TDM

Multiplexing methods

Two basic Modes of TDM

Synchronous TDM (STDM): repeatedly assigns a portion of the transmission capacity to each source Asynchronous TDM (ATDM) or statistical TDM or statistical multiplexing (Stat-Mux): assigns capacity as and when needed

Capacity Allocation
Bitwise Wordwise

Capacity Allocation
In Bitwise interleaving, the frame size is equal to the number of channels multiplexed while in wordwise interleaving, it is equal to the product of the word-size and the number of channels. Bitwise interleaving is natural if delta modulator coders/decoders are used and wordwise interleaving is natural if PCM codecs are used for digitization.

Framing
Frame Synchronization

Main considerations in choosing a framing procedure are: Time required to establish framing Effects of channel errors in maintaining frame synchronization Relationships between line clock and sample clocks derived from line clock Transmission overhead Complexity of framing circuitry

Framing
The severity of a loss of framing and time required to re-establish frame synchronization depend on the nature of traffic. For voice traffic, infrequent misframes can be tolerated if frame synchronization is reestablish rapidly enough to minimize the duration of glitch in the output speech

Out of frame conditions occur in two ways:

The locally derived sample clock may lose synchronization with the line clock OR (the source clock has too much jitter or generates abrupt phase shifts) Channel errors creating false out-of frame framing patterns

A loss of framing is determined when the occurrence of framing pattern violations exceeds some short term density threshold. Considerable redundancy in the framing pattern is required to minimize the probability of false misframes.

Frame Sync.
Frame synchronization may be done in number of ways. In all the ways, there are one or more framing bits with an identifiable data sequence. Frame bits may be added additionally to data bits or some of the data bits may be used as frame bits.

Means of establishing Frame Sync.

Added-digit framing Added-channel framing Unique line signal framing Statistical framing

Added-Digit framing
The framing bit is added once for every frame and alternates in value. Framing is established at receiver by monitoring first one bit position within N-bit frame and then another, until the alternating pattern is located.
To synchronize with the bit stream, the receiver picks a random bit, and then examines every 193rd bit for the presence of the special framing pattern. If too many received bits differ from the pattern, it delays one bit and begins the search again.

Frame Time
With added-digit framing strategy, the expected framing time from a random starting point with random data is
average number of bit positions Frame Time = before framing bit is found average number of bits to determine that an information position is not a framing position

Frame acquisition time of single-bit frame code

Assume that framing pattern alternates 1s and 0s. Assume that when beginning to test a particular bit position for framing, the value of the first appearance is saved and compared to the second appearance. Thus the minimum time to reject an invalid framing position is one frame time.

Frame Time
If we denote p by the probability of a 1 and q = 1- p the probability that a 0 is received first, the average number of frames required to receive a mismatch is A0.

A0

Frame time
If 1s and 0s are equally likely (p = q = 0.5), A = 2 so frame time = N2 + N bit times. For N = 193, framing time is 37346 bits, or 24.188 msec.
Also of interest is maximum framing time. Unfortunately there is no absolute maximum framing time for a T1 system with random data. It is very unlikely, however, that the framing time would ever exceed the average search time for all bit positions, or 48.25 ms. This latter measure of framing time is referred to as the maximum average frame time.

Framing time can be reduced by:

Examining one bit at a time, as earlier but during a reframe the search begins a few bit positions in front of the present position under assumption of small counter offsets.

Monitoring all bit positions simultaneously for the framing pattern (Parallel search).

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The 1.544 Mbps PCM frame

12-frame superframe (SF) structure

Framing pattern of second generation channel banks (D3, D4) from AT&T These channel banks provide 8 bits of voice for all time slots except in every sixth frame, which uses the least significant PCM bit for signaling. The signaling channels thus derived are divided into an A and B sub-channel, implying each sub channel sends a bit in every twelfth frame.

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12-frame superframe (SF) structure

12-frame superframe (SF) structure

(F) = 101010; (M) = 001110; During the odd frames the framing bit alternates, while during the even frames the framing bit sequence is 00111000111000

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12-frame superframe (SF) structure

A signaling frame can be identified by a 0-to1 transition in the even numbered frame sequence. Correspondingly, a 1-to-0 transition in the even numbered frame sequence signifies a B signaling frame. Frame acquisition begins by finding the alternating bit sequence (with 385 intervening bits). Then, the 000111 framing pattern is located.

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