we may call Conventional B.C. 4004 and (Zero)
bringing
it
up
to date, and even beyond.
This
will, of course,
include
all the Hunti Hebs of the G. P. M. periods of 121f Years, for they are merely quadruples of the Seds. There is reason to believe that these Sed and Hunti Heb
periods were connected with the revolutions of the Little Bear Constellation (Anubis, Jackal, Cynosura) round the Pole, to which it is represented as attached by the "tail." Each quadrature may
thus, in
be regarded as corresponding to the quadrature of the Cycle and some obscure way, this constellation was supposed to indicate,
:
not only the time of the day and night in the course of every 24 hours, but the seasons of the year, and, doubtless, also the stage reached
by the 1461-Years
Cycle.
Egyptologists have long been puzzled

these Sed and Hunti Hebs.
by the
notices regarding
It has been suggested that Sed, or Set (which simply means 30, just as Hunti, or Henti, means 120), " Tail," and was a Festival held in honour of the coming signified of age of the
Crown
Prince,
and his appointment

"
Tail
as Heir to the Throne,
he being fancifully spoken

Others,
e.g.,
to the reigning
"Lion," or Pharaoh. Breasted, imagine that the Sed was a Festival personal monarch, and usually celebrated by him after he had
of as the of the
"
been reigning for 30 (some say 28) years. All these doubts and imaginings may now be definitely set aside. Of course, as meaning 30 or 120, Sed and Hunti were merely appellative, not descriptive,
terms, really referring to the 30^- and 121| Years periods the Indeed, fractions, because understood, being popularly disregarded. for their ordinary, every-day affairs, the ancient Romiu had a Year
or Spheroid of 360 days or degrees, with sub-divisions of 120, 30,
and
so forth.
specially interesting effect of the above-mentioned division of
4rfo" Years, or G. P. D., is this, that for every date in the ordinary Calendar the Annual Manifestation or Rising of the star Sothia,
or Sirius (the Dog-Star), occurs 4 times successively, the
quartettes
thus passing steadily through each ordinary month of the year in a period of 121| Years the G. P. M.
If,
then,
it
we take our Calendar from

(the
Thoth to 30 Mesore,
-and start
at
Autumnal Equinox,
or 22/23 September
= the
H. B.
HANNAH.
it
3
right
4tb day of the Natural Year), and carry

spheroid
till
round the
circle or
we
arrive again back at 0,
we
shall find that thereby
havebeen writing down

since
tlie
the dates of all the
we Annual Sothic Risings
beginning of Civilisation at intervals of of 4 for each date.
4y|^
years, in sets
need no more than one such written-down List for all Time : because all we have to do, when trying to reduce a datum to True
We
make our calculations for any particular point on the and then add 1, 2, or more Cycles of 1461 Years, according spheroid, to the number of such Cycles that has already elapsed.
Time,
is
to
The
so-called Official or Priestly
Keports from which
we
obtain
Borne of our data, are

of Sothis.
commonly As a matter of fact, however, they are Reports
referred to as Reports of the Rising

of the
Feasts held in celebration of the Risings. It is important to note that they are based on the plan of starting Progressive 1 Thoth (the Calendrical indicator) not from the Autumnal Equinox, or 0, but
t
a point
(1
Epiphi
1218||J
122lff)
2 months
earlier
on
This makes Official Time exactly 2 months ahead of Cyclical or. True Time, which is only 4 days lemoved from Natural or Solar Time.
the Spheroid, or Fixed Clock.
Nevertheless the Priests did not proceed on this footing. They the difference of 58 went on the basis of 1 month 28 days ahead
days lying between the opening and closing dates of the 2 months,
Epiphi and Mesore. The explanation, I imagine, is that, as already noted, what the Officials reported was really not the Risings, but the Feasts held in celebration of them.
Thus, for the Sothic Feasts,
'Official
we must
calculate on the basis of
Time being 1 month 28 days ahead of True Time. But for the Risings and all other purposes, we may take Official Time as having been exactly 2 months ahead of True Time, just as F. 1 Epiphi was exactly 2 months in advance of F. 1 Thoth.
Every Annual Sothic Rising happened, not at F. 1 Thoth, as some writers seem to state, but at the point known as F. 1
Epiphi on the Spheroid or Fixed Clock, i.e., 10 months after the opening of the year at the Autumnal Equinox, or 0. one complete Cycle, showing all the Annual Risings that have occurred and I have written it out in 2
I have
List, for
:
made a

on the one side the
Official
columns
Calendar, and on the other
the Cyclical or True Calendar.

I
have also made a List showing how the ordinary Egyptian
Calendar equates with our own ordinary Calendar starting it with the fact that our 22/23 September equated with their 0-1 Thoth, our 24 September with their 2 Thoth, and so on.
It
would appear that
in actual practice the ancient
Romiu used a
Year
well
360 days (represented by 360 degrees on the spheroid), though knowing that the Natural Year was longer and harmonised
of
;
the one year with the other in a fanciful, complicated
way
of
their
of Horus reaching the conception of the that uttered the kosmical truth, but producing, tongue at one time a full artificial year of only 365 days.
own, even in the person

J year, or
little
Were we to use such a Year,

have to divide
360 periods of
instead of one of 365J days,

:
we would
up our spheroid differently, thus

l-fa
90
12
4^
30A
121*.
This would give us a Cycle of 1460 Years, with

5
quadratures of
365 years each, and minor divisions of 30 T ^ Years for the Seds, 121f for the Huntis, and 4^g- Years as the interval on the
basis of which to construct our List of
Annual Sothic Risings
in their
several quartettes.
(see paper read at Meeting of Asiatic Society of Bengal on 2nd July, 1919) but- to all my results an extra year had, of course, to be added for every preceding Cycle for, at the end of every Cycle of 1460 Years
:
;
I did at first
work out
my
calculations on this basis
only, a whole year
is
lost as
compared with Natural Time.
The
necessity for this
is
obviated, and our results are more exact,
by
using a Cycle of 1461 Years straightaway. It is from the (to us) impossible Cycle of 1440 years, with its 360 degrees, or days, that
we
really get the 4 years' shift,

all
and the round numbers 30 and
120,
to which
our Egyptologists seem so wedded in thought.
Further, as the
Romic Year
of
365 days was shorter than Natural
Time
recorded permanently on the Spheroid, or Fixed Clock, Progressive 1 Thoth, the indicator of the revolving or epicyclical Calendrical Clock, slowly travels round the Fixed Clock in its
as
H. B.
HANNAH,
Q
once .during every
'
progress along the Cycle. ycle of 1461 Years, P.
Thus, once and only

1
Thoth reaches and equates with F.
li does Epiphi, or Spheroidal Points 1218ff5 122lfJ. When a Real Heliacal Rising of Sothis. there takes place what is called
Between
this
and the next
similar Cyclical event there elapses a
period of 1460 (1461) Years corresponding to the length of the Cycle in which it occurs. This period is what Egyptologists have
visually
opinion it was not the true Sothic Cycle. The true Sothic Cycle was the Cycle within which the above-mentioned Real Heliacal Risings occurred as inci-
thought
of as the Sothic Cycle.
In
my
dents.
Possibly the other was what the
Romiu used
to call the
Phoenix.
My
List of
Annual Sothic Risings, beginning from A.M.
(zero),
opens thus
0-1 Thoth
2
=
=
0-4
yf <y
310
is
^ TÔ
8 -5^% 21
,nd so on.
But the List
really
made up
of the
in quartettes, or sets
of
years
one quartette for each day
month.
Thus, the
fuller
:
first
ntry, appearing as 4
y^p
must be taken to represent the

A.M. 0-1
0-1 Thoth
4
"So
A
-
8
z>
the second really represents

2 Thoth
A.M.
5 6 4
7
so on.
The following is a List of the Real Heliacal Sothic Risings that -have occurred and will yet occur A.M. Conv. B.C.
:
12l8fU
1219J$j.
2785f|g
1220fit
1221WJ

A.M.
f
Conv. B.C.
1326Jt
1324||g
2680}
2681J
2682ff
A.M.
A.D.
(fr.
1322JJ*
4140HJ
23 Sept.)-
142ff
(to
22 Sept.)
56021 54
J1603fiS
-1605m
1605f^ ^(T
7082ftJ]
3065H5
13066^
(And so on,
at intervals of 1461 Years.)
-3067ffi
of the
Most Egyptologists are wont to speak

series
second of the above

)
of
is
quartettes
called the
(A.M.
2679H
Romic
2682ff
as
Laving been
what
Era of Menoph.'es.
The
traceable beginnings of
This I regard as erroneous. Civilisation are centred round
Thirns near Abydos, under the rule of Menes and hia descendants.
He appears to have instituted Chronology by decreeing that Time should be taken as starting from the arbitrary spheroidal point
(Zero)
with a Cycle of 1460 Years, based on a Year of 365 days.
On
this footing his
own
regnal period appears to have

Solstice)
commenced
from A.M. 1095 (Summer

B.C.
I
if
= according
his
first
to our conventional
chronology, Conv. B.C. 2909.
Thus
regnal year was Conv.

If it
2907^|,
take
it,
the Year be taken at 365 days.
be taken, as
,
now
at 365| days, his reign began
from A.M. 1095f

B.C.
his-
first
regnal year having been A.M.
I096jfJ = Conv.
2907^.
seat of government, then and in the days of the 3rd, 4th , and 6th Dynasties this last flourishing during Conv. B.C. 5th, was at the "White Wall." In the days 2309f|| 2121 f
of
The
Pepi I of the 6th Dynasty
(A.M. 1728f-J
1749-^), the
H. B.
HANNAH.
"
i.e.,
name
of
"
Pepi's pyramid,
Men-Nofer,"
Good or
Perfect
Mansion," became, according to Breasted, the recognised name of the city, being afterwards corrupted by the Greeks to Memphis ; and
survived only as an archaic and poetical designation It maybe doubted whether this was the (Hist, of Eg., pp. 132-3). " derivation of Memphis."
"
White Wall
"
Meanwhile
Risings had
the
been
first
quartette
of
the
Real Heliacal Sothic
taking place in A.M. 1218f|^ 1221|fProbably, therefore, in and from the days of Pepi I, this epoch became recognised as the commencement of the Era of Menophres, which is
obviously but a later Hellenised form of Men-Nofer.
of R'sings, usually called the
The quartette
Era of Menophres by Egyptologists and generally associated with R. S. Poole's " B.C. 1322," was thus
merely the
first
recurrence of that
first
quartette.
is
The foregoing
List of Real Heliacal Sothic Risings
on the basis
of the Rising always taking place at spheroidal point F. 1 Ep'phi,
whether in the case of these Cyclical events or in the case of the ordinary Annual Risings. This, however, it does not in fact do.
Indeed, according to Lt.-Col. Conder (The Hittites, p. 180), the Rising now occurs about 2| minutes later, each succeeding year, which
means a
shift of say 2y days every Cycle of 1461 Years : but he adds that about 2,900 years ago the rate of retardation was nearly five times as great. The same movement must, of course, affect the
position on the spheroid of the
Summer
Solstice,
and
is
doubtless
caused by the Precession of the Equinoxes. If so, like the Equinox and the Solstice, the R'sing would remain in one arc of the spheroid
corresponding to the.G. P. M. for a period of exactly 2155| years, after which it would pass on to the next month, thus completing the
entire
round
of the spheroidal
circle
in 25,868
years.
For present
To purposes, take it into account here would enormously and needlessly complicate and embarrass our calculations.
neglect this slow side-step or shift.
however, we may
Sometimes
Seds and Huntis are referred to
in
the Official
Reports, on the Monuments, or in the Papyri.
When
this is so,
we
may hap^y
tally
latter,
by simply looking up my Heb List above-mentioned, that Hob-Dates and Ris'ng-Dates or rather Feast-Dates, precisely
find,
the former occasionally even falling in, to a hair, with the and thus operating as Clinch-Dates, or a Chronological

There cannot, of course, be a Heb-Date for every Rising, that the latter are annual occurrences, but for every Heb-Date seeing there will be found a Rising-Date. Only very rarely, however, is this
Control.
coincidence noticed in the data that
we
possess.
Such a
notice,
when
we
get
it,
is
invaluable.
The reign
of Thothir.es III is
fortunately
distinguished
by two
of
them.
I invite attention to the fact that,
relation subsisting between the
Officially
Spheroidal Divisions of the Cycle as
by discovering the constant Reported Data and the starting from the Autumnal
Equinox
at 0,
and from nowhere
else,
an exact and certain Chrono-
logy provided, of course, that our arithmetic is sound is now for the first time made available. The bearings of this upon future
research are obvious. So are its probable revolutionary effects upon such archaeological knowledge as we think we now possess. The
opening up further realms of discovery, I must leave to the imagination of the reader.
to make a practical application of my principles to the elucidation of ancient Romic History: in the guise in which it has come down to us through the records that we
I
magnitude
ol its possible -effects
in
the
way
of
now proceed
and methods
possess.
If
and when we acquire more
data,
we
shall
be in a position to
make
further progress.
first
Our
step
is
to ascertain the correct dates of the Risings
so far as they have become known to us through the so-called

Official or Priestly Reports,
which, however, are really Reports of
leasts, not
of Risings.
The
is
List
:
mostly supplied by Professor
W. M.
Flinders Petrie
as follows
"
1.
15th day of the 8th month," in the 7th regnal year of Senwosri III of the 12th Dynasty, and in the 120th year of
that
Brit.,
2.
Dynasty.
llth ed.
See
the
Kahun Papyrus.
Amenhotep
Also
Encyc.
9 Epiphi, in the 9th regnal year of
I of the 18th
Dynasty.
3.
14 Epiphi, in the reign of Thothmes I of the 18th Dynasty regnal year not given.
21 Epiphi, in the 16th regnal year of Queen Hatshepsut of the 18th Dynasty the 3rd regnal year of Thothmes III.
4.
H. B.
HANNAH.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
28 Epiphi, in the 33rd regnal year of Thothmes III. 7 Mesoie, in the reign of Amenhotep II regnal year not given. 14 Mesoie in the reign of Amenhotep II regnal year not given. 21 Mesoie no more data. 28 Mesove, in the reign
of
Tut-Ankh-Amen
of
the 18th Dynasty
regnal year not given.

10.
Thoth
11.
12.
14 Thoth
(
no more data. no more data.

in the 5th regnal year of Barneses II.
in the 33rd regnal .year of Barneses II.
?
?
Sed.
Sed.
13.
22 Thoth, in the 41st regnal year of Barneses II. ? in the 64th regnal year of Barneses II. ) ( 29 Thoth, in the 2nd regnal year of Meren-Ptah.
1
A Hunti.
14.
Thoth, in the reign of Barneses III of the 20th Dynasty. (See Poole's Horce JEgypliacce, p. 31.)
Tybi, in the llth regnal year of Thakelath II of the 22nd
(See Conder''s.Hittites, p. .179.)
15.
Dynasty.
Now
let
us see whether we can put these data on our Cycle of
1461 Years.
We may look upon the possible kinds
of
Time
as 4
Beal Natural or Solar Time, based on the commencement of 1. the Natural Year at 19/20 September, thus making the Autumnal our 23 Equinox at 0, the 4th day 'of the iSatural Year
September.
2.
What
am
calling Cyclical
its
or True Time,
as
indicated
by
the Fixed Clock, with

or
0, i.e.,
3.
Year starting from the Autumnal Equinox, from the 4th day of the Natural Year.
as indicated
it
Progressive Time, Day, i.e., P. 1 Thoth, as
by Progressive New Year's
shifted
or revolved slowly round the
spheroidal divisions of the Fixed Clock throughout the Cycle of 1461
Years.
4.
Official or Priestly
Time
a revolving indication, like Pro-
gressive Time, but starting with F. 1 Epiphi, i.e., Spheroidal Point 1095|, instead of with F. 1 Thoth, i.e., from 0, or Zero.
that, in connection with the data regarding Feasts held in celebration of Sothic Bisings, Official Time was always
We
must remember
month 28 days ahead of Cyclical purposes it was 2 months ahead.

1
or True
Time
but for
all
other
10

Note
also that Progressive
1
backwards from F.
Epiphi as
at 0.
Time was always the same remove True Time was forwards from the
Autumnal Equinox
After Real Heliacal Sothic Rising 1 Epiphi A.M. ordinary Annual Risings occurred regularly as follows
1221f,
1221K8
2 Epiphi-1 Mesore
2 Mesore-1 Thoth
1465^&
12 13RJ>
2 Thoth-1 Paophi
f
J.UOI.
101.3.60.
2 Paophi-1 Athyr
This last quartette
may
also
be set down in detail tbis
rmottf
now, we subtract 1461 from these for the 1st Cycle, we falling in the 2nd Cycle, the following quartette
If,
:
get,
as
31 If I
And, on reference to our List of
all
Risings since A.M.
0,
we
find
that these are exactly the figures in the standard Cycle for the
date F. 17 Athyr. Therefore the 4 years A.M. 1 770 1773 fff are the Cyclical or True Time for the Rising that occurred in the
course of the 2nd Cycle on 17 Athyr by the Fixed or Spheroidal Clock. Official Time for it (2 clear months ahead) must have been F. 17 Tybi. What, then, was the corresponding Progressive Time ?
F. 17 Athyr, True Time, was 2 months 17 days forwards from the
Hi
H. B.
HANNAH.
11
Autumnal Equinox at 0. Therefore Progressive Time must have been 2 months 17 days backwards from F. 1 Epiphi. This indicates 14 Pharmuthi = what I would call the 14th day of the 8th month from Zero.
Report of the SSthic Feast held in celebration of Rising, which occurred in the 7th regnal year of Senwosri III
Now,
in his
this
of
the 12th Dynasty, and
in
the 120th
year
of
that Dynasty,
the Priest referred to in the
He day of the 8th month." was not speaking of Cyclical or True Time. Nor was he speaking of his own Official Time for, according to that (1 month 28 days ahead of True Time), the date was 15 Tybi. Yet for the Priesthood " 8th month," i.e., counting from not Tybi but Mekhir was the F. 0-1 Epiphi. The Priest must, therefore, have been speaking in
;
Kahun Papyrus speaks of " the What exactly did he mean by that ?
15th
terms
of Progressive Time, understood as I am explaining it here. This as regards the month. But, as regards the day of the month, he seems to have been obsessed with the idea of " the 15th," as in
should have calculated thus
15th Tybi, his substitute for 17th Athyr, True Time. Really he 2 months 15 days back from F. 1 Epiphi " " 16 Pharmuthi. He did not do this. He had the 15th in his
thoughts, and to get it he allowed 2 months 16 days back. There may be some other explanation, but this is how the matter strikes
me.
Now, the True Time

I look this
for this
of
datum works out
at F. 17
Athyr .
it
up
in
my
List
Annual Risings, and I
find that
means spheroidally Point Well, we know 312-f--. that in this case we are dealing with some time in the 2nd Cycle.
Therefore, to this
312^^ =
This gives me A.M. 1773J| ft. I accordingly see that I have obtained as a result the following
312J f $
:
add 1461.
quartette of years
A.M.
12

(the year fulfilling
all
The year we want

in our data of
the conditions mentioned
knowledge
arrived at,
in this case) must, therefore, be one in

of fact, it is
this quartette of years.
As a matter
is
A.M. 177lf^|.
But how that

him.
is
little
which introduces Senwosri
I aforesaid
extension of the problem and matters recorded about
make the following re-construction of the 12th with regard to whose period Professor Breasted and other Dynasty, leading Egyptologists have hitherto been content to nestle confidingly in the bosom of Teutonic authority
This enables us to
The 12th Dynasty.
Amenemhat
Senwosri
<Sehetep-ab-Ra)
I'
18
7-
..
A.M.
1650^-1 667 J|f
45
1667f-1712f
(In his 3rd regnal year,
A.M. 1670j|o-, Senwcsri I decided to

A.M.
build a Temple to the Sungod at On, or Heliopolis).
Amenemhat
Senwosri II Senwosri III
II
35 yrs.
19
..
38
..
1765lf-1802|f
Feast in
(Reported
B.C. 2232
Sothic-Rising
A.M.
177lffof the
Conv.
f$,
in his 7th regnal year,

of
and 120th year

" == F. 17
Date,
"15th day
the
8th
month
Dynasty. Athyr,- True or
Spheroidal Time.)
Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV

Sebeknefrure
Period
:
48 yrs.
9
.. ..
A.M.
1802
ISSOffjj-
1850f|f
..
A.M.
1650|
1861 |$
1858f = Conv.
B.C.
spheroidal years.
Note.
By the above figures the required result works

that
out exactly,
namely,
Senwosri
Ill's
7th
regnal
year
(A.M.
1771f^)
in-
was the 120th year of the Dynasty. Also it consists with the formation we get from the Obelisk regarding the completion
Senwosri
I's
of
"
foundation-work
"
(begun
in
his 3rd
year)
at
the
time
of
the
it
Sed Heb for
A.M. 1674 T
:
Add
119 to A.M.
I650f^$, and
makes A.M. l771f|of our years
not,
it is
true,
by ordinary
years, but on the basis
being spheroidal years of
H.
B.
HANNAH.
as
13>
each.
Hence,
.
this
119
must be taken
A.M.
119 times
Thus
Breasted assigns
Amenemhat 30
years.
But, on the grounds above
referred to, connected with the Senwosri I records, I submit that
we cannot now allow him more than

with this 12th Dynasty.
18 years, at least as associated
No other date hitherto assigned by any Egyptologist for this Senwosri III Rising satisfies all the above imperious conditions as my figures do or indeed at all.
Moreover, in A.M.
Before Zero 553,
in
or, as
we may
say, Conv.
B.C. 4557, the Sun, theretofore
Constellation
Gemini, entered
Constellation Taurus (Mes-Ra, or Abir
remained therein, and the Cult

vogue,
Const.
till
of
Conv.
B.C.
2401
=
or
Young Bull), and it Mes-Ea accordingly came into A.M. 1602f, when it entered
= the
Aries
(Ammon, Amon,
divine
or
Amen
= the
Ram)
and thereDeity
upon the
throughout
right to
honours,
as the
supreme
Solar
Khem, passed from Mes-Ra, the Bull, to Ammon-Ra, the Ram. This was over a generation (48^^ years) before the accession of Sehetep-Ab-Ra as Amenemhat I,
Tomeri,
founder of the 12th Dynasty.
Indeed,
it
was
thus,
i.e.,
by his
change of name on his accession, that under him and the auspices of the new Dynasty, Ammon-Ra was first officially recognised.
It
is
dual
named Amenemhat
noteworthy, however, that there had already been an indivi(Vizier of Mentu-Hotep III of the llth
of
Dynasty) some 54 years before the accession
Amenemhat
I in
A.M. I650jffc.
Breasted's
German date
for the Senwosri III Rising

of
dr. Conv. B.C. 1880, based on the calculations
namely, K. Sethe and
Eduard Meyer
may now
be definitely discarded.
remarks to make.
Before leaving the age of the 12th Dynasty, I have some further In Horce jflgyptiacce, pp. 20-25, R. S. Poole
speaks of a Tropical Cycle of 1,500 Years
known
to the ancient
Egyptians (Romiu?) and beginning at F. 1 Khoiak, the day after the Winter Solstice. He adduces evidence to show that in Conv.
B.C. 2005 the
New Moon
of
April
fell
on the 8th
(civil)
of
that
14
ANCIENT BOMIC CHRONOLOGY.
month, and the Vernal Equinox on the 7th. That same year, he says, the commencement of the First Tropical Year and the 1st day of the Vague (or Progressive) Year coincided on 7th January.
Also,
he says, in Conv. B.C. 506 the
New Moon
of
March
fel]
on
the 28th of that month, and the Vernal Equinox on the 27th. Next year, therefore, in B.C. 507, there was another Coincidence of the Tropical with the Vague Year. This, he adds, was when Egypt was
a province of the Persian Empire under Darius Hystaspes. between the Coincidences, 1,500 Years.
Interval
But Poole goes on to say some time during the reign of happened Amenemha (Amenemhat) II of the 12th Dynasty, whose period, he *ays, was somewhere between Conv. B.C. 1950 and Conv. B.C. 2050.
These statements seem
all
right.
that the First Coincidence
Also he
tells
us
that
Champollion and Rosellini had mistakenly
placed the Sesertesens (Senwosris) and the 16th and 17th Dynasties.
Amenemhas (Amenemhats)
in
Now, Amenemhat IFs regnal period was
really
A.M. 1712||
1747^ = Conv. = A.M. B.C. 2005

(
B.C.
2291^
was not
1999)
was some time early in Hyksos Domination. The reference,

all
!
It
Conv. 2256|f$. And Amenemhat II's time at the little known period of the
in
therefore,
is
either to
some
numerous Komic Hyksos were vassals to the Hyksos, and were continually at Dynasts who war with them and with the then sprouting House of Thebes and their faithful allies of El Kab. Hence, Champollion and Kosellini
ruler's time, or to the
time of one
of the
were only wrong in that

the
"
Sesertesens
and Amenemhas
according to Poole "
they thought that
flourished in the days of these
Hyksos Overlords and vassal Romic dynasts. The idea that that (and not the true period of the 12th Dynasty) was the epoch in which
the abovementioned Coincidence between the Tropical and Vague Years occurred, is a correct idea and Poole's assertions or submis:
sions are wholly baseless.
carry the alleged Coincidence back one Cycle higher than the date associating it with the age of the early Hyksos, we get
If
we
A.M. 499
Conv. B.C. 3505, which was centuries before the days

as fixed in this paper.
of the 12th
Dynasty
We
are
now
set
immovably on the Cycle

(Zero}.
of
1461 Years which
started ex hypoihesi from
H. B.
HANNAH.
15
Sothic Risings, we get the Continuing with our List of Annual

following
:
Our
last
date was
A.M.
18-30 Athyr
1-30 1-30 1-30 1-30 1-30
9
Khoiak
Tybi Mekhir
Phamenoth Pharmuthi
Pakhons
f
.
Or the
last quartette
may be
set
down
in detail thus
A.M.
2470fM
Then comes
A.M.
2472
10
Pakhons
,2475ff#
Here we halt
of the 18th
:
for according to Official
Report a Feast was held in
celebration of a Sothic Rising in the 9tb regnal year of
Amenhotep
Dynasty. 2 months behind that
The date given
is
=9
9 Epiphi,
Official
Time.
the date of the Rising. {going by the Senwosri III Feast day) gives us 10 Pakhons
quartette of years ending
Pakhons, True Time, which was probably But, as regards the Feast, 1 month 29 days
A.M. 247511$.
(which I prefer and adopt) gives us 11

following quartette of years
month 28 days behind the Pakhons, True Time

1
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
24781
It
^1
1525^
under notice
I's
was therefore
held.
in one of these 4 years that the Feast
was
And
of
that one would have been
Amenhotep
?
9th regnai
year.
Which
them
is it
most
likely to
have been
16
of
Thothmes Ill's reign, on the basiswhich we can try to reckon back but our conclusion can only be approximate; as we do not know precisely how many years Amenpossess 2 Clinch-Dates in
:
We
I work it out that I, Thothmes I, and Thothmes II reigned. they reigned 21, 21, and 16 years, respectively. That means that Conv. B.C. 1535 whence Amenhotep I acceded, say, in AM. 2469
hotep
it
follows that his 9th regnal year was A.M. 2477,
i.e.,
the
first
year
of the quartette of years set out above.
Whence, again, it follows that the regnal period of Aahmes I, the Founder of the Dynasty, was about A.M. 2445-2469 = Conv.
B.C. 1559-1535. Sothic Feast was one said to have been held
of
The next reported

on 14 Epiphi,
Official
Time, in the reign
Thothmes
I,
18th
Dynasty
regnal year not stated. As regards True Time, 2 months behind 14 Pakhons. This we may put aside. 1 month 29 days this 15 Pakhons, indicating the quartette of years behind
A.M.
in which case the Feast

:
was held
in
Thothmes
I's 5th,
6th, 7th, or
1
8th regnal year for he acceded about A.M. 2489. 16 Pakhons, indicating the quartette days behind
month 28
A.M.
2498
in
which case the Feast was held
in his 9th, 10th, llth, or 12th year.
This I adopt.
it
How
last
does
it
appear on the Cycle as we are writing
down
Our
item was
A.M.
10
11 15
Pakhons
..
..
2475f#
16
H. B.
HANNAH.
IT
It
works out exactly.
For 16 Pakhons, True Time, the correspondone said to have been held
regnal year of
shall find,
ing Progressive Time was 15 Paophi.
The next reported Sothic Feast

on 21 Epiphi,
Hatshepsut
of
Official
is
Time, in the 16th
Queen
corresponded with the 3rd regnal year of Thothmes III of the same Dynasty.
This will be a test case of
the 18th Dynasty, which,
we
my principles and method.

learn that in
this
From
the inscriptions
we
same year a Sed
Heb
(or 30^ years) was celebrated by Hatshepstlt and Thothmes III jointly on 30 Mesore, and a commemorative Obelisk was erected at Karnak. Hence, the year-date of this Festival
Sed-Period of
and that
they
the Sothic Feast or Rising ought to be identical. Are identical ? Referring to our Heb List, we find that there
of
was a Sed Heb for A.M. 2526 r Sothic Feast now under notice ?
Was
this
the year-date of the
2 months behind 21 Epiphi, Official

gives us the quartette of years
= 21
Pakhons, True, which
A.M.
2517^
2519J& 2520^1
This
we may
at once set aside.
So
month 29 days behind

of years
22
Pakhons, True, which gives us the quartette
A.M.
2523^11
This
the
is
also plainly unsuitable, and, moreover, clearly
shows us that
"1 month
On
the
29 days ahead
1
"
method
is
erroneous.
(our old way)
of years
other hand,
month 28 days
23
Pakhons, True Time, and gives us the quartette
A.M.
2527^
H,
AR
18
Here, at

last, in
A.M. 2526J|$, we
find the
:
year corresponding
to the year in the
Heb
List,
A.M. 2526 T5^
for^-
is
just
the
same
that,
as
%%%
We
so far at
confirmed in our original conviction least as their Sothic Feasts were concerned, the
are thus
Priests
"being
1
for the purposes of their Official
Time took that Time
as
month 28 days ahead of True Time.
For 23 Pakhons, True Time, the corresponding Progressive Time
was 8 Paophi.
the Cycle, as written steadily down, Our last item was result in due course.
16
On
we
arrive
at the
same
A.K
Pakhons
..
'
..
2499f|f
17-22
23
..
..)
125281M
Here, I submit, we have a Clinch -Date.
reckoning, we might
build
On
this
alone,
by dead-
up
very satisfactorily a
considerable
portion of ancient Chronology.
But we
are equally fortunate in our data

is
for
the next Sothic
Feast, which
reported as. having been held on 28 Epiphi, Official This is another^ test in the 33rd regnal year of Thothmes III. Time,
case.
From
the inscriptions
we
learn that in this
same
year, on
30
Hunti Heb, or Quadruple Mesore, a Heb of the kind that was celebrated every 121| Festival, i.e., Years, corresponding to the G. P. M. of the Cycle, and probaHy an entire round of the Little Bear (Cynosura). Hence, the year-date of this unusual kind of Heb and that' of the Sothic Feast now
Thothmes III
celebrated
under notice ought again to be identical. Of course, also, it is easy to see that if our last case was soundly argued, and Thothmes Ill's
16th regnal year was A.M. 2526^$, his 33rd must be A.M. 2556ff#. Looking at our Heb List, we find that one a true Hunti Heb
as
the
occasion
requires
fell
as
Was this
1
also, in fact,
the year-date of
completed in A.M. 2556|-g-. the Sothic Feast ?
month 28 days behind 28 Epiphi, Official Time = 30 Pakhons, True Time. If, now, we refer to our List of Rising-Dates, we shall
H. B.
HANNAH.
on the spheroid.
9
19
find that 30
Pakhons
1095^%
This
is,
1461
for the previous Cycle, gives us
A.M. 2556 r 2^y, which

,
of course,
exactly identical with
A.M. 2556J-f the year-date
of
the
Ill's
Hunti
33rd
i.e.,
Heb
standing in
its
place in the
Heb
List.
it
Thothmes
regnal year, therefore, was clearly
what
ought to have been,
AM. 2556f$,
Time was
1
and no
other.
For 30 Pakhons, True Time, the

Paophi.
corresponding
Progressive
Again,
we reach
this
quietly proceeding on our way
same A.M. 2556|^$ in round the Cycle.
due course by Our last item
was
A.M.
23
O4_o n
Pakhons
"
..
..
(
2528^
"
Or thus
984-9-8 *nro } *M9^ftio ÔOO^Q-
A.M.
25281^
24-29 Pakhons
.
j
|
30
f
|
Or thus
in
more
detail
A.M.
30
Pakhons
2554fg
2556J-8S
This
this
is
my
second Cl nch-Date and Chronological Control.

:
Round
up our adjustments with and also gaze eagerly into that future which, we perfect confidence, trust, will in all good time present us with further data.
build
and A.M.
2526$
we may
The next reported Sdthic Feast
is
one said to have been held
on
7 Mesore,
Official
18th
Dynasty.
But
in
Time, in the reign of Amenhotep II of the what regnal year ? That is not stated.
it
Nevertheless
we can obtain
at least within a choice-limit of
20
years.
We
datum
exists
cannot this time get the exact year, because no kindly on the monuments, nor is there any notice of any kind.
referring to
any Sed
or
Hunti Heb, which might have operated as
an indicator
1
or control.
month 28 days behind 7 Mesore, Official = 9 Paoni, True Time. That, spheroidally, is 1132r^y in our List of Annual Rising-Dates, Adding. 1461 for the previous Cycle, we get the quartette of
years
A.M.
The
Feast, therefore,
was held
in
Amenhotep
Our
IT's 13th, 14th, 15th
or
16th regDf 1 year.
Now
30
1-8
let
us trace this on the Cycle.
last
item was
A.M.
Pakhons
Paoni
.. ..
)
Or thus
in detail
A.M.
259 1 1
PaoDi
1 8
25S4H
For 9 Paoni, True Time, the corresponding Progressive Time wa

22 Thoth.
The next reported Sothic Feast is one said to have been held on 14 Mesore, Official Time, also in Amenhotep II's reign. Here tooth e regnal year is not stated. But we work it out on the same lines.
as those followed in the immediately preceding case.
month 28 days behind 14 Mesore, Official = 16 Paoni, True Time. In the Annual Rising-Dates List that appears spheroidally as.
1
H. B.
HANNAH.
preceding Cycle, and
21
Add
1461 for the
we
get A.M.
as the last of the following quartette of years
A.M.
The
Feast,
therefore,
was held
II.
in the 41st, 42nd, 43rd, or
44th
ifgnal year of
Amenhotep
was 15 Thoth. Progressive Time here

Last item
Traced on the Cycle this date appears thus.
A.M.
9
Paoni
..
..
2593 inHy
(
\
The next reported Sothic Feast is one said to have been held on 21 Mesore, Official Time no regnal year giver, and not even any Pharaoh's name. Yet assuming., of course, that we are still in the
same Cycle
to
know.
we easily ascertain all we want The same process suffices. 21 Mesore, Official 23 In the Annual Kising-Dates List that appears Paoni, True Time.
as on the last occasion
spheroidally as
1189^jy.
Adding 1461
for the previous Cycle,

,
we
get the following quartette of years
A.M.
2647^ 2648^ 2649^ 44

"
Whence we gather that the Feast was held in the 15th, 16th, 17th, or 18th regnal year of Amenhotep III (Nimmuriya = Neb-Ma-Ka),
^ho
acceded in A.M.
2632f gj
= Conv.
B.C.
1371^.
Last item
Traced on the Cycle, the date appears thus.
A.M.
16
17
9<*
Paoni
..
..
..
2621fff
__
12650^
Corresponding Progressive Time was in this case 8 Thoth.
The next reported Sdthic Feast
is
one said to have been held on

1
28 Mesore,
Official
Time, in the reign of Tut-Ankh-Amen.
month
22
28 days behind this

is
30 Paoni, True Time.
But inasmuch
as there
every reason to believe that the event here reported was one of a
very remarkable character in short, the Feast held in celebration of a Sdthic Rising that occurred only once in every Cycle of 1461 Years, and then always on 1 Epiphi, True Time we may assume that
he
the reporting Priest, or somebody else, made a mistake, and when wrote 28 Mesore ought really to have written 29 Mesore.
Because
it is
month 28 days behind 29

1
is
(not 28) Mesore, Official,
that equates with
Epiphi, True Time.

possible
Of course
it
to the ordinary Annual Rising of

for
that the Report was in fact referring 30 Paoni, True Time, the Feast,
which
would have
:
been
held in
due course on
28
Mesore,
Official
Time
but, having regard to the close proximity of the

is
great Menophrio Occurrence, this
not likely.
1
In
my
List
of
Annual
Rising-Dates,
Epiphi,
for
True Time,
the
6 appears spheroidally as 1221 T ^. Adding 1461 Cycle, we get the following quartette ot years
previous
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
fl324j|*
2680f!
J:
\.
This, then, was one of the rare so-called Real Heliacal Risings" B.C. 1322." Poole and others allude to it as their of Sothis. of MenAlso, it is often referred to by Egyptologists as the Era
ophres.
In
this,
however,
they
appear
to err.
respectfully
submit that that Era began 1461 years before, in A.M.

This was
its
1218*
Therefore
second epochal Occurrence.
Tut-Ankh-Amen
this particular Feast
acceded
circ.
A.M.
2680ff.
was held
1
in
his 1st, 2nd, or
3rd regnal year.
Progressive Time was
Thoth.
it
Traced along the Cycle as I am here writing appears thus. Our last item was
23
down, the epoch
Paoni
..
..
2650^
H. B.
HANNAH.
II, p. 32,
2$
Professor
In his History of Egypt, Vol.

Petrie
W. M.
Flinders
mentions
"
"
(unrecorded)
he says were Risings (probably Feasts) one on 7 Thoth, and the other on 14 Thoth.
2
that
The former he
B.C.
1266.
I
assigns to Conv. B.C. 1294,
and the
latter
to Conv.
I also
presume he
is
speaking
of Official
Time.
assume that the events referred to belong to the same Cycle that we are now dealing with. These points understood, 1 month 28 days 9 Epiphi, True Time. And 1 month behind 7 Thoth, Official
16 Epiphi, True Time. Revert28 days behind 14 Thoth, Official ing, now, to my List of Annual Rising-Dates, 9 Epiphi indicates the
following quaitette of years
A.M.
2715^
Whereby
or llth
it
appears that that particular Feast was held in the 10th

regnal year of
(last ?)
Hor-Em-Heb,
last
king of the 18th
Dynasty, or in either of the 2 regnal years of Barneses I of the 19th

Dynasty,
the
i.e.,
reign
A.M. 27l2f-^- and 2714^f^y, or even perhaps early in of Seti II. This means one of the following Conv.
Conv. B.C.
B.C. years
1292^
Petrie's date
B.C. 1294
is
therefore
"
there or thereabouts."
So, in
my
List
of
Annual
as
Rising-Dates,
16
Epiphi,
True
the
Time,
appears
spheroidally
1282 r ^%.
Adding 1461 for

A.M.
preceding Cycle,
we
get the following quartette of years
01
Whence
appears that this particular Feast was held in the 7th, 8th, 9th, or 10th regnal year of Rameses II of the 19th Dynasty,
it
24
appears to have acceded in A.M. 2734^|$. one of the following Conv. B.C. years
who
And
this
means
Conv. B.C.
Hence, Petrie's date
B.C. 1266
is
only out by some 2-5 years.
The Progressive Time dates

first case,
for these two Feasts were, in the 22 Mesore, and, in the second case, 15 Mesore.
The next reported Sothic Feast is one said to have been held on 22 Thoth, Official Time, in the 41st regnal year of Barneses II. Counting from the time of his accession, A.M.
that of course ought to be A.M. 2774Jf Let us see, then, how the data work out.
Conv. B.C.
In the
Annual
True
Bising-Dates
List
24 Epiphi 28 days
(which
is
the
corresponding
Time,
month
behind
1461
Official
Time) appears
preceding
spheroidally
as
get
1314J.
Add
for
the
Cycle,
and
we
A.M. 2775f-f
as the last of the
following quartette of years
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
977941 Z Z
'
'
1231A9
1
'
2773444
2774^ 432
2775
Thus our problems
[1228
1229^ 48
all prove themselves with beautiful precision. Hitherto the beginnings of the 19tb Dynasty to which Ban eses II belonged have been very hazy, and it has therefore been
somewhat
it
difficult
to
period on a satisfactory foundation.
construct the chronology for that particular Now, however, we can build
up, with some approach to accuracy, i.e., within a choice-limit reduced to no more than 4 years, if always that. In the absence
of
data
on which to work, this
is
unavoidable.
Let us hope,
however, that in this respect future archaeological research, aided T)y good luck and generous Government subsidies, will supply our
deficiencies.
H.
B.
HANNAH.
25
For 24 Epiphi, True Time, the corresponding Progressive Time
was 7 Me sere.
The next reported Sothic Feast
is
on 29 Thoth, Official Time, in the 2nd regnal year of Meren-Ptah of the same 19th Dynasty, Rarreses IPs immediate successor, and the repulser of the first great Sea-and-Land Raid, brought against the
western rud of the Delta by the Libyans.
He
reigned
acceded in
A.M.
20 years
till
2802f = Conv. B.C. 1201||, A.M. 282l| = Conv. B.C. 1182g.

2803^J-
and
His
second year was therefore A.M.
Conv. B.C. 1200ff$.
1 see how this case works out. month 28 days Tims 30 Epiphi, 29 Thoth, Official 1 Mesore, True behind Progressive Tim?. In the Annual Rising-Dates List 1 Meaore, True,
Let us
appears spheroidally as
Cycle,
1343y 2 ^.
3 7
Adding 1461
the last year
for the preceding

of
we
get A.M. 2804-4 go as
the following
quartette of years
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
2803| 28044 4*
year we want
quartette.
1200H*
A.M. 2803^f^
appears as the
3rd
in
this
The
on
1
last reported Sothic

Official
Feast
is
Tybi, presume that it is Official), the llth regnal year of Thakalath II of the 22nd Dynasty. 1 in month 28 days behind this date 3 Athyr, True Time. In the List of Annual Rising-Dates that appears spheroidally as
(at least I
Time
255-j^jpj.
On this now, however, another Cycle on. to add 2922 for 2 preceding Cycles of occasion, therefore, 1461 Years each. This gives us A.M. 3177f as the last year of
are
We
we have
the following quartette of years
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
.70
3176U|
]827i||
26
Is this

supported by the Cycle as we have been, writing The last item noticed was
it
down
It
is.
A.M.
1
Epiphi
..
..
f
2682 |
2-30
1-30
Mesore
..
12922
1-30
Thoth
..
1-30
Paophi
..(
\
../
1-3
Athyr
In this case the corresponding Progressive Time was 28 Pharmuthi.

Professor Breasted speaks of a Rising that occurred in the reign of Aahmes I (See Ancient Records^ Vol. II, p. 709) but, as no details
I
are given, no calculations or deductions can be
made from
it.
up to the end, in every case that I set out to deal with, I have made good my claim my figures trooping up precisely as and when they are wanted, and falling easily and naturally into
Thus, right
;
their proper places with meticulous exactitude.
There
allude to.
follows "
:
is,
however, one more matter that it seems desirable to In Horce JEgyptiacce, at p. 31, Mr. R. S. Poole states as
the fourth legitimate successor of Rameses II,
Rameses
III,
records, in a calendar of festivals inscribed on the great temple erected
by him
in western Thebes
(the
Rameseum
of
Medeenet-Haboo),
that in his reign 'the Manifestation of Sothis' took place on the first-day of Thoth, the first month although, from the interval between the reigns of Rameses II and Rameses III, it is obvious
;
that Sothis could not have risen visibly before the sun on the first day of Thoth in the reign of the latter king yet I have no doubt that the Calendar of Medeenet-Haboo is one of a Vague Year and
; ;
appears that the Panegyry of the Manifestation of Sothis (the to be celebrated on the rising one hour before the sun) continued
it
'
'
first
of that
day of Thoth as long as the phenomenon occurred in the course month this, for the space of 120 Julian years."
;
H. B.
HANNAH.
27
doubt very much whether it was Rameses III who recorded I also demur to the terms of the record itself, as explained by this. " " meant 1 Thoth on the is first day of Thoth Poole. If, by this could not possibly have happened Fixed Clock or Spheroid,
I
till
Progressive 1
its
Thoth
(the calendrical
indicator), in the
course
of
cyclical tour,
0,
i.e.,
had reached the day

spheroidal
after
the
Autumnal
B.C.
Equinox at
1082.
point
A.M.
2922
= Conv.
This excludes
III.
all
idea of the age of
Rameses
II or that of Barneses.
Ramaies
B.C.
II's
regnal period was A.M.
2734^f2802^ =
Ill's
Conv.
1269H
it
is
120144ft.
And Rameses
regnal
pe-iod was approximately A.M. 28462877
= Conv.
B.C.
11581127.
On
our present data

life.
impossible to provide
him with another
45 years of
In short, A.M. 2922 was the age of Rameses XI.

fore
It
must therein the year "" took place
have been
in his reign
or in that ot
Ran
to.
eses
XII
'
Conv. B.C. 1082
that
"
'
the Manifestation of Sothis
as stated in the inscription
above referred
Between Raireses II and Rarre?es III there was a

*
'
stretch of
some
46 years. To say that the Manifestation could have been celebrated on the same date by both these Pharaohs is to suggest an impossibility.
*
True, the
Manifestation
'
occurs in the
same
rr.onth for a period of

:
121f years (representing Poole's inaccurate 120 Julian years) but It occurs it does not occur on the same day of the month all that time
!
successively for only 4 ordinary years (representing the spheroidal division 4 T |-^), but then it passes on to the next day of the month. Thus 46 years means about 12 such From Rane ei II to A.M. 2922 there was a stretch of some shifts.
on the same day
of the
month
121 years.
That meant about 33 such

all
shifts.
From
the foregoing data and
calculations
we
are
now
in
position to construct the following revised
Table of Reported Sothic Feasts.
On
1
the basis of each Annual Rising occurring 10 months after F.
Thoth at Spheroidal points

Official
1218J
(1
1221f
= F.
Epiphi.
Time always 2 months
month 28 days
for
Feasts)
ahead
of Cyclical or
True Spheroidal Time.

Progressive
Epiphi as True
Time always the same remove backwards from F. 1 Time is forwards from (Zero), at the Autumnal
Equinox.
A.M.
H. B.
HANNAH.
A.M.
30
.all
stage of the long-drawn-out Hyfcos Domination in Khem, when, over the country, there were numerous Romic dynasts, vassals
all
of the HyktO3
struggling against
especially against one of
them and with each other, themselves, the House of Thebes, who were
Kab.
ver supported
by
their staunch friends of El
the premisses he adopts, Poole argues that Conv. B.C. 2717 was the Era of the Commencement of the Egyptian (Romic?)
race,
From
and that
of
Menes (Horce Mgyptiacce, pp. 62
et seq.).
Taking the 1461-Years Cycle as beginning at A.M.

this conclusion of Poole's
(Zero),
of the 1st G. P. Y. of
means that what I call the Commencement the 2nd Cycle was the Commencement of
the Era of Menes.
Also that what I
2nd
of
G. P. Y. of the
call the Commencement of the 2nd Cycle was the Commencement of the Era
Khufu.
This I beg to deny. I affirm that the Commencement of the 4th G. P. Y. of the 1st Cycle was the true Commencement of the Era
of
Menes
Khufu.
and
I further say that the
G. P. Y. of the 2nd Cycle was the true

of
Commencement Commencement
of
the 1st
of the
Era
Hence we get Era of Menes

1096f-f
A.M.
1095f
first
+ l^k = First
of the rare
Year A.M.
Conv. B.C.
2907^$.
happening
Sothis,
Later on occurred the

as the Real
event
known
rare
Heliacal Rising of
or
Sirius
of
:
(Dog-Star),
Because
it
it
occurs only once in
every
Cycle
1461
it is
Years.
called
Of
the
had happened countless times before but course " " first because Menes instituted the happening
Beginning arbitrarily with
Cyclic Calendar,
A.M.
"
0.
The
particulars of this
first
A.M.
happening are Conv. B.C.
"
1219ffoH
122lfMJ
In the days
of
Pepi
I of
the Gth Dynasty (say A.M.
1749^ =
Conv. B.C.
2275^2254^),
as
the Era thus
distinguished appears to have become known Nofer, subsequently Hellenised into Menophres.
the Era of Men-
H. B.
HANNAH.
31
4th Dynasty.
practically
For the most part this period is wrapped in obscurity. Having the Era of Kh.ufu, I venture arrived, however, at a decision regarding which is, however, to submit the following very rough construction, " " 's Sed Heb. clinched by Shepseskaf
Era
of
Khufu
A.M.
1461
+ 1^ =
A.M.
First
year
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
list of
Hence, adopting Breasted's

Yrs.
names and length
of reigns
Conv. B.C.
Khufu
. .
23
Dedefre
Khafre
Menkflre
..
...
x x
x
18
?
?
..
..
..
..
-(1658) (1658-1675) ?'== 2346-2329
=
=
-2346
Shepseskaf
(1675-1678)
2329-2326
therefore
(He celebrated Sed Heb for A.M.
1674^, and was

Dynasty.)
a contemporary
of
Senwosri
I of the 12th
Yrs.
A.M.
..
Conv. B.C.
(Aimhotep)
Period
:
..2
years.
(1678-1680)
2326-2324
A.M.
1462^1680 =
Conv.
B.C.
2541|g
2324
= 218^!$
According to Breasted the
known minimum
of duration
was 150 years.

Zodiacal Eras.
As the Tauric Era

2401
(so far as I
can reckon) was Conv. B.C. 4557
(!#), the
1st
years before the close of that Era.
Dynasty must have commenced 505|$ So the 4th Dynasty must have
of the Tauric Era, of the Aries Era.
commenced 140-J^ years before the close overshot it by going into the first 77f years
Iârriveâf the^ Tauric Era thus
and
The
First Point of Sign Aries retrogresses through the entire 12
Constellations of the Zodiac in a period of 25,868 years, remaining in
32

Constellation
for
each
2l55f
years,
It
it is
and in
each,
Degree
in
of
each
30th
Constellation
for 71-^Q- years.
now somewhere
A.D. 1981
the
Degree
1910,
of Const.
Aquarius, which
it will
seems to have entered

5r
iucirc.
A.D.
and which
not leave
till circ.
It
therefore
moved through
(4028ft
1st
Deg. of Const. Gemini during Conv. B.C.
to
J
(4557
(2473ft
Taurus
<
to
240H
to
Aries
245f {
The above would permit

coincided
(B.C.
of
with
Const.
Aries
just
a great part of Sign Aries having in the lifetime of Hipparchus
190120), though
of
after
Conv.
B.C.
173^
the First
Point
Sign Aries would have been entering the 29th Deg. of Const.
3 Zodiacal Eras just mentioned would have been
Pisces.
The
Gemini
Conv. B.C.
=
(4557
to
A.M. (Before Zero
[2708f to
'
(553)
Taurus
(553 to
(2401J
Aries
11602|)
to
f!602f
-^
to
245
L3758J
In Myths and Marvels of Astronomy, at p. 340, Proctor the astronomer states that the Great Pyramid was built at the time when the
Pleiades were at their highest above the horizon at noon,
their
i.e.,
made
(the
noon culmination, and when together they and the Sun
Taurus) opened the year with commencing spring. Alpha of the Dragon was then the Pole-Star, and was due north below
latter in
subpolar meridional passage, and thence shone directly through the long tunnel or corridor extending downwards aslant from the northern face of the pyramid. This epoch,
the Pole,
i.e.,
was at
its
H. B.
HANNAH.
33
he says, was somewhere

B.C. 2170.
between B.C. 2200 and B.C. 2100
say
Now, the builder of the Great Pyramid is supposed to have been Khufu of the 4th Dynasty, whose regnal period, according to
my chronology, was A.M.

Moreover, I
Possibly this
is
462^^1 484J.fi = B.C.

years too high
make the Tauric Era roughly

about 95f
B.C. 4557 2401$. thus reducing the Era
to say B.C. 4461^ 2305f. B.C. 2305f would have been the period just before the time
when the Sun was passing out

Aries, say
of
Taurus into the 30th degree
of Aries.
Hence, Proctor's B.C. 2170 was seemingly not in Taurus at
all,
but in
somewhere in
is
This, of course,
29th degree, and nearing its 28th degree. calculating on the basis of the Autumnal Equinox
its
being at
But,
point.
its
when
conventionally recognised point. Jesus Christ was born, the Equinox was not at that
Owing to Precession it had come down lower. It is now (A.D. 1919) somewhere in the 30th degree of Aquarius, which it
entered at about say A.D. 1910. Therefore it entered 30th degree of Pisces from Aries about say B.C. 245f Hence, when Christ was born the Autumnal Equinox was really somewhere about the 27th degree
.
of Pisces.
Therefore, to get a True B.C. date for the Pleiadic Epoch, we must subtract 245f from the above B.C. 2305|. That gives us B.C.
2060,
i.e.,
about 110 years short of Proctor's B.C. 2170.
If, on the other hand, we retain my above figure, B.C. 2401^, as fairly correct, and from that subtract this 245, we get B.C.
2155|
which
is
only short of Proctor's epoch by 14| years
and
as
we
are dealing, not with exact estimates, but only with approximate
is
periods, this slight difference
really negligible.
Now,
from them
if
?
these considerations be sound,
Do
they not seem to suggest that

builder of the Great
what are we to deduce some later king than

?
Khufu was the

1834,
of
Pyramid
B. C. 2170
A. M.
really indicates the period of Pepi II (Phiops
Cp. Cheops)
noteworthy that Amenemhat III of the 12th Dynasty (another builder) was forvsome time his contemthe 6th
Dynasty.
It
is
porary.
and Ch is met with H, AR
The same apparent interchangeability or confusion between in Pelethites and Chekthites, or Cherethites, in
3
34
connection with the original name of the Philistines. The old Romic " Shutter " sign for P was very like the oldest Phoenician, Greek and
Latin signs for Kh.
This
may
explain the muddle.
Wi
Another nebulous age.
Dynasty.
We
know,
however, that an
Official
named Sabu,
or Ibebi, flourished not only
in the reign of Unis, the

of Teti, first king of
last king of the 5th
Dynasty, but also in that
the 6th Dynasty (Anc. Rec., Vol. I, p. 131). Moreover, according to Breasted, the 5th Dynasty endured about 125 years (/&., p. 40). New,
by
my
calculations
Teti's
regnal
period
was A.M. 1694^|^
Conv. B.C. 2309f 2280^- If that figuring be right, the period of the 5th Dynasty was approximately A.M. Conv. B.C. 2435f^-2309f over
1723ff
i568|fî694^ =
3
centuries
later
:
than the
age
roughly
of
reckoned
of
out
for
it
by
Breasted
or say about the time

of this
successors.
<n>c.
The middle
A.M. 1633
= Conv.
Lagash and his 5th Dynasty period would have been
Gudea
B.C. 2371.
In his Hist, of Egypt, opp. p. 46, Breasted gives a reproduction of the Palermo Stone, showing annals of the earliest kings from
" when the pre-dynastic times to this middle of the 5th Dynasty, " was made." And at p. 46 (see also p. 14) he speaks of the more copy
than four hundred years during which the first two dynasties ruled." Breasted gives B.C. 3400 as the date of the accession of Menes
and Beginning
however,
for
of
the Dynasties
is
approximate,
B.C.
of course.
My
date,
that
Conv.
2907^.
Further, we have
Dynasty began about Conv. B.C. 2436. If, therefore, the 4th Dynasty lasted some 219 years, and the 3rd Dynasty
just seen that the 5th
(as
Breasted says)
according to my of the first two Dynasties,

followed Dynasties I
ably,
299 years there remain, reckoning, only about 173 years for the duration
80
years together
i.e.,
and
II like caterpillars on the
assuming that Dynasties III and IV Probmarch

!
they did not. Indeed, R. S. Poole says outright that Dynasties I and II were for the most part contemporary with
however,
Dynasties III and
IV
(Horce Mgyptiacce, pp. 82, 103, 108).
Owing to the liaisons between Dynasties I and II and Dynasties and VI, we cannot possibly put back the Calendar by Another full Cycle of 1461 years, as some people seem to suggest.
III, IV, V,
H. B.
HANNAH.
35
6th Dynasty.
Much
turns on a correct interpretation of the data that
we
possess
regarding this important period.
In The Secret of Egyptian Chronology, in connection with the story of Una, or Uni, and his exploits at Hatnub for his royal master
Merenra
I,
at pp. 76 et seq., I
have explained how

accession-date
fell
I first arrived at
the conclusion that Merenra

(I
I's
at A.M.
1747^|
was then working on the basis of a year of 365 days), and 1841^-| -f x. I now propose Pepi II's period at A.M. i751H to show how the problems of the period can be solved and even better
elucidated
days.
will
by working straightaway on the

little difficulties
basis of
a year of 365
Also, a few
which
had not then surmounted
now be
of
cleared up.
is
Pepi II
most
is
which he was on the throne
reported to have lived at least 100 years, during and Breasted remarks that there
:
no reason to disbelieve the tradition. It need not therefore surprise us when we discover that he must have celebrated no fewer than
3 Hebs,
or
Festivals,
of
which we
shall find that
2 were
Seds
(30-^B; years)
and one was a Hunti (121f
years).
We
are told
began to reign
by Manetho that Pepi II (whom he calls Phiops) when he was 6 years old and R. S. Poole states that
;
he celebrated many
ideas regarding these
"
Royal Panegyrics,
'*
or Jubilees
Jubilees," like those of
though his most Egyptologists,

:
"
were rather woolly and distorted (Horce dSgyptiacce,

All this
fits
p. 135).
:
in well with
my
chronology and adjustments
for
the
Hebs that Pepi
II celebrated were obviously

for
Sed Heb Sed Heb
A.M. 1765 T<V
I795!
1826 T%
Hunti Heb
Of course they appeared differently in on a different basis.
my
earlier calculations,
made
As regards the
ascribes
I's
it
first of
I.
these
Hebs, Professor Petrie mistakenly
to Pepi
18th year.
Moreover, it is said to have occurred in Pepi In fact it was in the 18th year of Pepi II but the 18tb
:
year of his life,
not of his reign
So with respect to the others

:
also.
work things out is as follows II celebrated the Sed Heb for A.M. 1765^
I
The way
Assuming that Pepi

in the 18tb year of his
36
life,
he must have been born in A.M. 1748 T%-. On calculations which need not be set out here, the exact date was A.M. 1748^^.
Then, as he was 6 years
of
age when he acceded, his accession must

i.e.,
have
A.M.
"
been
in
A.M.
1753^^,
on a spheroidal-year
basis,
1753J^.
learn that another
Next we
Sed Heb was celebrated by Pepi II

It
at the time of the 25th
Numbering."
seems that a kind
of stock-
taking of the royal possessions throughout the land was made periodThese fiscal measures were known ically by the Treasury Officials.
as
"
Numberings,"
basis
for
and, as
a partial
Breasted informs us, they served as chronological reckoning. In those early days
they were made every two years, though eventually they became
annual.
The Sed here
referred
to
must have been that
for
A.M.
of
1795yf
A.M.
If,
so far as Pepi II's records are concerned, the
first
such 2-yearly
"
1748^,
took place in the year of his birth, Numberings the 24th would have fallen in A.M. 1794j|#.
(the
"
The next year was A.M. 1795ffJ

1795^|)
an(j the
year of Sed
Heb A.M.
in the
"
25th Numbering
"
would have been due
following year,
A.M. 179 6 |r^, which would have been Pepi to warrant II's 49th year. This, therefore, seems quite near enough the conclusion that we have hit upon the right chronology. It must
be remembered that we are not told that the 2nd Sed " the 25th Numbering." in the same year exactly as
Heb was
A.M.
The
next
Heb
noticed
Hunti
or
Quadruple
for
1826 T
V-must have been celebrated by Pepi II in his 78th year, A.M.

if
but A.M. 1825^y 1826-^fo-, on a spheroidal-year basis, I therefore construct the Dynasty thus in ordinary years.
Yrs.
Teti
..
..
taken
A.M.
..30
1694 1E F --1723 TFO

-
Aty
Pepi I
..6
..21
1723fi3-1728fM
1728^-5^71749^8%
.. ..
'
Merenral
Pepi II
..5
.
1749^-1753^
90
1
+x
17504. go""^
'^480
~r x
Merenra II
Men-ka-ra
..
. .
Neter-ka-ra (Nitokris)
. .
12
1870
-1883
H. B.
HANNAH.
*= Conv.
37
Period:
A.M.
1694*^1883
B.C.
2309f-j$
2121
about 189 years.
Breasted gives 150 years as the known
minimum.
From
the foregoing adjustments I deduce roughly the probable
period of the 5th Dynasty, supra.

Lastly, note that in the reign of Pepi I
it
began to be customary
to
call
the Era distinguished by the happening of the First Real
Heliacal Rising of Sothis (A.M.
Nofer
afterwards corrupted
1218ffj 1221if$)"the Era of Menby the Greeks into Menophres.
The llth Dynasty.
We can only attempt the re-construction

mately and with gaps, thus
Yrs.
Intef I
. . . .
of this
Dynasty approxi-
Cir.
Conv. B.C.
50
? ?
2514f|-2464|f
Intefll
..
..
Mentuhotep
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep
III
Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep
Period :-Cir.
V
A.M.
+ x 2408^ 46 + x 2408^-2352^ 8 + x 2352f$-2345 $ & 1489^| 1658JU = Conv.

.
.
. .
. .
B.C.
It
2514|f
thus
Note.
2345-||^.
According to Breasted at least 160 years.

years before the 6th
commenced 204f||
Mentuhotep
Dynasty
whose Vizier was named Amenemhat, must have flourished at least some 54 years before Conv. B.C.
III,
2353^-|^ (commencement
to Conv. B.C.
of 12th
Dynasty), which takes us back
2408^.
(Ram) was passing out
Aries
just
of
Sign Aries
(Bull)
i.e.,
Constellation
Taurus
2401^,
into
Constellation
after
Conv.
B.C.
over
generation
(say 47-^^j years) before the accession of
Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty. Hence, the Vizier's name, as the first known name compounded with Ammon, Amon, or Amen, the Zodiacal Ram, was some 8 years earlier than
Sehetep-ab-ra as
later
the epoch of change from the Taurus Era into the Aries Era on officially recognised by Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty.
38

Breasted states that in after
centuries
regarded as the great founder
and
establisher of
Mentuhotep IV was Theban supremacy.
The 12th Dynasty.

(See particulars
and remarks, supra.)

Hyksos Domination.
the 12th Dynasty about A.M. 186lff and the founding of the renowned 18th 2142-^f Conv. B.C. l559j|-{}, by Aahmes I, circ. A.M. 2444^ Dynasty
fall
Between the
of
Conv. B.C.
there
is
a stretch
of
582^tF
of
years
a conclusion probably
not
unwelcome to some schools

It
Egyptology.
(
seems that in A.M. 1999
= Conv.
B.C. 2005), the 1st day of
theRomic Vague Year and the 1st day of the first Romic Tropical fell together, at what astronomers say was our 7th January. Ordinarily the Tropical Year began at 1 Khoiak, the day after the Winter Solstice our 22 December. 7th January would
Year
Poole (mistakenly, as I submit) represents the year Conv. B.C. 2005 as having been the time of Amenemhat II of the 12th Dynasty. It was not. It
this as it
S.
= = 17 Khoiak. ordinarily
was an early
stage,
Be
may, R.
in
Khem.
comparatively, of the Hyksos Domination Throughout the land there were then many vassal Romic
dynasts (inclusive of the House of Thebes and their friends of El Kab), all struggling against their overlords and with each other,
and
especially jealous of Thebes.
In this connection mention must be made

"
II,
of
a stele of Ramese^
Set-Aa-Pehti,
dated in the 400th year of the King of Upper and Lower Khem, son of the Sun (i.e., ab-Rd), Nubti Set, Beloved of " Vol. Ill, p. 74 ; Horakhti (Petrie, Hist, of Egypt, Vol. I, p. 244
;
Revue Archdologique, XI, pi., IV, trans, in Records of the Past, IV, Rameses II claimed descent from this Set-Aa-Pehti, and, 33).
if
remember
II's
aright, his vizier Seti
is
depicted rendering
him worship.
2802J-ff;
this
Rameses
regnal
period
is
about A.M. 400
= Conv.
A.M.
2734^
before
B.C.
1269f f
2402i-f
1201ff$.
years
was
2334|
Conv.
B.C. 1670fftJ
1601fM-
This means from about 336 to 404 years after Conv. B.C. 2005, and from about 111 to 42 years before the founding of the 18th Dynasty
by the expulsion
of the
Hyksos.
H. B.
HANNAH.
39
have thought that Set-Aa-Pehti was a Hyksos not my view at all. I suggest he was one of the aboveking. mentioned vassal Romic dynasts that is, one of them who had particularly distinguished himself, and even become heroic in the
Some
writers
is
That
eyes of his countrymen.
Very probably he was a Theban.
(Sutekh), though it was Hyksos, does not a Hyksos lineage. In those days the Romic vassal necessarily imply dynasts alluded to might easily have borne such a name. Moreover,
The name
Set
Rameses II is much more likely them than in a Hyksos king.
to have
had an ancestor
in one of
the Hyksos really were, is still an unanswered question. were undoubtedly of the stock represented by the subsequent They These must have been principally Kings of Kadesh-on-Orontes.
Amoritic, and therefore Rhodo-Leukochroic
:
Who
but very likely there
were strong strains in them of Mitannian (i.e., Rhode-Turanian) and Hittite blood. Also it must be remembered that for several
centuries
the
'Abr-A.a,mu, '76r-Aamu,
Hebron
district,
(the real
Abramu, or Abramites of and only Hebrews), and the Amorites of the same
we see
gically
had been confederates (Genesis xiv 13). Probably, indeed, in them the genuine Khabiri quite different, both etymoloand
ethnically,
from the Abiri.

of
It
is
by no means impos(or
sible that
they were the hated rulers

rulers) in the
Khem
were represented
amongst those
Domination.
long period of
the so-called Hykaos
The 18th Dynasty.
The 12th Dynasty started

Conv. B.C.
the
its
career
in
A.M. 1650fJ
after the close
=
of
2353if,
It
*X
It
about
47^ years
Tauric Era.
came to an end about A.M. 1861 -144 *oU
was thus very long anterior to the 2142J^. of the famous days Set-Aa-Pehti, whoever he may have been. The House of Thebes was a development out of the dissolved elements of the old Dynasty. It was out of this House of Thebes
that the genius arose who was destined eventually to expel the Hyksos intruders from Khem, and to restore the Romiu to " " their as an independent nation. place in the Sun This was Aahmes I, son probably of Kernes, and first king and founder of
Conv. B.C.
40
the renowned 18th Dynasty, which I

as follows
yrs.
.
now venture
to
re-construct
A.M.
B.C.
es I
"
..
J25
Conv.
[21 yrs.
..
A.M.
2468f-ff-2488fi-
AmeuhotepI
Conv
yrs.
.
Bc
.
A.M.
2488^-2509^ =
B.C. 151gj$fr-1491tt'S. Note regarding his death, infra.) {21 (See
Conv.
Thothmes
II
f 16
yrs.
A.M.
B.C.
2509^-2524^ =
1494|^-1479|ft.
\
(Hatshepsut
...
Conv.
22 yrs.
..
A.M.
2511^-2532^-)
A.M. 2524
B.C.
1/4 rt 1479
ThothmesIII
(Manakhbiria Kheper-Ra).
..
53
Men-
yrs., 10 months, 26 days.
^^-2578^^ =
i36_og>?Q 27
Official
n Conv.
24
Acceded
Time
our
Phamenoth True Time

Queen Thothmes
Ill's
= our 25
regnal
May
Pakhons, 4
:
March.
Hatshepsut died in her 22nd

9th,
= A.M.
year
2532^f
Thothmes
=
III
Conv.
B.C.
1571
H.
himself
died 30
Phamenoth, True Time
Official Time = 30 Tybi, = Our 19 February. He was
the great military genius who smashed the Hyksos and founded Khem's
.
Northern Empire in Khuru, Z3hi, and " " Naharin. Also really the Yahveh
who gave Kharu

"
People
Abir,
of
Mes-Ra,
or
or Zodiacal
the half-Romic " People of the Bull," Children of

as
to "
I-Sarah-El,
Colonists,
Josephites,
of
Romic
for
by way
No Judah " ever, but on conditions. or even heard in existence, of,

then.
inheritance "
46
j
1
'
'
AM
'
"
Conv.
B.C.
H. B.
HANNAH.
A.M.
flOyis.
-..
Thothmes IV
..
CoEtV>
..
B .C.
A.M.
AmenhotepIII
fSly.
11 vrs.
Conv. B.C.
1371^y-1340.
2632^-2663^
2663f-2679ft =
He
Also
A.M.
Amenhotep IV
(Nefer-Kheper-Ra.)
Conv. B.C.
1340|^-1324if.
known
was Akh-En-Aten.
North
as
in the
Naphkhuria.
Ba-kmenkn-Jia
f
-j
2yrs.
..
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
yrs.
..
1324ff-1323|f$.
2680f-|$-2690|f
2690JfJ-2702JftJ
22
A.M.
=
=
Tut-Ankh -Amen
Conv. B.C. 1323ff |

13 yrs.
..
A.M.
(
I
Conv. B.C. 13
rs.
XT- T7 TJ v, Hor-Em-Heb
f 11
.
.
..
A.M.
]
(
Conv. B.C.
is
Note.
It
is
the death of Thothmes I that
referred to in the
following passage
"
And it came to pass

king
of
in the course of those
many
days, that the
Egypt died
"
(Exodus
ii,
23).
In the Authorised Version, instead of "in the course of those many days," we find "in process of time." These renderings, and
other expressions of a like vague nature, are Translators' mistakes, appearing throughout the Bible (both Testaments), for the intercalary
period at the end of the Hebrew Calendar (which the Translators evidently did not understand), when the Ancient Hebrew Solar Cycle 20 of 15 Lunar Years, every 3rd year, after what would be our 19
September, added an extra month of 34 days called Ve Adar to harmonise Lunar with Solar or Natural Time. It must be remembered " that Exodus was composed in Jewry."
We
have
B.C.
just
seen that
i.e.,
Thothmes
A.M. 2510.
died in A.M.
2509^$
Komic Calendar 1494|^, By the date was 21 Epiphi, Official Time. True Time for it was 21 Pakhons = our 10 June. Progressive Clock Time (i.e., the kind that was similar to Official Time, but that reckoned from the Autumnal
in
= Conv.
the
Equinox
at 0)
was 10 Paophi
= our
November.
42
On
the Ancient
Hebrew
in
Solar Cycle (which
is
what Ezra was
thinking of
when he penned the passage above quoted) A.M. 2510

3rd year." Accordingly, after 20 September, Ve Adar had to be intercalated.
"
was what was called
Jewry
"
"
what would be our 19
Ezra, therefore (or whoever that
name
stands for), clearly wished

this-
us to understand that Thothmes I died towards the end of
Ve Adar.
Hence, from the above obscure
regarded as quite unimportant,
little
passage in Scripture, hitherto
we
get,
when thus
interpreted and
analysed, the following interesting conclusions 1. The so-called " Pharaoh of the Oppression "
'
that
"
new king
is
I.
over Egypt (Khem) which
have arisen (Exod.

2.
i,
8)
knew not Joseph," who must have been Thothmes

the
said to
The
so-called
II.
"
Pharaoh
of
Exodus
"
must have been
Thothmes
3.
The date
Exodus (whatever that was in fact I say it was merely the departure for Kharu under Official Romic auspices, of the half -Romic Mesrayim, or Josephite Colonists) was A.M.
of the
2513
= Conv. B.C. 1491. = = Khoiak,
the 15th day of the 7th sacred

April
month = Niaan, or Abib = our True Time = Pakhons, Official Romic Phamenoth,
Progressive Time.
still
By Hebrew reckoning it occurred
Time
No
"
such people as those

"
afterwards called Judah, and
later called Jews, ever took
part in the Exodus, or had ever been Indeed, they never dwelt there at
exist then.
oppressed
all,
in
Khem.
and did not even
The 19^ Dynasty.

This I r ".-construct as follows
RamesesI
..
yrs.
A.M.
B.C.
2712^-2714^ =
Conv.
Setil
.
1291^1^12891^.
..
21
yrs.
..
A.M.
2714^2734^ =
To
this
Conv. B.C.
1289fM-1269fM-
Rameses
II
68 yrs.
A.M.
2734^-2802^ ^Conv.
B.C.
1269ftH201f|.
reign belongs the Stele of 400 years, i.e., dated in the 400th year of Set-Aa-Pehti.
The Hebs that actually
fell
due
in this
H. B.
HANNAH."
43
Barneses II.cdntd.
reign were Sed
R Hebs for A.M. 2739 T and

-g-
A.M. 2769ff, and Hunti (Quadruple) Heb for A.M. 2800^. The first
would have been celebrated

II's
in
Rameses
6th regnal
year,
his
the
second
;
in
A.M. 2739jfS ; 36th year, A.M.

in his
2769ff#
year,
and the third
66th
else
A.M.
2800Jf.
been
Anything
special
must
have
some
har-
monisation of the calendar, or else what

are called
Rising
Royal Hebs, or Feasts for A.M.
else Sothic-
2740J|Epiphi,
2743f,
celebrated on 16th
True Time, in his 7th, 8th, 9th, or 10th

regnal year,
and A.M.
2775f, celein
brated on 24th Epiphi. True Time,

his
42nd year.
JEgyptiacce at p. 73, R. 8. Poole
In
Horn
speaks of some inscriptions belonging to

sculptured at Jebeles-Silsileh in Upper Khem to the followII's reign
Rameses
ing effect
'
Year
30, 1st 34, 2nd _ _ , f of 61, or a
the Royal Hebs.
40, 4th
Poole calls them

It
will
"Royal Panegyrics."
that
be
noticed
they are at
intervals of 3 years.
Year
20,
by
my
;
chronology, would have
been A.M.
2763f;
year 37
year 34
= A.M.
2767f$
and year 40
= A.M. 2770|| = A.M. 2773|.

some charge. All the other
above stated.
These apparently were personal to Rame&es II, and in that sense may be put down to " "
vanity,
as
Hebs were
as
44
Meren-Ptah

20 yrs.
..
A.M.
Conv. B.C. 120

In his 3rd regnal year,
A.M. 2804 Jf Conv. B.C. 1199if$, he "desolated"

Asr-A-Al
probably
Jezreel
near
Etam,
in the
Southern
"Israel."
Hebro-Amorite country in no Kharu, and therefore
In his 5th regnal year, A.M.

Conv.
B.C.
2806-^
H97i,
he repelled the
the western rud
big Libyan attack on

of the Delta.
Meren-Ptah
regarded "
is
generally
(but
as
the
"
Pharaoh
wrongly) of the
Exodus an event which had happened in A.M. 2513 = Conv. B.C. 1491 = 290
years before his accession
!
Seti II
13 yrs.. .A.M. 2821
1^-2 833
= Conv.
Conv.
B.C.
B.C.
118223fr-1170t3f
.
Amen-mes-es
1 yr.
A.M.
2833f|$
117013$.
Tewosret
4 yrs.
. .
A. M.
Conv. B.C.
1170^-1167^.
Sa-Ptah
6 yrs.
..
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
Anarchy and reign

Syrian, say
Note.
of
al 5 yrs.
A.M.
2841|^-2845||f
Conv. B.C.
19th
This uncertain close of the

really have
may any belonged data regarding Sothic-Rising Feasts in the 20th Dynasty, save for Conv. B.C. 1082, which one apparently in A.M. 2922
of
Set-Nekht
Dynasty to and the absence
which
would indicate Rameses XI's
or
Rameses XII's reign
render
it
impossible to arrive at more than an approximation to the period of Rameses III, in whose time the Great Sea-Raids took place.
However, we can obtain a very workable idea

near to the exact time.
of it
probably quite
H. B.
HANNAH.
45
The 20th Dynasty.

(In ordinary years.)
(Set-Nekht, say
1 yr. ..
A.M.
2845^-2846 =
Conv.
B.C.
1158^-1158).
. .
Rameses III
32 yrs. Conv. B.C. A.M. 2846-2877 1158-1127. The Great Sea-Raicb? Period
would
thus
5th yr.
..
then
pan
out
approximately
A.M. 2850
of
= Conv.
Western
B.C. 1154.
Big
invasion
Delta
chiefs.
by
Libyans under Didi and other

8th yr.
.
.
A.M. 2853
invasion
= Conv.
all.
B.C. 1151.
Biggest
of
Led by the
Pula-Sathu, Pura-Satiu, or Philistines Hittite Empire (old Keftiu of Kilikia).

.
in
Naharm
(" Rivers -Land ") broken up.
of
Amorites expelled from Yadai (" Country Yah ") Land and Sea Victory by
III.
Rameses
In those days the AiryavoDanghavo (" People of Airyan ") were

Airyavo-Vaeja
").
settled in
(" Airyanian
Homeland
were
"
The Aryas (same Rhodoi.e.,
Leukochroic,
settled
in
Rosy-Blond Zarah-Lake
bodies
stock)
Land
of
(Seistan).
Rameses
"
Ill's Victory in the
Rivers-Land
drove
the
Pura-Satiu, Amorites of Yadai, Hittites, " " Rivers-Land eastward. etc., from the
Alarm of Aryas, who migrate to the Indus Valley, not then so-called. PuraSatiu,
Yadai Amorites,
in
Hittites,
etc.,
arrive
regions
forsaken by
Aryas,
of
bringing
with
them memories
in
the
i.e.
West, Hapta-Hendu, on seeing the country they had arrived in.

Naharin.
"Rivers-Land"
the
Whence
follow
They then
the
Aryas into the
46

further " East, appearing "
in
history
as
the
Jdtani
or Pdncha-MamlsyaPurus or Puravas, Yadus or Yadavas, Turvasas (" Clothed like the

"),
Five Races
Tur
also
Anus,
and Drahyus.
Tokhs,
them,
i.e.,
Dahyus
Kassi)
in
(or Central
Asian
with
Sapta Sindhavah (transplanted Hapta Heudu) became known as the Dasyus. These 5
went
and
Races and the Dasyus mixed freely with

the
black
aboriginal
Nisadas.
The
Aryas did not. The 5 Races and all the mixed multitude then seceded from
the Aryas,
desa,
moved east, founded Madyaand instituted Caste and BrahThe Aryas remained
and
were
in
manism.
the the
Punjab regarded by Madhya-desans as Bahlikas or Vahikas " Excluded." They were pure blonds
(Svityam, Sukla).
The
Caste
(Varna)
peoples were dark or otherwise coloured

(Svdva, Krsna, Dhumra).
These Caste
peoples
eventually
assumed the name
Aryas, though not themselves of Aryan

stock.
llth yr.
A.M. 2856
= Conv.
B.C. 1148.
Another attack by the Libyans on the Western Delta. This time they had no
northern
allies,
and the
peril
to
Khem
was not so
great.
The remainder
of the
Dynasty
I re-construct roughly thus
Yrs.
. .
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
Rameses
IV
..
..
..6
..
..2877-2882
..2882-2885
..2885-2899
..2899-2917
V
VI
VII
VIII
4-fx
= =
1127-1122 1122-1119
..
..
15+x
19
=
=
1119-1105
IX
1105-1087
H. B.
HANNAH.
1
47
Barneses
X
XI
XII
. .
. .
say
..
. .
5 27
+x +x +x
"
. .
= 1087-1086 = 1086-1082 2918-2922 2922-2948 = 1082-1056

2917-2918
Note.
Breasted gives a
minimum
Yahveh
period of 110 years for the
whole Dynasty.
He makes
the
it
end about Conv. B.C. 1090.

of 1
Saul's suzerain
"
Samuel
would seem to
have been Rameses IX, about
whom we know
it
practically nothing.
As already remarked,
of
I suggest that
was either
at the
end
Rameses
of
XFs
reign or at the beginning of
Rameses XII's reign
that the Sothic Rising referred to by R. S. Poole occurred on the

1st
day
Thoth
in the 1st
month.
of
Rameses XII was ousted by Hrihor, High Priest

at Thebes.
Amon-Ra
The 2lst Dynasty.

(According to someêxtent to
Breasted, but adapted to
my
chronology, though in ordinary, not spheroidal years.) Yrs. A.M.
C. B.C.
Nesubenebded
Hrihor
x
. .
. .
2927-2953
|
17
Pesibkhenno I
+x
?
. .
Paynozem (In Tanis) Amenemopet

. .
15
. .
= 1077-1051 2953-2969 = 1051-1035 2969-2983 = 1035-1021

2983-3031 == 1021- 973
49
16
Siamon
Pesibkhenno II
. .
. .
..
12
+x +x +x =
. .
3031-3046
3046-3057
. .
= =
973- 958
958- 947
Minimum
Period
Note.
:
Conv. B.C. 1077-947

is
120 years, according to Breasted. 130 years.

said to
Paynozem
was really a Theban (not a Tanite) prince
have reigned 40 years. But he and the bulk of his time

;
should reasonably be associated with Thebes.
Sheshanq
I of the
22nd Dynasty married his son Uasarkon to the daughter of Pesibkhenno II, thus regularising Uasarkon's eventual position. Probably, therefore, Pesibkhenno retained his Tanite throne merely by grace
of
Sheshanq
I.
made Solomon, king of Israel, was born in A.M. 2970 J. He " with Pharaoh (1 Kings iii. 1). As he is supposed to have affinity been just over 20 years old at that time, he must have wedded
Conv. B.C. 1014. This seems Pharaoh's daughter in A.M. 2990 to indicate Amenemopet as having been the Pharaoh referred to.
"
48

The 22wd Dynasty.
There-constructions attempted for the last two Dynasties (the
20th and the 21st) are only rough approximations in ordinary years. In this case, however, the re-construction is again on the basis
of
each year being regarded as a spheroidal

22 yrs.
year of
l^^y
ordinary
years.
Sheshanql
A.M.
3025^304 6|if =
304 6|
Conv. B.C.
UasarkonI
ThakalathI
Uasarkon II
..
36 yrs. A.M. Conv. B.C.
..
A.M. 3082^-31071^ 26 yrs. Conv. B.C. 921ff - 896|f. 29 yrs. A. M. 3107ff||-3135||

Conv. B.C.
89611^-868^.
3135^.)
29th year, he celebrated Sed Heb for A.M. 29 yrs. A.M. .. Sheshanq II Conv. B.C.
(In his
3135^-3164^
Thakalathll
...
25
yrs.
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
(In his
2nd year, A.M. 3165-^J, he celebrated Hunti Heb
for
A.M. 3165J.)
(In his llth year,
A.M. 3l74f|^, he celebrated Feast for Sothic
Kising A.M. 3174|^-3177ftt.) 53 yrs. A.M. ., Sheshanqlll
3188||f-3241|f
=
=
Conv. B.C.
815^f-862|.
3241|f2-3246|fJ
Pamay
SheahanqlV
..
6 yrs.
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
..
37 yrs. A.M.
Conv. B.C. 757J|8-720tffc.

(Co-regencies, at least 23 years.)
wrath
Jeroboam fled from the Solomon died in A.M. 3029| Conv. B.C. 974|, the 5th regnal year of Sheshanq I, and about
Note.
of It
was to Sheshanq
(1
that
Solomon
Kings
of
xi.
40
xii. 2).
the 47th regnal year

Jeroboam's
Amenemopet
Yahveh
of
the 21st (Delta) Dynasty.

is
who
really
was the
connection with " "

all
Khem
who, at
will
good evidence to show and pleasure, granted
and took away again
sovereign rights and honours in Palestine.
H.
B.
HANNAH.
W ^ 3 $
r*
ra
of
M o
I
CO C3
O3 FH 03
CM
P
->
J9
08
fl
red
s <N
CO
<0
'^
O s H
4 &
s ^
.
I
~
SJO
CH ED 03
s N M "^~
o
>
I
'8
WH
<M
55
<M
if
î
c8
S
'S
^ 5
I
ip
S
H,
AB
50

Note.
The adjustments appearing in the foregoing Statement are based to some extent on a view of mine that A.M. 3287-Jf$=
Conv. B.C. 716#, is the last of a quartette of years, one of which " " was the 3rd Regnal Year of Shabataka referred to in Breasted's
Ancient Records, Vol. I, p. 29.. 43 Vol. IV, p. 452, I submit as preferable to Eduard Meyer's B.C. 700.
;
887
which date
I arrive at
it
thus
We
start, realising that
we
possess
no data whatever regarding
any SSthic-Rising Feast, such as those which have helped us hitherto. But we are told that, at the time of the Inundation, 5 Mesore the Calendar, as marking that annual event, coincided with 5 by Phamenoth the 5th day of the 7th month, counting from F.
Autumnal Equinox), but called by the month of the 3rd season." the
(the
1st
priests
"the 5th day
of
This, I take
it,
means that
at the Inundation, 5 Mesore on the
Epicyclical or Revolving Clock was pointing to 5 the Fixed Clock, i.e., F. 5 Phamenoth.
Phamenoth on
In other words, Progressive
Thoth
(i.e.,
Thoth on the Re-
volving Clock) was then pointing to 1 Pharmuthi on the Fixed Clock. Therefore F. 1 Pharmuthi was Progressive Time at the
Inundation.
Further,
it is
months backwards from
F. 1 Epiphi,
the point that always indicates the Annual Sothic Risings.
Therefore
True or Cyclical Time

Equinox).
3 months forwards from F.
(Autumnal
That means F. 30 Athyr, which gives us

Point
.. ..
..
Add
for 2 Cycles of 1461
Years each
2922
"Which
=the
quartette of years
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
3284^1
3287HW
This result can only be right
if it
consists with the Rising-Dates
H. B.
HANNAH.
it
51
List as I
us then test
have heretofore been writing Our last item was: it.
down
continuously.
Let
A.M.
1-3
Athyr
4-30
Thus we find that the method works out The same figure exactly to a hair, although our last notice of the Cycle had reference to a time over a century previously
!
!
Further Adjustments.
On the footing
A.M.
of
the foregoing chronological results the following

:
further adjustments are obtained
3285jf#
Conv B C 718 IM- Taharqa "Viceroy of the " North (probably meaning up in Syria as far as
-
the Euphrates) for the newly acceded Shaba taka, " " has just been ascertained, 3rd regnal year whose at least within a choice-limit of 4 years. 3296
Conv. B.C. 708.
Taharqa wars with Sennacherib
(2
Kings
3300
xix. 9).
Conv. B.C. 704.
Taharqa overthrows his suzerain Shaba taka, and accedes. He is defeated by the
of Sennacherib,
3317
Assyrians at Lachish. Conv. B.C. 687. Death

of
and accession
Esarhaddon
(2
Kings
xix. 37).
3317f&3328 (Cir.)
Taharqa celebrates Sed Heb Conv. B.C. 686^. Esarhaddon invades Egypt, and Conv. B.C. 676.
Taharqa
country).
as
flees
to Napata in southern Kiish (Kassite
Nile Valley overrun
by Assyrians
as far
the 1st Cataract,
and Egypt organised into

dies,
20 Vassal Principalities.
3329
Conv. B.C. 675.

Ashur-bani-pal.
Esarhaddon
Taharqa
and
is
succeeded by
rebels.
3330
3332
Ashur-bani-pal defeats Taharqa.
Taharqa re-takes Thebes, but retreats to Napata on advance of combined Assyrian and Native Egyptian
army under Nekau
I.
52

A.M.
3333
(Cir.)
Conv. B.C. 671.
Taharqa dies, and is succeeded by Hut- (sometimes called Tanut-) Ammon who captures Memphis and puts Nekau I to death.
B.C.
666.
3338
(Cir.)
Conv.
Ashur-bani-pal
defeats
Tanut-
Ammon, and
by
3376|
Conv. B.C.
destroys Thebes.
Egypt administered
Assyria for 10 Years.
627|. Kyaxares defeated by the Sakhi. Nineveh captured, looted, and burnt by the Sakhi, or Mesech, or Sakh-Geloths, of Sakhland (Mat-Sdkh
Mdt-Gagi
Magog), temp. Ashur-etil-ilani. Gagi not to be confounded with Gugu (Gyges) of (Gog) Lydia. Sakhi masters of Western Asia for 28 years.
Josiah, king of Judah, defeated
3395
Conv. B.C. 609.

slain at
and
Megiddo by Nekau
II (2 Chron. xxxv. 20).
3398
Conv. B.C. 606.
by
Nabu-Pal-tJzur
Nineveh (much, enfeebled) captured of Babylon and Kai Uvaof
kshatara
uzur.
(Kyaxares)
Media,
temp.
Sin-sarra-
and popularly) confused with the preceding much more important

Generally (both in literature
event in Conv.
B.C.
627|.
Accession
of
of
NabuKarkhe-
Kuduri-Uzur (Nebuchadrezzar) as king
Babylon.
He
3406
completely overthrows Nekau II at

in
mish
Naharma.
Capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadof Jehoiachin,
Conv. B.C. 597^.

rezzar,
and Deportation
the Queen,
and the principal Officials, together with the Temple and Palace Treasures, the flower of the army and
the
dlite of
the inhabitants to Babylon.
3416f
Conv. B.C. 587J. Jerusalem again occupied. Deportation of Zedekiah and the rest of his subjects,
'
except the poorest classes, to Babylon.

the
End
;
of
Kingdom
of
Judah
year or
(2
Chron. xxxvi).
Kings xxiv, xxv 2 two later Jerusalem was
sacked and partially destroyed.
3434
Conv.
B.C.
570.
Defeat
of
Ua-Ab-Ea's
or Amasis,
(Hophra's
or Apries's) General,
Aahmes
latter 's
by Nebuyear.
chadrezzar
in
the
37th
regnal
H. B.
HANNAH,
53
A.M. 3434
Complete and
sale
final
Overthrow
of
Egypt, and whole-
Deportation of the Romiu, Neo-Mesrayim, and
Egyptians to Babylonia.
the Delta, the
By Neo-Mesrayim I mean
etc.,
those mixed Romiu, Libyans,

especially
of
who were
of
left in
western rud, after

"
the
departure
the original Mes-Ra," or People "People of the Zodiacal Bull," i.e., the Abiri, in Conv. Josephites, or Children of I-Sarah-El,
B.C. 1491.
By Egyptians
mean
the people more
especially identified with the eastern
rud
of
the
Delta, who for the most part consisted of those Ephraimites and Manassites who had fled from
Northern Palestine and taken refuge in the Delta during the time of the great Assyrian Scare
throughout, say, the 8th century B.C. and of
whom
we read thus
"
In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan and swear to the
Lord (Yahveh) of Hosts " The city of Heres (Isa.

said to
one shall be called,
xix. 18), It
mean
"
Destruction."
was
really On, or
An, "the Sun,"

"
in the ancient sense of Ab-Alah-On,
Mighty Father On." Also the same as Aven probably Ab-On. Since the establishment of the
Pulasathu
on
the
coast
of
Canaan,
the
entire
country had acquired the name

for
of Philistine -Land,
that
is
Philistines were also
Ai-Keftiu,
Palestine
as
the meaning of Palestine. But the known in the Delta as the " " or Remnant of the Keftiu and
;
was generally and

"
vaguely
referred
of
to
Ai-Keft,
Country
of
the
Remnant
Keft."
As the Ephraimite and Manassite refugees abovementioned hailed from there, they also in the Delta
were loosely called Ai-Keftians whence Egyptians and Egypt, afterwards attached to the Delta itself
and
3438
its
inhabitants.
Ainasis, the General, installed
II.
Ua-Ab-Ra put to death.

as
Pharaoh Aahmes
54
A.M.
3438 to 3479
3452
Conv. B.C. 566-525.
Corvv. B.C. 552.
Prosperous reign of
Aahmes
II.
Invasion of Media by Kyrus, temp.
Ishtuvigu or Astyages.
According to Mr.
J. B. Dimbleby (for whom this year was B.C. 544, on the basis of Zero being regarded as B.C. 3996), a Sothic Rising was observed in
the lifetime, he says, of Hesiod. By my present calculations the date 6 Mekhir, True Time, for that
Cycle, indicated the following quartette of years
:
A.M.
Conv. B.C.
Apparently, therefore, there
is
something in Mr.
Dimbleby's statement. would have been 6

Progressive
Official
Time
for the Rising
Pharmuthi.
Corresponding
Time would have been 25 Tybi.

Astyages by Kyrus, the Peaceable Acquisition of Media.
3455
Conv.
B.C. 549.
effects
Overthrow
of
who
3466
Conv. B.C. 538.
Capture of Babylon by Kyrus, temp. Nabu-nahid and Belshazzar.
3459 to 3475
Conv. B.C. 545-529.
Re-appearance in freedom
of
i
:
in
the deported Romiu, Neo-Mesrayim, and Egyptians the wilderness regions of Airyo-Turan, as the
of
Wanderers
Mas
afterwards by the Greeks and
Mas-Sagetai, or Mas-Sagetae (an evolution from Sagh or Sakb, and akin etymological
others rendered to Skiithai
Sdk-uthai
=" Descendants
of Sakh, ").
Mas-Sagetai has commonly been written Massagetai,

and,
is
especially English scholarship, nearly always wrongly regarded as consisting of
by European and
Massa and
the parts
Getai.
3479
Conv. B.C. 525.
Accession of Psamtek III in Egypt.
He
reigned
months.
Conquest
of Persia.
of
Egypt by
Kambujiyeh (Kambyses)
H.
B.
HANNAH.
55
A.M.
3497
Conv. B.C. 507.
there
This year, according to R.
S. Poole,
was a
Coincidence between the Egyptian
similar to Tropical Year and their old Vague Year, that had happened 1500 years before in Conv. one
B.C. 2005.
(Note.
All the foregoing re-constructions are merely preliminary
and
tentative.)
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
by the old Romic Priesthood of the Heliacal Risings of Sothis (Cyclical and Annual), and their celebrations of Feasts in connection therewith and of the periodically The recorded
Official
observations
recurring Sed and Hunti Hebs, indicate that the age-long civilisation of Tomeri or Khem (nearly always mis-called Egypt), had been
a particularly enlightened, strong and settled took from time to government, whatever dynastic form or forms it
flourishing
under
time.
It
is
therefore
worthy
of
note
is
that
the
last
Sothic-Rising
Feast for which
we
possess data
that which
in
occurred in the
=
.
reign of Thakalath II of the 22nd
Dynasty
its
A.M. 3174|
Conv. B.C. 829^-Qthat date.
any rate But, between that and
or at
in a quartette of years containing
next predecessor
a Rising
in A.M. 2922, probably late in the reign of

in that of
Rameses XI,
or else early
!
Rameses XII there is a blank of over 252 years And between that again and its next predecessor one in Meren-Ptah's
A.M. 2803-^f-Qfor
reign,
there
is
another gap of some 118 years

traceable
is
As
the
of
Hebs, the
of
last
that
which
fell
in
the reign
Taharqa
the 25th Dynasty, in A.M. 3317^-J-
Conv.
B.C.
686 T%-.
But
they
practically
ceased 182-J$ years

II of the
before then, with the Sed celebrated
by Uasarkon
22nd
Dynasty in A.M. 3135 TV =
Conv. B.C.
868jf
The Twenty-Second Dynasty, some dread Epoch which ushered

orderly old
therefore,
seems clearly to mark
in for theretofore peaceful
and
Khem, a
period of violent changes and widespread disaster
and confusion.
What
could that Epoch have been
56

Obviously the epoch which witnessed the establishment
of
the
so-called Ethiopian
Supremacy
(of
Kassite origin, be
it
noted)
followed
by the
terrible Assyrian
and Babylonian
Invasions and
it
wholesale Deportations
with regard to which, however,
seems
fashionable in some learned circles to allege that the grand dramatic When is that old, old ex silentio finale never occurred at all
!
argument going to get
its
quietus ?
There can be no doubt that, though hitherto conventionally " " Semitic regarded as ethnically (in King and others' wholly wrong
sense of Amoritic), these Assyrians (also in
with an Arabian
origin)
were
really
some vague way associated of mixed Rhodo-Turanian

of
and Melanochroic descent, with, however, a strong dash

Kassite blood in their veins.
barbarous
The
or less
so-called Ethiopians were certainly the descendants

of the old African
more
mixed
for
stream
ot
Kassite dispersion.
Nebuchadrezzar and his Chaldaean (Kalda, Kardd, Kasdd) Babylonians, they were practically pure Kassites, though doubtless to
As
some extent blended with Melanochroian

In any case
old
it
stock.
was Barbarism
highly kultured Barbarism of the

before which cultured
genuine, changeless, incorrigible Kassite brand
Khem
modern
or Tomeri
went down
in the 8th to the 6th centuries B.C.
Let our gaze range where

or
it lists
in the realm of history, ancient
everywhere
it will
(whether in Asia, in Africa, or in Europe),
and in every age semper eadem

!
come
across the
Mark
of the Kassite Beast,
H. BRUCE HANNAH.
P.S.
Of the various Lists above referred
to,
which
it is
necessary
to have for the practical application of
my
discovery to our existing
and any future data of knowledge, I may publish them later_on.
have as yet publish ed_none.

H. B. H.
YD066COO
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

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UC-NRLF

Herbert Bruce Harm?

Of the Inner Temple, Bumster*at-Law

GIFT OF HORACE W. CARPENTIER

ANCIENT ROMIC CHRONOLOGY

HERBERT BRUCE HANNAH,

Inner Temple, Barristr-at-Lw

THACKER. SPINE AND CO

Secret of Egyptian Chronology." "

possible that not ceased.

investigations would have languished,

approximate only correct Solar or Natural Time.

into line with

a series of cases, in fact

of fact or of inference, as the

argument proceeds, except

that, not being in possession of

other publication of mine.

ANCIENT EOMIC CHRONOLOGY.

Year has 365 days^ 5 hours, 48 minutes,

has 365'242, or 365

we get 1461 Years,

bat 11 days, 8 hours, 32 minutes,

days, and a Cycle of 1461 Years.

of the Cycled total- L

365 J Years each, ling 1461 Years.

Each 12th part

Great Panegyrical Month, or

Each Jth part^of the G. P. M.] Years the 30-j^g-

Each 30th part

Great Panegyrical Sub-Division, or G. P. S.

All these terms are, of course, quite arbitrary.

ANCIENT ROMIC CHRONOLOGY.

to date, and even beyond.

Egyptologists have long been puzzled

and his appointment

as Heir to the Throne,

he being fancifully spoken

or Spheroid of 360 days or degrees, with sub-divisions of 120, 30,

specially interesting effect of the above-mentioned division of

we take our Calendar from

4tb day of the Natural Year), and carry

arrive again back at 0,

shall find that thereby

havebeen writing down

the dates of all the

we Annual Sothic Risings

beginning of Civilisation at intervals of of 4 for each date.

so-called Official or Priestly

Keports from which

Borne of our data, are

commonly As a matter of fact, however, they are Reports

referred to as Reports of the Rising

the Spheroid, or Fixed Clock.

calculate on the basis of

ANCIENT ROMIC CHRONOLOGY.

Calendar, and on the other

the Cyclical or True Calendar.

have also made a List showing how the ordinary Egyptian

would appear that

in actual practice the ancient

the one year with the other in a fanciful, complicated

own, even in the person

Were we to use such a Year,