1.

Boyle's gas law states the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas when temperature is held constant. This example problem uses Boyle's law to find the volume of a gas when pressure changes. Problem: A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled with a gas at 3 atmospheres. If the pressure is reduced to 0.5 atmospheres without a change in temperature, what would be the volume of the balloon? Solution: Since the temperature does not change, Boyle's law can be used. Boyle's gas law can be expressed as: PiVi = PfVf where Pi = initial pressure Vi = initial volume Pf = final pressure Vf = final volume To find the final volume, solve the equation for Vf: Vf = PiVi/Pf Vi = 2.0 L Pi = 3 atm Pf = 0.5 atm Vf = (2.0 L)(3 atm)/(0.5 atm) Vf = 6 L/0.5 Vf = 12 L Answer: The volume of the balloon will expand to 12 L. 2. 1) A container holds 500. mL of CO2 at 20. C and 742 torr. What will be the volume of the CO2 if the pressure is increased to 795 torr P1 = 742 torr P2 = 795 torr V1 = 500. mL V2 = ? T1 = 20. C + 273 = 293 K T2 = 20. C + 273 = 293 K P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = P1V1/P2 V2 = 742 torr x 500. mL/795 torr = 467 mL CO2 3. A gas tank holds 2785 L of propane, C3H8, at 830. mm Hg. What is the volume of the propane at standard pressure? 2) P1 = 830. mm Hg P2 = 760 mm Hg V1 = 2785 L V2 = ? P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = P1V1/P2 V2 = 830. mm x 2785 L/760 mm = 3040 L C3H8 4. 3) A balloon contains 7.2 L of He. The pressure is reduced to 2.00 atm and the balloon expands to occupy a volume of 25.1 L. What was the initial pressure exerted on the balloon? P1 = ? P2 = 2.00 atm V1 = 7.2 L V2 = 25.1 L P1V1 = P2V2 P1 = P2V2/V1 P1 = 2.00 atm x 25.1 L/7.2 L = 7.0 atm 5. 352 mL of chlorine under a pressure of 680. mm Hg are placed in a container under a pressure of 1210 mm Hg. The temperature remains constant at 296 K. What is the volume of the container in liters? 5) P1 = 680. mm P2 = 1210 mm V1 = 352 mL V2 = ? ,P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = P1V1/P2 ,V2 = 680. mm x 352 mL/1210 mm = 198 mL Cl2 4) P1 = 101.3 kPa P2 = 93.3 kPa V1 = 461 mL V2 = ? ,P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = P1V1/P2 V2 = 101.3 kPa x 461 mL/93.3 kPa = 501 mL Ne 4.A sample of neon occupies a volume of 461 mL at STP. What will be the volume of the neon when the pressure is reduced to 93.3 kPa? Charles' Law: Charles' Law states that the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the temperature provided the amount of gas and the pressure remain fixed. Charles' Law Formula : Gas Equation: Vi/Ti = VfTf Initial Volume(Vi) = VfTi / Tf Initial Temperature(Ti) = ViTf / Vf Final Volume(Vf) = ViTf / Ti Final Temperature(Tf) = VfTi / Vi where, Vi = Initial Volume, Ti = Initial Temperature, Vf = Final Volume. Tf = Final Temperature, Charles' Law Example: Case 1: A certain amount of gas occupies a volume of 60 L at 300 K temperature. Find the temperature of the gas which has a volume of 100 L. Vi = 60 L, Ti = 300 K, Vf = 100 L Step 1: Substitute the values in the below final temperature equation: Final Temperature(Tf) = VfTi / Vi = (100 x 300) / 60

= 30000 / 60 Final Temperature(Tf) = 500 K This example will guide you to calculate the final temperature manually. Case 2: Find the final volume of gas at 100 K, if the volume of gas is 5 L at 120 K. Vi = 5 L, Ti = 120 K, Tf = 100 K Step 1: Substitute the values in the below volume equation: Final Volume(Vf) = ViTf / Ti = (5 x 100) / 120 = 500 / 120 Final Volume(Vf) = 4.167 L 2. 1) A container holds 50.0 mL of nitrogen at 25 C and a pressure of 736 mm Hg. What will be its volume if the temperature increases by 35 C? 1) P1 = 736 mm Hg P2 = 736 mm Hg V1 = 50.0 mL V2 = ? T1 = 25 C + 273 = 298 K T2 = 25 C + 35 C + 273 = 333 K , V1/ T1 = V2/T2 V2 = V1 x T2/T1 , V2 = 50.0 mL x 333 K/298 K = 55.9 mL N2 3. 2) A sample of oxygen occupies a volume of 160 dm3 at 91 C. What will be volume of oxygen when the temperature drops to 0.00 C? 2) V1 = 160 dm3 V2 = ? T1 = 91 C + 273 = 364 K T2 = 0.00 C + 273 = 273 K V1/ T1 = V2/T2 , V2 = V1 x T2/T1 V2 = 160 dm3 x 273 K/364 K = 120 dm3 O2 3. 3) A sample of hydrogen has an initial temperature of 50. C. When the temperature is lowered to -5.0 C, the volume of hydrogen becomes 212 cm3. What was the initial volume of the hydrogen in dm3? 3) V1 = ? V2 = 212 cm3 T1 = 50. C + 273 = 323 K T2 = -5.0 C + 273 = 268 K V1/ T1 = V2/T2 , V1 = V2 x T1/T2 V1 = 212 cm3x 1 dm3/103cm x 323 K/268 K = 0.256 dm H2 4. 4) 568 cm3 of chlorine at 25 C will occupy what volume at -25 C while the pressure remains constant? 4) V1 = 568 cm3 V2 = ? T1 = 25 C + 273 = 298 K T2 = -25 C + 273 = 248 K V1/ T1 = V2/T2 V2 = V1 x T2/T1 ,V2 = 568 cm3 x 248 K/298 K = 473 cm3 Cl2 5. 5) A sample of helium has a volume of 521 dm3 at a pressure of 75 cm Hg and a temperature of 18 C. When the temperature is increased to 23 C, what is the volume of the helium? 5) P1 = 75 cm Hg P2 = 75 cm Hg ,V1 = 521 dm3 , V2 = ? T1 = 18 C + 273 = 291 K T2 = 23 C + 273 = 296 K V1/ T1 = V2/T2 , V2 = V1 x T2/T1 V2 = 521 dm3 x 296 K/291 K = 530. dm3 He Graham's law is a gas law which relates the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas to its molar mass. Diffusion is the process of slowly mixing two gases together. Effusion is the process that occurs when a gas is permitted to escape its container through a small opening. Graham's law states the rate at which a gas will effuse or diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar masses of the gas. This means light gasses effuse/diffuse quickly and heavier gases effuse/diffuse slowly. Problem #1: If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed in a porous container and allowed to escape, which gas will escape faster and how much faster? Solution: Set rate1 = He = x Set rate2 = Ar = 1 The molecular weight of He = 4.00 The molecular weight of Ar = 39.95 Graham's Law is: r1 over r2 = MM2 over MM1 Substituting, we have: x / 1 = (39.95 / 4.00) x = 3.16 times as fast.

Problem #2: What is the molecular weight of a gas which diffuses 1/50 as fast as hydrogen? Solution: Set rate1 = other gas = 1 Set rate2 = H2 = 50 The molecular weight of H2 = 2.02 The molecular weight of the other gas = x. By Graham's Law (see the answer to question #1), we have: 1 / 50 = (2.02 / x) x = 5050 g/mol Video: Solution to a Graham's Law Problem Problem #3: Two porous containers are filled with hydrogen and neon respectively. Under identical conditions, 2/3 of the hydrogen escapes in 6 hours. How long will it take for half the neon to escape? Solution: Set rate1 = H2 = x Set rate2 = Ne = 1

The molecular weight of H2 = 2.02 The molecular weight of Ne = 20.18 By Graham's Law: x / 1 = (20.18 / 2.02) x = 3.16 Since the H2 escapes 3.16 times as fast as Ne, this calculation determines the amount of Ne leaving in 6 hours: 0.67 / 3.16 = 0.211 Calculate the time needed for half the Ne to escape, knowing that 0.211 escapes in 6 hours: 0.211 / 6 = 0.50 / x x = 14.2 hours Problem #4: If the density of hydrogen is 0.090 g/L and its rate of diffusion is 5.93 times that of chlorine, what is the density of chlorine? Solution: Set rate1 = H2 = 5.93 Set rate2 = Cl2 = 1 The molecular weight of H2 = 2.02 The molecular weight of Cl2 = x. By Graham's Law: 5.93 / 1 = (x / 2.02) x = 71.03 g/mol Determine gas density using the molar volume: 71.03 g / 22.414 L = 3.169 g/L Problem #5: How much faster does hydrogen escape through a porous container than sulfur dioxide? Solution: Set rate1 = H2 = x Set rate2 = SO2 = 1 The molecular weight of H2 = 2.02 The molecular weight of SO2 = 64.06 By Graham's Law: x / 1 = (64.06 / 2.02) x = 5.63 times as fast

Combined Gas Law: Combined Gas Law is a gas law which combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. Combined Gas Law Problems 1) A sample of sulfur dioxide occupies a volume of 652 mL at 40. C and 720 mm Hg. What volume will the sulfur dioxide occupy at STP? 2) A sample of argon has a volume of 5.0 dm3 and the pressure is 0.92 atm. If the final temperature is 30. C, the final volume is 5.7 L, and the final pressure is 800. mm Hg, what was the initial temperature of the argon? 3) 322 L of hydrogen occupies a volume of 197 L at STP. What was the initial pressure exerted on the hydrogen? 4) The initial temperature of a 1.00 liter sample of argon is 20. C. The pressure is decreased from 720 mm Hg to 360 mm Hg and the volume increases to 2.14 liters. What was the change in temperature of the argon? 5) A sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 2.00 L at 756 mm Hg and 0.00 C. The volume increases by 2.00 L and the temperature decreases to 137 K. What is the final pressure exerted on the gas? 6) A 20. L container is filled with helium and the pressure is 150 atm and the temperature is 30. C. How many 5.0 L balloons can be filled when the temperature is 22 C and the atmospheric pressure is 755 mm? Solutions 1) P1 = 720 mm P2 = 760 mm V1 = 652 mL V2 = ? T1 = 40. C + 273 = 313 K T2 = 0 C + 273 = 273 K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 V2 = P1V1/T1 x T2/P2 V2 = 720 mm x 652 mL x 273 K/(313 K x 760 mm) = 540 mL SO2 2) P1 = 0.92 atm P2 = 800. mm V1 = 5.0 dm3 V2 = 5.7 L T1 = ? T2 = 30. C + 273 = 303 K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 T1 = P1V1/P2 x T2/V2 T1 = 0.92 atm x 760 mm/1 atm x 5.0 dm3 x 303 K/(800. mm x 5.7 L x 1 dm3/L) = 232 K = -41 C 3) P1 = ? P2 = 1.00 atm V1 = 322 L V2 = 197 L T1 = 37 C + 273 = 310 K T2 = 0 C + 273 = 273 K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 P1 = P2V2/T2 x T1/V1 P1 = 1.00 atm x 197 L x 310 K/(273 K x 322 L) = 0.69 atm4) P1 = 720 mm P2 = 360 mm V1 = 1.00 L V2 = 2.14 L T1 = 20. C + 273 = 293 K T2 = ?

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 T2 = P2V2/P1 x T1/V1 T2 = 360 mm x 2.14 L x 293 K/(720 mm x 1.0 L) = 313 K = 40. C 5) P1 = 756 mm P2 = ? V1 = 2.00 L V2 = 4.00 L T1 = 0.0 C + 273 = 273 K T2 = 137 K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 P2 = P1V1/T1 x T2/V2 P2 = 756 mm x 2.00 L x 137 K/(273 K x 4.00 L) = 190. mm Hg 6) P1 = 150 atm P2 = 755 mm V1 = 20. L V2 = ? T1 = 30. C + 273 = 303 K T2 = 22 C + 273 = 295 K P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 V2 = P1V1/T1 x T2/P2 P2 = 150 atm x 20. L x 295 K/(303 K x 755 mm x 1 atm/760 mm) = 2940 L # balloons = 1 balloon/5.0 L x 2940 L = 588 balloons Avogadro's gas law states the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas present when temperature and pressure are held constant. This example problem demonstrates how to use Avogadro's law to determine the volume of a gas when more gas is added to the system. Example #1: A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He, at room temperature. More helium was added to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the gas pressure remained the same. How many grams of helium were added to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was held constant.) Solution: 1) Convert grams of He to moles: 2.00 g / 4.00 g/mol = 0.500 mol 2) Use Avogadro's Law: V1/n1 = V2/n2 2.00 L / 0.500 mol = 2.70 L / x x = 0.675 mol 3) Compute grams of He added: 0.675 mol - 0.500 mol = 0.175 mol 0.175 mol x 4.00 g/mol = 0.7 grams of He added 2. Example: A 2.0 mole sample of a gas is known to occuy 30.0 L of volume. Calculate the V for 1.0 mole of the gas. n changes by a factor of 1/2, so: Vfinal = z x Vinitial Vfinal = 1/2 x 30.0 L Vfinal = 15.0 L 3. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, occupied by (a) 5 moles and (b) 0.5 moles of the gas occupied at STP. Solution: a) Volume of CO2 = number of moles of CO2 22.4 L = 5 22.4 = 112 L b) Volume of CO2 = number of moles of CO2 22.4 L = 0.5 22.4 = 11.2 L

Problem #6: A 12.0 g sample of gas occupies 19.2 L at STP. What is the molecular weight of this gas? Solution: This problem, as well as the two just above can be solved with PV = nRT. You would solve for n, the number of moles. Then you would divide the grams given by the mole calculated. 1) Use PV = nRT: (1.00 atm) (19.2 L) = (n) (0.08206) (273 K) n = 0.8570518 mol (I'll keep a few guard digits) 2) Determine the molecular weight: 12.0 g / 0.8570518 mol = 14.0 g/mol 3) Since it is at STP, we can also use molar volume: (19.2 L / 12.0 g) = (22.414 L / x ) 19.2x = 268.968 x = 14.0 g/mol Warning: you can only use molar volume when you are at STP. Problem #7: 96.0 g. of a gas occupies 48.0 L at 700.0 mm Hg and 20.0 C. What is its molecular weight? Solution:

1) Solve for the moles using PV = nRT: n = PV / RT n = [ (700.0 mmHg / 760.0 mmHg atm1) (48.0 L) ] / [ (0.08206 L atm mol1 K1) (293.0 K) ] n = 1.8388 mol 2) Divide the grams given (96.0) by the moles just calculated above: 96.0 g / 1.8388 mol = 52.2 g/mol Problem #8: 20.83 g of a gas occupies 4.167 L at 79.97 kPa at 30.0 C. What is its molecular weight? Solution: 1) Solve for the moles using PV = nRT: n = PV / RT n = [ (79.97 kPa / 101.325 kPa atm1) (4.167 L) ] / [ (0.08206 L atm mol1 K1) (303.0 K) ] n = 0.13227 mol 2) Divide the grams given (20.83) by the moles just calculated above: 20.83 g / 0.13227 mol = 157.5 g/mol Notice that, in the two problems just above, the I converted the pressure unit given in the problem to atmospheres. I did this to use the value for R that I have memorized. There are many different ways to express R, it's just that L-atm/mol-K is the unit I prefer to use, whenever possible. Also, you cannot use molar volume since the two problems just above are not at STP. Problem #9: What is the value of and units on R? What is R called ("A letter" is not the correct answer!)? R is called the gas constant. It was first discovered, as part of the discovery in the mid-1830's by Emil Clapeyron of what is now called the Ideal Gas Law. Sometimes it is called the universal constant because it shows up in many non-gas-related situations. However, it is mostly called the gas constant. Depending on the units selected, the "value" for R can take on many different forms. Here is a list. Keep in mind these different "values" represent the same thing. Problem #10: 5.600 g of solid CO2 is put in an empty sealed 4.00 L container at a temperature of 300 K. When all the solid CO2 becomes gas, what will be the pressure in the container? Solution: 1) Determine moles of CO2: 5.600 g / 44.009 g/mol = 0.1272467 mol 2) Use PV = nRT (P) (4.00 L) = (0.1272467 mol) (0.08206) (300 K) P = 0.7831 atm (to four sig figs) ideal Gas Law Definition: The Ideal Gas Law is the relationship described by the equation PV = nRT where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of an ideal gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. Balansing redox Example 1 Balance the equation from the following two half-reactions: Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- --> 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O H2C2O4 --> 2 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 eSolution Multiply the second equation by 3 and then add them algebraically so that the electrons in the two half-reaction equations cancel completely. Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- --> 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 3 H2C2O4 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H+ + 6 eadd the two equations and cancel the electrons to give the overvall equation Cr2O72- + 8 H+ + 3 H2C2O4 --> 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 6 CO2 Discussion This example illustrate balancing redox equations in acid solutions. Example 2 Balance the equation from the two half-reactions: Cd --> Cd2+ + 2 e4 H+ + NO3- + 3 e- --> NO + 2 H2O Solution The first half-reaction has 2 electrons, whereas the second one has 3. The lowest common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6. Thus, you multiply the first equation by 3 and the second one by 2. The half-reaction equations become 3 Cd --> 3 Cd2+ + 6 e8 H+ + 2 NO3- + 6 e- --> 2 NO + 4 H2O add the two equations and cancel the electrons to give the overvall equation 3 Cd + 8 H+ + 2 NO3- --> 3 Cd2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O Discussion The last step in balancing oxidation and reduction reactions is simple. Example 3 In a basic solution, Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 are solids. The former may be oxidized by H2O2. Fe(OH)2 + H2O2 --> Fe(OH)3 + H2O. Balance this equation. Solution The balanced half-reactions are: Fe(OH)2 + OH- --> Fe(OH)3 (s) + eH2O2 + 2 e- --> 2 OHThus, the balanced equation is 2 Fe(OH)2 + H2O2 --> 2 Fe(OH)3

stoichiometry Example 1 If 500 mL of HCl gas at 300 K and 100 kPa dissolve in 100 mL of pure water, what is the concentration? Data required: R value 8.314 kPa L / (K mol). Solution: 0.50 L * 100 kPa n_HCl = -------------------------------(8.314 kPa L/(K mol) * 300 K) = 0.02 mol Concentration of HCl, [HCl] [HCl] = 0.02 mol / 0.1 L = 0.2 mol/L. Discussion Note that R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) will not be suitable in this case. If you have difficulty, review Solutions. Example 2 If 500 mL of HCl gas at 300 K and 100 kPa dissolved in pure water requires 12.50 mL of the NaOH solution to neutralize in a titration experiment, what is the concentration of the NaOH solution? Solution: Solution in Example 1 showed nHCl = 0.02 mol. From the titration experiment, we can conclude that there were 0.02 moles of NaOH in 12.50 mL. Thus, [NaOH] = 0.02 mol / 0.0125 L = 1.60 mol/L Discussion: Think in terms of reaction, HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O <== Reaction 0.02 mol 0.02 mol <== Quantities reacted Note: that 0.02 mol of NaOH is in 0.0125 mL solution. Example 3: A 5.0-L air sample containing H2S at STP is treated with a catalyst to promote the reaction, H2S + O2 = H2O + S(solid). If 3.2 g of solid S was collected, calculate the volume percentage of H2S in the origional sample. Solution: 1 mol H2S 3.2 g S --------- = 0.10 mol H2S 32 g S V_H2S = 0.10 mol * 22.4 L/mol = 2.24 L Volume % = 2.25 L / 5.0 L = 0.45 = 45 % Discussion: Data required: Atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16; S, 32. R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) is now suitable R values or molar volume at STP (22.4 L/mol) The volume percentage is also the mole percentage, but not the weight percentage. Example 4: Hydrogen sulfide reacts with sulfur dioxide to give H2O and S, H2S + SO2 = H2O + S(solid), unbalanced. If 6.0 L of H2S gas at 750 torr produced 3.2 g of sulfur, calculate the temperature in C. Solution Balanced reaction: 2 H2S + SO2 = 2 H2O + 3 S(solid), 2 mol 3*32 = 96 g 2 mol H2S 3.2 g S ---------- = 0.067 mol H2S; 96 g S P = 750/760 = 0.987 atm PV 0.987 atm * 6 L T = --- = -------------------------------n R 0.067 mol * 0.08205 atm L /(mol K) = 1085 K = 812C Discussion: Atomic mass: H, 1.0; O, 16.0; S, 32.0. R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) is OK but watch units used for pressure. Example 5: When 50.0 mL of AgNO3 solution is treated with excess amount of HI gas to give 2.35 g of AgI, calculate the concentration of AgNO3solution. Solution

1 mol Ag+ 1 mol AgNO3 2.35 g AgI ----------- -------------234.8 g AgI 1 mol Ag+ = 0.010 mol AgNO3 [AgNO3] = 0.01 mol AgNO3 / 0.050 L = 0.20 M AgNO3 Discussion A gas is involved, but there is no need to consider the gas law. At. mass: Ag, 107.9; N, 14.0; O, 16.0; I, 126.9 Example 6: What volume (L) will 0.20 mol HI occupy at 300 K and 100.0 kPa? R = 8.314 kPa L / (K mol) = 0.08205 atm L / (mol K). Solution n RT V = ---P 0.20 mol * 8.314 kPa L / (mol K) *300 K = --------------------------------------100 kPa = 5 L, Example 7: A 3.66-g sample containing Zn (at.wt. 65.4) and Mg (24.3) reacted with a dilute acid to produce 2.470 L H2 gas at 101.0 kPa and 300 K. Calculate the percentage of Zn in the sample. Solution The number of moles of gas produced is the number of moles of metals in the sample. Once you know the number of moles, set up an equation to give the number of moles of metal in the sample. n = 101 kPa * 2.470 L / (8.3145 kPa L / (mol K) * 300 K) = 0.100 mol Let x be the mass of Zn, then the mass of Mg is 3.66 - x g. Thus, we have x 3.66 - x ------- + ---------- = 0.100 mole 65.4 24.3 Solving for x gives x = 1.96 g Zn, and the weight percent = 100 * 1.96 / 3.66 = 53.6 % Discussion Find the mole percent of Zn in the sample. # mol of Zn = 1.96/65.4 = 0.03 mol # mol of Mg = 1.70/24.3 = 0.07 mol mole percent = 100 * 0.03 / (0.03 + 0.07) = 30 % Example 8 When 2.00 g mixture of Na and Ca reat with water, 1.164 L hydrogen was produced at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa. What is the percentage of Na in the sample? solution 2 Na + 2 H2O = 2 Na(OH) + H2(g) Ca + H2O = Ca(OH) + H2(g) Let x be the mass of Na, then (2.00-x) is the mass of Ca. We have the following relationship xg 1 mol H2 (2.0 - x) g Ca 1 mol H2 1.164 L H2 * 100.0 kPa -------+ --------------- = -----------------23.0 g/mol 2 mol Na 40.1 g Ca/mol 1 mol Ca 8.3145 kPa L mol-1 K-1 300.0 K Simplify to give x 2 x ---- + ---- - ---- = 0.0467 all in mol 46.0 40.1 40.1 Multiply all terms by (40.1 * 46.0) 40.1 x + 2 * 46.0 - 46.0 x = 86.1 Simplify -5.9 x = 86.1 - 92.0 = -5.91 Thus, Mass of Na = x = 1.0 g Mass of Ca = 2.0 - x = 1.0 g Mass Percentage of Na = 100* (1 / 2.0) = 50% Discussion Mole of Na = 1/23 = 0.0435 mol Mole percentage = (1/23) / (1/23 + 1/40.1) = 0.635 = 63.5% Compare this example with gravimetric analyses using the reaction Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) = AgCl (s) where Cl-(aq) comes from the disolution of two salts such as NaCl and MgCl2. Also compare with analyses making use of the reaction Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) = BaSO4 (s) where the anion SO42-(aq) comes from the disolution of two sulfate salts.