Distance

15.0
18.0
18.9
21.0
24.0
30.0
34.2
37.5
45.0
48.0
60.0

50
60
63
70
80
100
114
125
150
160
200

0.10

0.13

0.13

0.16

0.18

0.20

0.25

0.29

0.32

0.33

0.40

0.50

0.63

0.67

0.80

1.00

1.25

1.60

2.00

Decimal

10

-1

-2

-3

Line
Number

1.00

0.90

0.88

0.80

0.76

0.70

0.60

0.54

0.50

0.48

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.18

0.10

0.00

-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

LogMAR

3.00

3.75

4.00

4.80

5.26

6.00

7.50

8.57

9.52

10.00

12.00

15.00

18.75

20.00

24.00

30.00

37.50

48.00

60.00

Spatial
Frequency
(cyc/deg)

LogMAR Acuity Chart

20

30

32

40

44

50

60

63

65

67

75

85

90

91

95

100

100

100

100

% Central
Visual
Efficiency

14

13

12

11

10

350.0

280.0

262.5

218.8

199.5

175.0

140.0

122.5

110.3

105.0

87.5

70.0

56.0

52.5

43.8

35.0

28.0

21.9

17.5

Centimeters
(35/)

23

21

corrected distance visual acuity

corrected intermediate visual acuity
corrected near visual acuity
distance-corrected near visual acuity

CDVA
CIVA
CNVA
DCNVA

*Kohnen T. New abbreviations for visual acuity values (editorial).

J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:1145.

uncorrected distance visual acuity

uncorrected intermediate visual acuity
uncorrected near visual acuity

4.0

3.2

3.0

2.5

2.3

13
14

2.0

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.0

0.80

0.64

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.32

0.25

0.20

M
Notation

12

11

10

Revised
American
Point-Type

Revised Visual Acuity Abbreviations*

140.0

112.0

105.0

87.5

79.8

70.0

56.0

49.0

44.1

42.0

35.0

28.0

22.4

21.0

17.5

14.0

11.2

8.8

7.0

Inches
(14/)

Near

UDVA
UIVA
UNVA

Jaeger
Standard

*Courtesy Jack Holladay, MD, modified from full Holladay table. For full table, visit www.journalofrefractivesurgery.com
Log minimum angle of resolution; bold values are standard logMAR progression.
Note: 20/2000 is equivalent to count fingers @ 2 feet; 20/20000 is equivalent to hand motion @ 2 feet
Resources
1. Sloan LL. New test charts for the measurement of visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol. 1959;48:808-813.
2. Report of Working Group 39, Committee of Vision, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended standard
procedures for the clinical measurement and specification of visual acuity. Adv Ophthalmol. 1980;41:103-143.
3. Keeney AH. Durerson HL Jr. Collated near-vision test card. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;46:592-594.
4. Keeney AH. Ocular Examination: Basis and Techniques. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co; 1976.
5. Newell FW. Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts. 7th ed. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co; 1992.
6. Frisen L. Clinical Tests of Vision. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990.
7. Holladay JT. Proper method for calculating average visual acuity. J Refract Surg. 1997;13:388-391.

12.0

40

7.5

25
9.0

6.0

20

9.6

4.8

16

32

3.8

30

3.0

12.5

Equivalent
Meter
6/

10

Snellen
Feet
20/

Visual Acuity Conversion Chart*

The Journal publishes articles from around the world, where standards for measuring visual acuity vary.
This table will help readers interpret visual acuity findings in familiar units.