MPHG2009-Chapter 6 Waves

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 6:Wave
CHAPTER 6: WAVE
6.1 Understanding Waves
1. Motion of Waves
A wave front is a line or plane on which the vibration of every points on it are in phase
and are at the………….(same/different) position from the source of the water.
2. When we use a fingertip to touch the surface of water repeatedly, ……....(circular/plane)

wavefronts are produced.
3. Types of waves
There are 2 types of waves :-
(a) ……………….
(b) ……………….
4. Transverse wave
(i). Transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
at ……………….. (parallel/perpendicular) to the direction of propagation of the wave.
A A
B B
A = … ……………….(crest / compression)
B = …………………..(rarefaction /trough)
(ii). Example of transverse wave:

i. ……………………………………..
ii……………………………………...
iii……………………………………..
5. Longitudinal waves
(i) A longitudinal is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
……………………….(parallel / proportional) to the direction of propagation
of wave. P
P
Q Q
(ii) Example of longitudinal wave:…………………………..
P = …………………..(crest / compression)
Q = …………………..(rarefaction / trough)
1
Amplitude, Period and Frequency of a Wave
A
C A
B B
Figure 6.20
1. Equilibrium position is …………………………………………………………….
2. One complete oscillation of the pendulum occurs when the pendulum bob moves from
…………............
3. The period, T of a vibrating system is ……………………………………………...
4. Frequency, f is ……………………………………………………
The S.I. unit is ……………..
1 n
f = or f =
T t
5. Stroboscope is use to ……………………………………..

Stroboscope frequency = number of slits x rotation frequency of stroboscope
or f = np
6. Wave speed
If the wavelength of the wave is λ , the waves move forward a distance of f x λ
per second. Therefore, the speed of waves, v
v=f λ
0 0
2
Exercise 6.1
Figure 6.10
1. (a) The wavelength of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter ……….
(b) The amplitude of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter …………
2. Indicate the interval which represents one full wavelength.
Figure 6.11
Answer: ……………………
3
Exercise 6.11
1. In an experiment , Lim observes that a simple pendulum completes 30 oscillations in

15.0 seconds. What is
(a) the frequency of oscillation?
(b) the period of oscillation?
Answer:
(a) f = 30/15 = 2 Hz
(b) T = 1/f
= 1/2
= 0.5 s
2. Displacement/cm
5
0 2 4 6 Time/s
-5
Calculate the frequency of the given wave above.

Answer : T = 4s
1
f= Hz
T
= 0.25 Hz
Displacement/cm
5
0 2 4 6
-5 Distance/cm
3. Based in the displacement-distance graph of a wave, find

(a) the amplitude
(b) the wavelength of the wave
Answer:
(a) amplitude = 5 cm
(b) Wavelength = 0.4 cm
4
4. A transverse wave is found to have a distance of 4 cm from a trough to a crest, a

frequency of 12 Hz, and a distance of 5 cm from a crest to the nearest trough. Determine
the amplitude, period, wavelength and speed of such a wave.
Answer:
Amplitude: 4/2 = 2 cm 1
Period: T = = 0.08 s
f
Wavelength: 5 ×2 = 10 cm
Speed: f × λ = 120 cm s-1
5. A girl moves a long slinky spring at a frequency of 3 Hz to produce a transverse wave

with a wavelength of 0.5 m. What is the wave speed of the waves along the slinky
spring?
Answer:
v=fxλ
= 3 x 0.5
= 1.5 m s-1
6.0 cm
•
6. The figure shows a wavefront pattern in a ripple tank produced by a vibrating dipper at
frequency of 5 Hz. What is the wave speed?
Answer:
f = 5 Hz
λ = 6.0/4 = 1.5 cm
V=fλ
= 7.5 cm s-1
5
4.5 cm
•
7. The figure shows a wavefront pattern in a ripple tank produced by a vibrating dipper at
frequency of 5 Hz. What is the wave speed?
Answer:
f = 5 Hz
= 4.5/3 = 1.5 cm
V=f
= 7.5 cm s-1
20 cm (5λ)
8. A mechanical stroboscope has 12 slits and rotates at a frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope
is used to observe water waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright bands at a
distance 20 cm. Calculate the speed of the water waves.
Answer:
f=np λ = 20/5
= 12 x 5 = 4 cm
= 60 Hz V=fλ
= 60 x 4
= 240 cm s-1
9. The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency 300 Hz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength.
(b) the speed of sound
Answer:
(a) 0.6 m
(b) V = f λ
= 300 x 0.6
= 180 m s-1
6
10. A given wave travels at a speed of 2 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
Calculate the wavelength
Answer:
λ= v/f
=
= 200 m
11. (a) Base on the figure determine,

(i) the amplitude
(ii) the wave length
-1
(b) What is the frequency of the sound if the speed of sound is 330 ms .
Answer:
(a) (i) 2 cm
(ii) 50 cm
(b) f = v / λ
= 330 / 0.5
= 660 Hz
Damping
Figure 6.12
7
1. Damping is a …………………………………………………………………………..
2. When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation …………….

(decreases/increases) slowly until the system stops oscillating.
3. Damping is usually caused by :-

(i) external frictional forces such as air resistance
(ii) internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of heat.
Resonans
A resonance is
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Experiment to show a phenomenon of resonance
E
A
B D
C 6.12: Barton’s pendulum
Figure
Pendulum B and D are the same length. When pendulum B oscilates, all the pendulum start
to oscilate. But pendulum B and D have the same length, so there have same natural
frequency. So pendulum D will oscilates with ……………(maximum/minimum) amplitude.
6.2 ANALYSING REFRLECTION OF WAVES
1. Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle such as barrier, plane
reflector, mirror and wall.
2. The reflection of waves obeys the law of reflection :

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..
3. When the reflection of a wave happened , the wavelength ,λ, the frequency, f and the
speed, v …………………….but the direction of propagation of the wave changes.
8
Exercise 6.2
Complete the diagram below.
Reflection of water waves
1. Show the pattern of the reflection of the water waves

(a) (b)
(b)
2. Show the dark and bright pattern on the screen below.
Water waves
Ripple tank
Screen
9
Reflection of Light Wave
1. When rays of light strike any surface the rays are reflected , unless the surface is
black, when they are absorbed.
2. A plane mirror is a flat smooth surface which reflects regularly most of the light
falling on it.
Figure 6.20
1. The characteristics of reflection of light waves:
…………………………………………………………………
2. The bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on the screen because the
surface of water acts as lenses. The crest of water waves similar with …………….
(concave lens /convex lens) and the trough of water waves similar with ……
(concave lens /convex lens).
Exercise 6.21
The diagram shows a single ray of light being directed at a plane mirror. What are the
angles of incidence and reflection?
(a) (b)
35o
Answer:
10
2. Reflection of sound waves
1. The sound waves is reflected by walls and ceilings of buildings, unborn baby or sea
bed.
Figure 6.21
2. The sound wave from the stopwatch experience a reflection after striking the smooth
wall.
The angle of incidence, i is ………….(equal to /more than/less than) the angle of
reflection, r.
Exercise 6.22
50 m
1. The diagram shows a student shouting in front of a school building. Calculate the time
taken by the student to hear the echo of his voice.
[The speed of sound in air is 340 m s-1 ]
Answer:
2s = v x t , t=
= 0.29 s
11
2.
If an echo is heard one second after the holler and reflects off canyon walls which are a
distance of 170 meters away, then what is the speed of the wave?
Answer:
2s = v x t
2s 2(170)
v= = = 340 m s-1
t 1
6.3 ANALYSING REFRACTION OF WAVES
1. The refraction of water waves occur when there is a ………………………………………
Figure 6.30
2. After refraction, the wave has the same …………………………. but a different
………………………….
12
Refraction of Water Waves
λ1 λ2
Deep shallow
Figure 6.31
1. When the water wave travel from a deep area, the direction of the waves is refracted towards ………
(towards/away from) the normal.
2. The angle of incidence, i of the water is ………. greater (greater / smaller) than the angle of
refraction, r
3. When the refraction of a wave happened , the frequency, f does not change but the
wavelength ,λ, ................................................................................of
……………… the speed and the direction of propagation the wave change.
Exercise 6.3
1. Complete the table below to show the properties of refracted water waves when wave travels
from one area to another area of a different depth. Use the words given.
Decreases Increases Unchanged
Bends towards the normal Bends away from the normal
Properties of refracted water Deep water to shallow water Shallow water to deep water
waves
Wavelength Decreases Increases
Velocity Decreases Increases
Frequency Unchanged Unchanged
Direction of travel Bends towards the normal Bends away from the normal
13
2. On each of the following diagram, draw the refracted wave by the perspex.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
3. A plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm and a velocity of 8 cms-1 as it moves over the
surface of shallow water. When the plane wave moves into an area of greater, depth, its
velocity becomes 12 cms-1. What is the
a. wavelength
b. frequency
of the wave in the area of greater depth?
•Answer:
(a) λ1 = 2 v1 = 2 v=fλ =
λ2 = v2 = 12 = λ2 = = 3 cm
(b) f =
14
= = 4 Hz
Refraction of water wave of the sea water
Figure 6.32
1. Why are the speed and wavelength of waves in the middle of the sea almost uniform?
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What do you think would happen to the wave speed if the depth of water is increased?
…………………………..
.
3. Why do the distances between the wavefronts decrease as the waves approach the beach?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Why is the water in the bay stationary compared to the water at the cape?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
15
Refraction of Light Waves

normal
air
glass block
Figure 6.33
1. When a ray propagates from one medium to an optically denser medium, the ray refracts
…………………(towards / away from) the normal.
2. The speed of light …………….(decreases/increases) as it propagates in the glass block,

causing it to alter the direction of propagation.
Refraction of Sound Waves
Figure 6.34 (a) Figure 6.34 (b)
1. Sound waves travel faster in warm air than in …….. (cold/hot) air.
2. On a hot day, the hot surface of the Earth causes the layer of air near the surface to be
………… (warmer/cooler)
3. This causes sound waves to be …………. (reflected/refracted) away from the Earth.
4. On a cool night, the sound waves travel ………….(slower/faster)in the cooler layer of air
near the surface of the Earth than in the upper, warmer air. The waves are refracted
towards the Earth.
Hence, sound can be heard over a longer distance on a cold ……….(night/day) compared
with a hot day.
16
6.4 ANALYSING DIFFRACTION OF WAVES
1. Diffraction of waves is ……..........................................................................
2. The effect of diffraction is obvious only if

(a) the size of the aperture or obstacle is …………..small / large enough.
(b) the wavelength is ……………… small /large enough.
3. Frequency, wavelength and …………………of waves do not change

4. The …………………………………………. of the waves are change
Diffraction of water waves
Exercise 6.4
1. The table shows the properties of diffracted water waves as they pass through a gap.
Choose the correct answers given into the blanks.
Unchanged Increased Decreased
Properties of diffracted water waves After passing through a gap

Wavelength Unchanged
Speed Unchanged
Frequency Unchanged
17
2. Complete the diagrams below by drawing the wavefronts to show the diffraction of water
waves.
(a) Narrow gap ≤ λ (b) Wider gap > λ
(c)Wider obstacle
(d) Narrow obstacle
From the diagram above,

narrower
1. The ………….(narrower/wider) the gap, the more the waves spread out.
little
2. When the gap is much wider than the wavelength of the waves, there is ………….
(little/more) diffraction.
18
Diffraction of light waves
Figure 6.40 Diffraction of light through a single slit
Smaller bright strip at the centre Larger bright strip at the centre
Figure 6.41 (a) Figure 6.1(b)

Wide slit Narrow slit
1. The diffraction of light waves occur when the light waves pass through a small slit or
small pin hole.
2. The wider middle bright fringe shows that the light waves diffracted after pass
through a narrow slit.
less
3. If the slit becomes wider, diffraction pattern becomes ………….. (less/more) distinct.
Diffraction of sound waves
Figure 6.42
19
1. A listener is requested to stand on the other side of the corner of the wall so that the radio
is beyond his vision.
2. The listener is able to hear the sound of the radio although it is behind the wall.
3. It is because the sound of the radio spreads around the corner of the wall due to diffraction
of sound.
6.5 ANALYSING INTERFERENCE WAVE
1. Interference is the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources meet
2. Two waves are in coherent if they are of the same ………………….and ………………,
3. There are two types of interference :
Principle of superposition
1. The principle of superposition states that………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Constructive interference occurs when…………………………………………………
3. Destructive interference occurs when………………………………………………………
4. (a) Constructive Interference
+ =
Before superposition During superposition
Figure 6.50 (a)
+ =
Figure 6.50 (b)
20
When the vertical displacement of two waves are in the same direction as in Figure 6.50
(a) and (b), …………………………(constructive/destructive) interference occurs.
(b) Destructive Interference
+ =
Figure 6.51
If a wave with a positive displacement meets another with a negative displacement of

the same magnitude, they cancel each other and the combined amplitude becomes
……….
Interference of Water Waves
Figure 6.52: Interference of water waves
1. At the points of constructive interference, the water moves up and down with a
…………(large/ small) amplitude
2. The points of constructive interferences, is known as …………..( nodes/antinodes)

The points of destructive interferences is known as ………………(nodes/antinodes).
21
Exercise 6.5
B
C
Figure 6.53
1. Figure 6.53 shows the interference pattern of water by two coherent sources of water
waves.
(i) At point A, two crest meet resulting in ……………………….. interference.
(ii) At point B, two through meet resulting in ……………………..interference.
(iii) At point C, a crest meet a trough resulting in …………………interference.
2.. Complete the table below.
Before superposition During superposition After superposition
22
3. Categorize each labeled position as being a position where either constructive or

destructive interference occurs.
(a) Constructive interference:…………………….

(b) Destructive interference:……………………..
.
4. The diagram shows a full-scale interference pattern of a ripple tank experiment 2

seconds after vibration started. The crests of the water ripples are represented by the
dark lines.
(a) What is represented at P at this instant?
………………………………………………………….
(b) What is the frequency of the vibrator?

…………………………………………………………
5. Two dot vibrators which has a separation of 5.0 cm are placed on a water surface in
a ripple tank. The distance between two adjacent antinodes on a screen is 3.0 cm. If
the perpendicular distance between the dot vibrators and the screen is 10.0 cm, what
is the wavelength of the water waves?
Answer:
λ=
= 1.5 cm
23
Complete the crossword puzzle.
1. Two sources are said to be ……………………if they have the same frequency of
vibration and a zero or constant phase difference.
2. We can use a ripple tank to observe …………………..patterns of water waves.
3. Antinodes are points where ……………… ..interference occurs.
4. Nodes are points where ………………interference occurs.
5. Antinodal lines are lines joining ………………………
6. Nodal lines are lines joining …………………………
24
Inteference of Light Waves
A ray of light passes through the single slit and reaches the double-slit will give
rise to two coherent light rays.
1. Interference occur when at least two coherent light waves overlap or superpose
2. The superposition of 2 rays produces:

(i) ………………………………………
(ii)………………………………………
3. When constructive occurs there will be a ………… (bright/dark) fringe

When destructive occurs there will be a …………(bright/dark) fringe
25
4. The wavelength of monochromatic light can be found by the formula:
a = …………………………………………………..
x = ………………………………………………….
D = ………………………………………………….
Exercise 6.51
1. In a Young’s double slit experiment, a light of wavelength 633 nm passes through

two slit which are 0.5 mm apart. Vertical fringes are observed on a screen placed
4 m from the slits.
(i) Calculate the distance between two adjacent bright fringes.
(ii) What will happen to the distance between two adjacent bright fringes if
a light of shorter wavelength is used?
Answer:
(a) λ = 633 nm = 633 x 10-9
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 x 10-3 m
D =4m
x=
x = 5.064 x 10-3 mm
(b)
If λ is smaller, x will also be smaller. Therefore , the distance between two

adjacent bright fringes of light will smaller.
14 mm
26
2. The wavelength of light can be determined with a double-slit plate. The diagram
above shows the pattern of interference fringes obtained in a Young’s double-slit
experiment. The separation distance of the two slit is 0.20 mm and the distance
between the screen and the double-slit plate is 4.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of the light used in the experiment.
Answer:
7x = 14 mm
x = 2 mm = 2 x 10-3 m
D = 3.0 m
Inteference of Sound Waves
The wavelength of sound wave can be found by the formula:
a = …………………………………………………..
x = ………………………………………………….
D = ………………………………………………….
Exercise 6.52
1. Two loud speakers placed 2 m apart are connected to an audio signal generator that is
adjusted to produce sound waves of frequency 550 Hz. The detection of loud and soft
sounds as a person moves along a line is at 4.0 m from the loudspeakers.
Calculate the
(a) wavelength
(b) speed
of the sound waves.
27
Answer:
(a) a = 2 m
D = 4.0 m
λ=
= 0.6 m
(b) f = 550 Hz
V=fλ
= 550 x 0.6
= 330 m s-1
6.6 Analysing Sound Waves
1. Sound waves are longitudinal waves which require a medium for its propagation.
2. The loudness of the sound is depend to the …………………
3. The pitch of the sound is depend to the ……………………...
28
a phenomenon when a sound wave has been reflected off a

4. Echo is ……………………………………………………………………
surface , and is heard after the original sound.
Application of Sound Waves

1. Ultrasonic waves with frequencies above 20 kHz cannot be heard by human ear.
2. The ultrasonic ruler is used to measure the distance between itself and a target.
3. The depth of sea water can be calculated using the formula :
2d = v x
t
Exercise 6.60
29
When a wave reaches the (1) .......... from one medium to another medium, a
portion of the wave undergoes reflection while the other portion of the wave
undergoes transmission across the boundary.
The (2)………. sound will be heard when the angle of incidence, i equals the
angle of reflection, r
Therefore, we can say that sound waves obey the laws of (3)………..
(4)…….. that are causes by multiple reflections from numerous reflecting

surfaces of a large hall can create an impression that sound lasts for a long time.
If the reflector is near to the sound source, the reflected sound will overlap the
origin sound. It will not be heard as a separate sound, but as a prolonged origin
sound known as (5)…………
2. In an expedition to determine the depth of a freshwater lake using an ultrasonic

ruler, a pulse of ultrasonic sound is generated and travels to the bottom of the lake
and reflected by it. The time taken by the pulse to travel to the bottom of the lake
and return to the ruler is 0.35 s. If the speed of sound in freshwater is 1482 m s-1,
calculate the depth of the lake.
Answer:
v = 1482 m s-1, t = 0.35 s
2d=vxt
d=
= 259.35 m
3. . Fill in the blank.
Field Application
Medicine Sound waves of high energy are directed
to the kidney stones to destroy them in the
cavity of the kidney.
Industry Sound waves of high energy are directed
to the kidney stones to destroy them in the
cavity of the kidney.
30
6.7 Analysing Electromagnetic Waves
1. The electric and magnetic field vibrate ………………..(perpendicular/parallel) to

each other and to the direction of propagation.
2. Properties of electromagnetic waves

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
3. Sources and applications of electromagnetic waves in daily life
Type of em wave Source Application

Electrical oscillating (a) telecommunications
Radio waves
circuit (b) broadcasting : tv and radio
λ = 10-1 - 105 m
transmission
Oscillating electrical (a) satellite transmissions
Microwave
charge in a microwave (b) radar
λ = 10-3 – 10-1 m
transmitter (c) cooking
(a) night vision
Infrared
Hot bodies, the sun and (b) thermal imaging and physiotherapy
λ = 10-6 – 10-3 m
fires (c) remote controls
Visible light (a) sight
λ = 10-7 m The sun, hot objects, light (b) photosynthesis in plants
bulbs, fluorescent tubes (c) photography
Ultraviolet (a) identification of counterfeit notes
radiation Very hot objects, the sun, (b) production of vit-D
λ = 10-9 – 10-7 m mercury vapor lamps (c) Sentrilisation to destroy germs
X-ray (a) Radiotherapy
λ = 10-11 – 10-9 x-ray tubes (b) Detection of cracks in building
m structures
(a) Cancer treatment
Gamma rays
Radioactive subtances (b) Sterilisation of equipment
λ = 10-14 – 10-10
(c) Pest control in agriculture
m
31
Exercise 6.70
1. The diagram below shows the pattern of spectrum electromagnetic. In the boxes
provided, write the names of the parts given .
Radiowave microwave gamma ray x-ray visible ray infra-red ray ultraviolet ray
wavelength
Gamma X-ray Ultra Visible infrared microwave radiowave

ray Violet light
frequency
2. Table 6.70 shows electromagnetic waves P, Q, R and S and their uses
Electromagnetic waves Uses

P Remote control
Q Radar system
R Photograph
S Kill cancerous cells
Table 6.70
Identify P, Q, R and S
Answer:
P = Infra-red rays
Q = Microwaves
R = Visible light
S = Gamma rays
32
Reinforcement Chapter 6
Part A : Objective Questions
1. Calculate the frequency of the given wave above
A. 8 Hz.
B. 1/8 Hz
C. 4 Hz.
D. ¼ Hz
E. 12 Hz
2. Which of the following is NOT a electromagnetic wave?
A. x-ray.
B. Gamma ray
C. water wave
D. microwave.
3. Which of the following cannot travel through vacuum?
A. x-ray
B. gamma ray
C. sound wave
D. light wave.
4. Based on the given diagram above calculate the wavelength.
A. 4 cm
B. 8 cm
C. 10 cm
D. 15 cm
E. 20 cm
33
5. Wave length of given wave does NOT depend on.
A. velocity.
B. Frequency
C. Amplitude
D. Period.
6. What is the phenomenon shown above?
A. reflection.
B. Refraction.
C. Interference.
7. A given wave travels at a speed of 4 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
calculate the wavelength
A. 100 m
B. 200 m
C. 300 m
D. 400 m
E. 500 m
8. Which of the following is a common characteristic of visible light, ultraviolet rays,

infrared rays, gamma rays and X-rays?
A. Influenced by magnetic field.

B. Possess the same frequency.
C. Possess the same wavelength.
D. Possess the same velocity in vacuum.
9. Which of the following electromagnetic waves are arranged in the order of increasing
wavelength.
A. Visible light, X-rays. Radio waves. Infrared waves.

B. X-rays. Visible light. Infrared waves .Radio waves.
C. Radio waves, X-rays. Visible light. Infrared waves.
10. Which of the following waves cannot travel through vacuum?

A. Sound waves
B. X-rays
C. Radio waves
34
Part B: Structured Questions
Figure 1
1. Figure 1 shows the use of sonar equipment to measure the depth of the sea.
(a) State the phenomenon of sound wave applied in sonar equipment.
……………….
[1 mark]
(b) Sound waves with frequency of 6.0 x 105 Hz are used to determine the depth of
the sea. [speed of sound in sea water = 1500 m s-1]
(i) What is the wavelength of the sound wave in sea water?

λ=
= = 2.5 x 10-3 m
[2 marks]
(ii) If the time interval between the instant the sound wave is sent to the
instant the echo is received is 1.5 s, what is the depth of the sea
d=
= = 1125 [2 marks]
2.
Figure 2
A ping pong ball is held with a string and placed near a loudspeaker as shown
in Figure 2
The loudspeaker emits a low frequency sound and the ping-pong ball seems to
vibrate to it.
35
(a) Explain how the sound from the loudspeaker produces vibration on the ping
pong ball.
The vibration of the loudspeaker moves the air molecules around it.
The sound wave produced by the loudspeaker transfers energy to the ping
pong ball and causes it to move
(b) What will happen to the vibration of the ping pong ball if the loudness emits
(i) a louder sound?
The ping pong ball vibrates with greater amplitude
(ii) a sound with a higher pitch?

The ping pong ball vibrates with higher frequency.
(c) If the frequency of the sound is 50 Hz, calculate the wavelength of the sound
produced. [Assume the speed of the sound in air in 350 ms-1]
λ= = = 7m
3. (a) Figure 3 shows two sets of ripple tanks used to study diffraction of waves.
Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

(i) What is meant by the diffraction of waves.
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap
or around an obstacle
(ii) Which of the two sets will show a bigger effect of diffraction. Explain
your answer.
The set shown in Figure 4.1 will show a bigger effect of diffraction. This is
because the narrower the gap, the more the waves spread out.
(iii) Redraw and complete Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 to show the differences
between the two diffraction patterns.
(iv) State the characteristic to the diffracted waves in terms of waves in terms
of wavelength, frequency, speed and amplitude compared to the incident
waves.
(a) Wavelength remains unchanged
(b) Frequency remains unchanged
(c) Speed remains unchanged
(d) Amplitude becomes smaller compared to the incident waves
36
4. You are assigned to investigate the properties of waves that could be used in
broadcasting and communication. Table below shows the properties of six types
of waves P, Q, R, S T and U.
Wave Type of wave Material medium Speed of wave Penetrating power

for propagation
P Transverse Not required 3 x 108 ms -1 Penetrates matter
Q Transverse Not required 3 x 108 ms -1 Absorbed by glass
R Transverse Not required 3 x 108 ms -1 Refracted by glass
S Transverse Not required 3 x 108 ms -1 Medium
T Longitudinal Required 330 ms -1 Weak
U Longitudinal Required 10 ms -1 Weak
Based on the table, select the most suitable wave that could be used in
broadcasting and communication and give your reasons.
[10 marks]
Answer:
Characteristics Reason
It is transverse wave It can be modulated by the signal frequency
It does not require It can travel through vacuum
material medium for
propagation
It travels at a very high Information can be sent immediately to any
speed destination
It does not need a high Information can be transmitted in a straight
penetrating power line from one place to another
Wave R is chosen
because of it is transverse wave, not require material medium, very high speed
and doesn’t need a high penetrating power.
37
5. Figure 5.1 shows the arrangement of the apparatus tor an experiment to study a
wave phenomenon.
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1 shows the bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on the
white piece of paper produced by the vibration of two spherical dippers on the
water surface.

(ii) Observe Figures 5.2 and 5.3. Compare the wave patterns produced by
the spherical dippers.
State the relationship between the distance of the two coherent of two
consecutive node or antinode lines.
[5 marks]
Answer:
i. The spherical dippers are closer in Figures 5.2 and they are futher
apart in Figure 5.3
ii. The wavelength is the same in Figure 5.2 and 5.3.
iii. The distance of two separation between two consecutive antinode or
node lines is smaller in Figure 5.3 than 5.2
iv. The angle between the successive antinode or node lines is smaller in
Figure 5.3 than5.2
v. The smaller the distance between two coherent sources, the larger is the
distance between the two consecutive antinode or node lines.
38
Part C: Essay
1. Figure 6.0 shows the arrangement of the apparatus for an experiment to study a
wave phenomenon.
Figure 6.0
Figure 6.1 shows the bright and dark bands of the waves pattern formed on the white
paper when plane waves passes through the narrow and wide gaps.
Narrow gap Wide gap

Figure 6.1(a) Figure 6.1(b)
(a) Name the wave phenomenon shown in figure 6.2.
Diffraction [1 mark]
(b) (i) Explain how the dark and light bands are formed on the white paper.
[4 marks]
√ Figure / Troughs
act as a concave
lens √ Figure / Crests
act as a convex
lens
√ Figure / Every troughs will

diverge the light, dark fringes √ Figure / Every crests will
are formed converge the light, bright
B D B D B D B fringes are formed
39
(ii) Observe Figure 6.2(a) and (b). Compare the waves patterns and the wavelength of
the waves before and after they pass through the gaps.
Relate the size of the gaps, the waves patterns and the wavelengths to deduce a
relevant physics concept.
[5 marks]
a. In figure 6.1(a), size of the wavelength is the same as size of the gap // In figure
6.1(b), size of the gap is wider than size of the wavelength
b. In figure 6.1(a) and figure 6.1(b), size of the wavelengths are the same before and
after they pass through the gaps.
c. The waves emerging from the narrow gap in figure 6.1(a) is circular wavefronts
d. The waves emerging from the wider gap is plane wavefronts
e. When a wave passes through a gap, the wave spreads.
The narrower the gap the greater the spreading of the wave
(c) Figure 6.3 shows the seashore of a fishing village. During the rainy season, waves
are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore, caused the jetty to collapse and
damaged the fishermen’s boats.
Figure 6.3
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest building retaining walls
and relocating the jetty.
Make further suggestion of ways to help the fishermen solve their problems.
You should use your knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to
explain these suggestions, to include the following aspects.
(i) the design and structure of the retaining wall,
(ii) the location of the new jetty
(iii) the size or energy of the waves
[10 marks]
Answer:
1. Build slanting barrier to reduce speed of wave
2. Build the rough barrier to reduce reflection of the waves
3. Build the new jetty at the bay because the water is calm at the bay
4. Build the small opening surround the bay because diffraction happens at the opening
5. Build the barrier at the bay because the wave is spread according to the shape of the
bay
40

MPHG2009-Chapter 6 Waves

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MPHG2009-Chapter 6 Waves

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5

Teacher’s Guide Chapter 6:Wave

6.1 Understanding Waves

2. When we use a fingertip to touch the surface of water repeatedly, ……....(circular/plane)

(ii). Example of transverse wave:

Amplitude, Period and Frequency of a Wave

1. Equilibrium position is …………………………………………………………….

3. The period, T of a vibrating system is ……………………………………………...

5. Stroboscope is use to ……………………………………..

2. Indicate the interval which represents one full wavelength.

1. In an experiment , Lim observes that a simple pendulum completes 30 oscillations in

Calculate the frequency of the given wave above.

3. Based in the displacement-distance graph of a wave, find

4. A transverse wave is found to have a distance of 4 cm from a trough to a crest, a

Speed: f × λ = 120 cm s-1

5. A girl moves a long slinky spring at a frequency of 3 Hz to produce a transverse wave

11. (a) Base on the figure determine,

2. When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation …………….

3. Damping is usually caused by :-

Experiment to show a phenomenon of resonance

6.2 ANALYSING REFRLECTION OF WAVES

2. The reflection of waves obeys the law of reflection :

Reflection of water waves

1. Show the pattern of the reflection of the water waves

2. Show the dark and bright pattern on the screen below.

Reflection of Light Wave

2. Reflection of sound waves

6.3 ANALYSING REFRACTION OF WAVES

1. The refraction of water waves occur when there is a ………………………………………

Refraction of Water Waves

Decreases Increases Unchanged

Bends towards the normal Bends away from the normal

Refraction of Light Waves

2. The speed of light …………….(decreases/increases) as it propagates in the glass block,

Refraction of Sound Waves

Figure 6.34 (a) Figure 6.34 (b)

6.4 ANALYSING DIFFRACTION OF WAVES

1. Diffraction of waves is ……..........................................................................

2. The effect of diffraction is obvious only if

3. Frequency, wavelength and …………………of waves do not change

Diffraction of water waves

Unchanged Increased Decreased

Properties of diffracted water waves After passing through a gap

(a) Narrow gap ≤ λ (b) Wider gap > λ

From the diagram above,

Diffraction of light waves

Figure 6.40 Diffraction of light through a single slit

Figure 6.41 (a) Figure 6.1(b)

Diffraction of sound waves

6.5 ANALYSING INTERFERENCE WAVE

3. There are two types of interference :

1. The principle of superposition states that………………………………………………………

3. Destructive interference occurs when………………………………………………………

4. (a) Constructive Interference

Before superposition During superposition

Figure 6.50 (a)

Before superposition During superposition

Figure 6.50 (b)

(b) Destructive Interference

Before superposition During superposition

If a wave with a positive displacement meets another with a negative displacement of

Interference of Water Waves

Figure 6.52: Interference of water waves