Hydromechanics Chapter 2a

Spring, 2013
Lawrence Technological University
ECE 3523
Fluid Statics Section 2.1 Pressure at a Point Fluid statics is a study of fluid not in motion (i.e., fluid at rest). Since fluid velocity is zero everywhere, there are no velocity gradients and _______________ has no part to play in fluid statics (but 0). Also, since there is no fluid motion, shear stresses () are not present, only normal stresses (surface forces due to pressure) and the fluid weight (body force due to gravity) are present. Derivation of Pascals Law
Chapter 2a Notes.doc
Notes by Nick Zager, P.E
Page 1 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Condition of equilibrium a fluid element is in equilibrium when and only when the resultant of all the forces on it is zero. Therefore, it can be shown (see pg 29-30 of text) that the normal stress at a point in a static fluid is the same in all directions. Static fluid pressure is defined as: px = py = pz = ps Note: 1. p is the pressure in the x, y, z, and normal (s) directions. 2. For fluid statics, viscous shear stresses are not present. 3. When there is fluid motion, then shear stresses are present.
Page 2 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Sections 2.2 and 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest The pressure variation throughout a fluid at rest can be derived by applying Newtons second law to a fluid element as shown on page 30 of the text. For static equilibrium the resultant of all the external forces on the fluid element is zero. Newtons 2nd Law: Or, Or,
F F F
external
ma 0
Fbody 0 Fgravity 0
(since fluid element is static)
surface
pressure
Equation for Pressure Field:
Page 3 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Since p is not a function of the horizontal directions x and y, i.e. :
p p 0 and 0 y x Then, p z From (Equation 2.4)
p p 0 , we can state that p=p(z) make the following important 0 and y x
conclusion:
Points on the same horizontal plane in a continuous mass of fluid at rest have the same pressure
Example 2-1: Consider four horizontal lines. For each line, state whether the pressure at the points shown are equal or not. Solution: Note that the cross-sectional area of the tubes has nothing to do with the pressure.
Page 4 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Section 2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid Pressure Variation
So, we can see that pressure at any given elevation is equal for a homogeneous fluid, but how do we calculate the pressure at any given point? For most nearly incompressible fluids we can assume that = constant (an approximation that is nearly exact for liquids and very good for gases). If we stipulate that g = constant, then we have = g = constant. Integrating Eq. 2-4 between tow points, i.e., between two elevations z1 and z2 with corresponding pressures p1 and p2 we obtain:
Consider a liquid with a free surface such as shown below:
Page 5 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Therefore, if a fluid is open to the atmosphere then the pressure at depth (h) is equal to: pgage=h We can rearrange this equation to obtain the pressure head of a fluid at a given point:
pressure ( p gage ) in N / m 2 or lbf / ft 2
of fluid in N / m3 or lbf / ft 3
Example 2-2:
h, in m or ft
a) Determine the pressure (in gage pressure) at the bottom of a 6 foot deep pool. b) Determine the pressure (in gage pressure) at the bottom of a 1 diameter vertical tube filed with 6 feet of water.
Example 2-3: 50 cm (deep) of oil (SG = 0.82) is on top of 1 m (deep) of water. Determine the pressure at the oil-water interface, and at the bottom of the water.
Page 6 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Ok for liquids, but what about gases???
Section 2.5 Meausrement of Pressure Pressure Scales
There are two reference values and two designations of pressure in common use: a) Absolute pressure (Pabs) b) Gage pressure (Pgage) (Gage pressure + Local atmospheric pressure) = Absolute pressure
Page 7 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Section 2.6 Manometry
Manometers employ liquid columns for finding pressure differences. Piezometer:
Simple U-tube
Locate two points of equal pressure in the above figure.
Page 8 of 11
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ECE 3523
Differential Manometer:
Locate two points of equal pressure in the above figure.
Inclined Manometer:
Page 9 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
General Manometer Equation:
p2 p1 i hi i hi
down up
To apply this equation it is presumed that we are interested in finding the pressure at point 2 and we know the pressure at point 1. Thus, we begin with the pressure at point 1 and follow the fluid through the manometer adding h of the fluid whenever we decrease elevation (since pressure increases as elevation decreases) and subtracting h of the fluid whenever we increase elevation until we arrive at location 2. Also, the above equation allows us to remember a single equation instead of a specific equation for each manometer type. Example 2-4: Water is the liquid in the pipe of the U-tube manometer and mercury is the manometer fluid. If the deflection, h is 60 cm and L is 180 cm, what is the gage pressure at the center of a small diameter horizontal pipe?
Page 10 of 11
Spring, 2013
ECE 3523
Example 2-5: Air at 20C is the fluid in the pipe of the U-tube manometer and water is the manometer fluid. If the deflection, h is 70 and L is 140 cm, what is the gage pressure at the center of the pipe? Also, compute this pressure by neglecting the pressure change due to the 140 cm column of air.
Example 2-6:
Page 11 of 11

Hydromechanics Chapter 2a

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Hydromechanics Chapter 2a

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Spring, 2013

Lawrence Technological University

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

(since fluid element is static)

Equation for Pressure Field:

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Since p is not a function of the horizontal directions x and y, i.e. :

p p 0 and 0 y x Then, p z From (Equation 2.4)

p p 0 , we can state that p=p(z) make the following important 0 and y x

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Section 2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid Pressure Variation

Consider a liquid with a free surface such as shown below:

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Ok for liquids, but what about gases???

Section 2.5 Meausrement of Pressure Pressure Scales

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Section 2.6 Manometry

Manometers employ liquid columns for finding pressure differences. Piezometer:

Locate two points of equal pressure in the above figure.

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Locate two points of equal pressure in the above figure.

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

General Manometer Equation:

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

Lawrence Technological University

Notes by Nick Zager, P.E

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