STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Using Classical and Matrix Methods

Fourth Edition

Jack C. McCormac
Clemson University

8 O 7 2 O O 7

John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Table of Contents

DEDICATION vii PREFACE xiii

PART ONE: STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER I Introduction
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Structural Analysis and Design 3 History of Structural Analysis 4 Basic Principles of Structural Analysis 7 Structural Components and Systems 8 Structural Forces 9 Structural Idealization (Line Diagrams) 11 Calculation Accuracy 13 Checks on Problems 13 Impact of Computers on Structural Analysis

14

CHAPTER 2
Structural Loads 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 16 Introduction 16 Structural Safety 17 Specifications and Building Codes 17 Types of Structural Loads 20 Dead Loads 20 Live Loads 21 Live Load Impact Factors 23 Live Loads on Roofs 23 Rain Loads 24 Wind Loads 26 Simplified ASCE Procedure for Estimating Wind Loads

29

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2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17

Detailed ASCE Procedure for Estimating Wind Loads 31 Seismic Loads 32 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure for Estimating Seismic Loads Snow Loads 37 Other Loads 40 Problems for Solution 41

34

CHAPTER 3
System Loading and Behavior 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 43 Introduction 43 Tributary Areas 44 Influence Areas 48 Live Load Reduction 48 Loading Conditions for Allowable Stress Design Loading Conditions for Strength Design 52 Concept of the Force Envelope 55 Problems for Solution 56

50

CHAPTER 4
Reactions 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 57 Equilibrium 57 Moving Bodies 57 Calculation of Unknowns 58 Types of Support 59 Stability, Determinacy, and Indeterminacy 61 Unstable Equilibrium and Geometric Instability 64 Sign Convention 65 Free-Body Diagrams 66 Horizontal and Vertical Components 67 Reactions by Proportions 67 Reactions Calculated by Equations of Statics 68 Principle of Superposition 71 The Simple Cantilever 72 Cantilevered Structures 73 Reaction Calculations for Cantilevered Structures 75 Arches 77 Three-Hinged Arches 78 Uses of Arches and Cantilevered Structures 83 Cables 83 Problems for Solution 88

CHAPTER 5
Shearing Force and Bending Moment 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction 95 Shear Diagrams 97 Moment Diagrams 98 95

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5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

Relations Among Loads, Shearing Forces, and Bending Moments Moment Diagrams Drawn from Shear Diagrams 99 Shear and Moment Diagrams for Statically Determinate Frames Shearing Force and Bending Moment Equations 110 Problems for Solution 112

98 106

CHAPTER 6
Introduction to Plane Trusses 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 I 17 Introduction 117 Assumptions for Truss Analysis 118 Truss Notation 119 Roof Trusses 120 Bridge Trusses 121 Arrangement of Truss Members 122 Statical Determinacy of Trusses 123 Methods of Analysis and Conventions 127 Method of Joints 129 Computer Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses Example Computer Problem 135 Problems for Solution 138

134

CHAPTER 7 Plane Trusses, Continued 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10

143

Analysis by the Method of Sections 143 Application of the Method of Sections 144 Method of Shears 151 Zero-Force Members 153 When Assumptions Are Not Correct 155 Simple, Compound, and Complex Trusses 156 The Zero-Load Test 157 Stability 159 Equations of Condition 161 Problems for Solution 162

CHAPTER 8
Three-Dimensional or Space Trusses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 168 Introduction 168 Basic Principles 168 Equations of Static Equilibrium 169 Stability of Space Trusses 171 Special Theorems Applying to Space Trusses 171 Types of Support 172 Illustrative Examples 173 Solution Using Simultaneous Equations 178 Example Problem with SABLE32 180 Problems for Solution 182

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CHAPTER 9 Influence Lines for Beams 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13

185

Introduction 185 The Influence Line Defined 185 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Reactions 186 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Shearing Forces 187 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Moments 188 Qualitative Influence Lines 189 Uses of Influence Lines; Concentrated Loads 194 Uses of Influence Lines; Uniform Loads 195 Common Simple Beam Formulas from Influence Lines 196 Determining Maximum Loading Effects Using Influence Lines Maximum Loading Effects Using Beam Curvature 198 Impact Loading 199 Problems for Solution 201

197

CHAPTER 10 Truss Influence Lines and Moving Loads 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12

204

Influence Lines for Trusses 204 Arrangement of Bridge Floor Systems 204 Influence Lines for Truss Reactions 206 Influence Lines for Member Forces of Parallel-Chord Trusses 206 Influence Lines for Members Forces of Nonparallel Chord Trusses 208 Influence Lines for K Truss 210 Determination of Maximum Forces 211 Counters in Bridge Trusses 213 Live Loads for Highway Bridges 215 Live Loads for Railway Bridges 219 Maximum Values for Moving Loads 220 Problems for Solution 223

CHAPTER 11
Deflections and Angle Changes Using Geometric Methods 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Introduction 225 Sketching Deformed Shapes of Structures Reasons for Computing Deflections 230 The Moment-Area Theorems 232 Application of the Moment-Area Theorems Analysis of Fixed-End Beams 241 Maxwell's Law of Reciprocal Deflections Problems for Solution 245 225 225

234 243

CHAPTER 12
Deflections and Angle Changes Using Geometric Methods Continued 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 The Method of Elastic Weights 248 Application of the Method of Elastic Weights 249 Limitations of the Elastic-Weight Method 254 Conjugate-Beam Method 255 241

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12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11

Summary of Conjugate Beams 257 Equilibrium 257 Summary of Beam Relations 258 Application of the Conjugate Method to Beams Long Term Deflections 260 Application of the Conjugate Method to Frames Problems for Solution 261

258 261

CHAPTER 13 Deflection and Angle Changes Using Energy Methods 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11

264

Introduction to Energy Methods 264 Conservation of Energy Principle 264 Virtual Work or Complementary Virtual Work Method 265 Truss Deflections by Virtual Work 267 Application of Virtual Work to Trusses 269 Deflections of Beams and Frames by Virtual Work 273 Example Problems for Beams and Frames 274 Rotations or Angle Changes by Virtual Work 281 Introduction to Castigliano's Theorems 283 Castigliano's Second Theorem 284 Problems for Solution 289

PART T W O ! STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Classical Methods

CHAPTER 14
Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 297 Introduction 297 Continuous Structures 298 Advantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures 300 Disadvantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures 302 Methods of Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Structures 302 Looking Ahead 304

CHAPTER 15
Force Methods of Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Structures 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Beams and Frames with One Redundant 305 Beams and Frames with Two or More Redundants Support Settlement 316 Problems for Solution 320 314 305

CHAPTER 16
Force Methods for Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Structures Continued 322 16.1 16.2 Analysis of Externally Redundant Trusses Analysis of Internally Redundant Trusses 322 326

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16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7

Analysis of Trusses Redundant Internally and Externally 329 Temperature Changes, Shrinkage, Fabrication Errors, and So On Castigliano's First Theorem 332 Analysis Using Computers 341 Problems for Solution 342

330

CHAPTER 17 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams Qualitative Influence Lines 353 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Trusses Problems for Solution 360

347 347 356

CHAPTER 18 Slope Deflection: A Displacement Method of Analysis 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 Introduction 363 Derivation of Slope-Deflection Equations 363 Application of Slope Deflection to Continuous Beams Continuous Beams with Simple Ends 369 Miscellaneous Items Concerning Continuous Beams Analysis of Beams with Support Settlement 372 Analysis of FramesNo Sidesway 374 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 376 Analysis of Frames with Sloping Legs 382 Problems for Solution 382

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366 371

PART THREE: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES Common Methods in Current Practice CHAPTER 19
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.10 389 Introduction 389 Trusses with Two Diagonals in Each Panel 390 Continuous Beams 391 Analysis of Building Frames for Vertical Loads 395 Analysis of Portal Frames 398 Analysis of Building Frames for Lateral Loads 400 Approximate Analyses of Frame Compared to "Exact" Analysis by SABLE32 407 Moment Distribution 408 Analysis of Vierendeel "Trusses" 408 Problems for Solution 410

CHAPTER 20 Moment Distribution for Beams 20.1 20.2 Introduction 413 Basic Relations 415

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20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9

Definitions 417 Sign Convention 419 Application of Moment Distribution 419 Modification of Stiffness for Simple Ends 424 Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 425 Computer Solution with SABLE32 428 Problems for Solution 430

CHAPTER 21 Moment Distribution for Frames

21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7

433

Frames with Sidesway Prevented 433 Frames with Sidesway 435 Sidesway Moments 437 Frames with Sloping Legs 447 Multistory Frames 451 Computer Analysis of Frame 455 Problems for Solution 457

CHAPTER 22 Introduction to Matrix Methods

22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6

461

Structural Analysis Using the Computer 461 Matrix Methods 461 Review of Matrix Algebra 462 Force and Displacement Methods of Analysis 462 Introduction to the Force or Flexibility Method 463 Problems for Solution 468

CHAPTER 23
Fundamentals of the Displacement or Stiffness Method 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 470 Introduction 470 General Relationships 470 Stiffness Equations for Axial Force Members 472 Stiffness Equations for Flexural Members 478 Stiffness Matrix for Combined Axial and Flexural Members Characteristics of Stiffness Matrices 489 Relation Between Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices 490 Problems for Solution 492

487

CHAPTER 24
Stiffness Matrices for Inclined Members 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 General 494 Axial Force Members 494 Flexural Members 500 Loading Between Nodes 510 Problems for Solution 515 494

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CHAPTER 25 Additional Matrix Procedures 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10

518

General 518 Addition of Stiffness Equations 518 Stiffness Matrices for Inclined Members 520 Stiffness Equations for Structures with Enforced Displacements Stiffness Equations for Structures with Members Experiencing Temperature Changes 524 Stiffness Equations for Structures Whose Members Have Incorrect Lengths 526 Applications of Matrix Partitioning 526 Condensation 527 Band Width of Stiffness Matrices for General Structures 528 Problems for Solution 531

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A The Catenary Equation APPENDIX B Matrix Algebra B.I B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 533

538

Introduction 538 Matrix Definitions and Properties 538 Special Matrix Types 539 Determinant of a Square Matrix 540 Adjoint Matrix 541 Matrix Arithmetic 542 Gauss's Method for Solving Simultaneous Equations Special Topics 548

547

APPENDIX C Wind, Seismic, and Snow Load Tables and Figures

553

APPENDIX D Computer Analysis of Various Structures Using SAP2000 D. 1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 D.6 Introduction 565 Analysis of Plane Trusses 565 Analysis of Space Trusses 567 Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Plane Trusses Analysis of Composite Structures 570 Analysis of Continuous Beams and Frames 571

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Glossary 573 Index 579