RNA

icosahedral

I. Naked PICORNAVIRIDAE
MORPHOLOGY PORTAL of ENTRY MOT IMMUNE RESPONSE DIAGNOSIS icosahedral, (+)ssRNA, capsid strucuture is resistant, enterovirus, cytolytic Oropharynx, intestinal mucosa, upper respiratory tract Fecal-oral route contact with infected hands and fomites, inhalation of inf. aerosols, ingestion of contaminated food and water Antibodies Clinical Chemistry -CSF: lymphocytic pleocytosis, low CSF glucose level Culture Poliovirus from oropharynx Monkey kidney tissue culture Specificity determined with IF or ELISA Serology -IgM or 4-fold increase in Ab titer bet. acute illness and convalescence

Coxsackievirus A
TARGET DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS TREATMENT AT RISK Skin, muscle Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxA16), Herpangia (vesicular lesions), Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis Fever, sore throat, pain, vesicular ulcerated lesions around soft palate and uvula, lesions, petichiae, rash Symptomatic Higher in newborns and neonates

Coxsackievirus B
TARGET DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS TREATMENT AT RISK muscle diabetes, orchitis, pancreatitis, Pleurodynia (Bornholm disease aka devils grip), acute benign pericarditis in young adults x: disease in immunodeficient disease Fever, unilateral low thoracic, pleuritic chest pain, cyanosis, tachydcardia, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, maculopapular/petichial/vesicular eruptions, No specific antiviral therapy Higher in newborns and neonates

Echovirus
TARGET DISEASE CAUSED Skin, muscle, meninges diarrrhea, GI disease

Poliovirus
a. Asymptomatic illness -limited to the orpharynx and gut -90% are asymptomatic b. Abortive poliomyelitis (minor illness) -nonfebrile illness -fever, headache, malaise, sore throat, vomiting c. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis) -1-2%, Virus progresses into the CNS and the meningitis, causing back pain and muscle spasms + symptoms of minor illness d. Paralytic polio (major illness) -1-2% -appears 3-4 days after minor illness has subsided, producind a biphasic illness -spreads from blood to anterior horn cells of SC and motor cortex of the brain Paralytic poliomyelitis-assymetrical flaccid paralysis w/o sensory loss Bulbar poliomyelitis muscles of the pharynx, vocal chords, and respiration, 75% death Postpolio syndrome-sequelae of poliomyelitis that may occur much later in life (30-40yrs) TARGET Brain, meninges DISEASE CAUSED Paralytic myelitis, encephalitis, meningitis x cariditis, rash SIGN and SYMPTOMS fever TREATMENT Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) -intramuscular Live Attenuated Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) oral,easy to introduce however assoc with paralysis DIAGNOSIS AT RISK

Rhinovirus
TARGET DISEASE CAUSED most common cause of common colds and upper respiratory tract infections

SIGN and SYMPTOMS TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS AT RISK

Mild sore throat, headache, malaise, fever, chills Supportive no effective viral drug handwashing and disinfection of contaminated objects Unnecessary, culture, serology

Hepatovirus (Hepa A) ASTROVIRIDAE Astrovirus

MORPHOLOGY DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS INCUBATION PD DIAGNOSIS AT RISK icosahedral, 5-6 pointed star-shape Malaise, low grade fever, 3-day watery diarrhea, virus shed in stools 1-3 days EM, IEM, IF of cell cultures Pediatric wards, schools, nursing homes

CALICIVIRIDAE
MORPHOLOGY DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS INCUBATION PD Other star of David appearance, with 6 pointed spikes Viral Gastroenteritis Rapid onset, brief clinical course (12-60hr) 1-2 days Relative to Hepa E, with 5ag types

Norovirus (Norwalk agent)

MORPHOLOGY TARGET MOT DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS INCUBATION PD TREATMENT ssRNA, small capsid virus, resistant Fecal-oral route, Food and water, person-to-person (schools, recreational camps, nursing homes) Adult Gastroenteritis Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, chills, headache, malaise, diarrhea (50%), nonbloody and nonmucoid stools 24-48 hrs No vaccine Symptomatic and supportive Careful disposal of stools Effective handwashing Careful food processing Purification of drinking water & swimming pool water RT-PCR most widely used for viral detection in feces and vomitus, food & water ELISA most efficient in detecting soluble and particulate ags; Ab responses IEM and RIA (best) Resolves after 48hrs withour serious consequence

DIAGNOSIS Others

REOVIRIDAE

cause Colorado Tick Fever

Reovirus
MORPHOLOGY DISEASE dsRNA Not known in human, inapparent infections

Rotavirus
MORPHOLOGY TARGET MOT DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS INCUBATION PD IMMUNE RESPONSE dsRNA Small intestine, gastric and colonic mucosa fecal-oral route Infantile Gastroenteritis, Dehydration and Metabolic acidosis (impaired sodium & glucose absorption) Diarrhea, nonbloody and nonmucoid stools, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, water diarrhea, 50 days after diarrhea in stools 2-5 days IgM, IgG then IgA

TREATMENT

DIAGNOSIS

Others

Supportive Vaccine Waste water treatment sanitation Virus in stool: IEM. LPA, ELISA Rise in Ab titer PCR (most sensitive) Gel electrophoresis Cell culture Groups A-F Group A most common cause of GE in children Severly affected: 6-24mos One week duration Sporadic Asymptomatic in adults

II. Enveloped TOGAVIRIDAE Arterivirus Rubivirus (Rubella virus)

MORPHOLOGY TARGET MOT DISEASE CAUSED (+)ssRNA can be inactivated, not cytolytic Respiratory route German Measles children: Mild Exanthematous Disease neonates (<20weeks): Congenital Rubella Syndrome: mental retardation, cataracts, deafness, heart defects, intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly Koplik spots, Forchheimer spots, 3-day rash and swollenglands In adults: arthralgia, arthriris, rarely thrombocytopenia, post infectious encephalitis (like postinfectious measles encephalitis Humoral and Cellular No treatment Live Cold-adapted RA27/3 vaccine strain -best Live Rubella Vaccine (with MMR) Presence of Anti-Rubella-specific IgM 4-fold increase in specific IgG ab titer between acute and convalescence Asymptomatic One serotype Normally benign in children cause a disease called Rubeola

SIGN and SYMPTOMS

IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS Others

Alphavirus Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Wester Equine Encephalitis (WEE) Chikungunya Semilki Sindbis
MORPHOLOGY TREATMENT (+)ssRNA Supportive No specific treatment Vector elimination Avoidance of endemic places Cell culture (vertebrate and invertebrate cell line) Cytopathology, IF, hemadsorpton of avian erythrocytes ELISA, HI, LPA Replicate in the cytoplasm and bud at the plasma membrane Replication includes early (nonstructural) and late (structural) protein synthesis VECTOR: Culex

DIAGNOSIS others

Unknown/complex

I. Enveloped FLAVIVIRIDAE Hepatitis C and G virus Pestiviruses Flaviviruses

MORPHOLOGY TREATMENT Icosahedral (+)ssRNA, cytolytic Supportive No specific treatment Vector elimination Avoidance of endemic places Cell culture (vertebrate and invertebrate cell line) Cytopathology, IF, hemadsorpton of avian erythrocytes ELISA, HI, LPA Replicate in the cytoplasm and bud at the internal membranes Infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage Nonneutralizing Ab canenhance flavivirus infection via Fc receptors on the macrophage Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) -with petichial spots, nose bleeding or GI bleeding, with hemorrhagic signs -abrupt course assoc with hypoproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, prolonged BT, elevated PT Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) -hypobolemic shock, dehydrated, hemoconcentration Influenza-like syndrome, hepatitis, hemorrhage, shock, body pains, lesions in small blood vessels, with endothelial swelling, perivascular edema and mononuclear infiltrates No vaccine IV fluids Aedes Also known as break-bone fever Worse in 2nd infection Degeneration of liver,kidney, heart and hemorrhage of blood vessels Lesions due to localization and propagation of virus Vaccine Aedes 50% mortalitiy Common in Africa Influenza-like syndrome, encephalitis

DIAGNOSIS others

DENGUE
DISEASE CAUSED

SIGN and SYMPTOMS TREATMENT VECTOR others

YELLOW FEVER
DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS TREATMENT VECTOR others

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
SIGN and SYMPTOMS VECTOR TREATMENT

Vaccine

WEST NILE ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS

SIGN and SYMPTOMS VECTOR VECTOR Influenza-like syndrome, encephalitis Culex Rodents, sheep, goat

RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER ENCEPHALITIS

ARENAVIRIDAE Arenaviruses
MORPHOLOGY TARGET MOT DISEASE CAUSED Circular, (-) RNA, with L and S (ambisense) segment, virion appear sandy because of ribosomes Macrophages vascular damage, tissue destruction Zoonoses, aerosol, contamination of food or fomites Lymphocytic Choriomenningitis -fever with myalgia>meningitis menigeal illness: subacute and persists for several months brain and meninges: perivascular mononuclear infiltrates Lassa Fever/South American Hemorrhagic Fever Lassa fever: fever, coagulopathy, petechiae, occasional visceral hemorrhages, liver and spleen necrosis, pharingitis, diarrhea, vomiting

SIGN and SYMPTOMS

TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS others

Ribavirin for Lassa fever Supportive Limit contact with vectors Recent travel to endemic area (tropical Africa and South America) Serology Zoonosis: rodents

CORONAVIRIDAE Coronaviruses
MORPHOLOGY (+)ssRNA, solar corona-like appearance, with large club-shaped spikes on envelop E1 matrix protein E2 attachment protein N nucleocapsid protein Epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Respiratory and intesitinal disease in animals Humanstrains: 1st associated with URTD and LRTD Diarrhea in older children and young adults Prolonged viral excretion (about 18 months)

TARGET DISEASE CAUSED

SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS others

Difficult to isolate and grow in routine cell culture Translation: Early phase RNA polymerase Late phase-structural and nonstructural proteins Assembly at the RER Replication best at 33-35 degrees Celsius Reinfection in the presence of serum antibodies Able to survive the GIT

RETROVIRIDAE (RNA tumor viruses)

SUBFAMILY Oncovirinae B C D CHARACTERISTICS Are associated with cancer and neurological disorders Have eccentric nucleocapsid core in mature virion Have centrally located nucleocapsid core in mature virion Have nucleocapsid core with cylindrical form Have slow onset of disease; casue neurological disorders and immunosuppression; are viruses with Dtype, cylindrical nucleoapsid core, cause AIDS Cause no clinical disease but characteristic vacuolated foamy cytopathology EXAMPLES Mosue mammary tumor virus Human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLOV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-5), Rous sarcoma virus (chickens) Mason-Phizer monkey virus Human foamy virus Human foamy virus

Lentivirinae Spumavirinae

HIV
MORPHOLOGY TARGET TRANSMISSION DISEASE CAUSED only helical (+)ssRNA, diploid positive strand, spherical virion, enveloped, CD4 T cells and macrophage lineage Body fluids AIDS Infections: protozoan: Cryptosporidiosis bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis fungal: Pneumocystis carinii often associated to cancer: leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma

SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS

Antivirals (only delay the progress of disease) screening : ELISA and Latex Agglutination confirmatory : Western Blot and Immunofluorescence

others

HIV (+) AIDS where CD 4 cell count decreases to a certain number, only this time one will be labeled as having AIDS (full blown),because of the drop of CD4 several infections take over GENE gag pol env tax tat rex rev nef vif vpu vpr (vpx*) LTR VIRUS All All All HTLV HIV-1 HTLV HIV-1 HIV-1 HIV-1 HIV-1 HIV-1 All FUNCTION Group-specific antigen: core and capsid proteins Polymerase; reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase Envelope: glycoproteins (gp120-receptor present in the envelope of HIV which attach to cd4 positive cells*helper T cells*primary target of HIV and gp41) Transactivation of viral and cellular genes Transactivation of viral and cellular genes Regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm Regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm Alteration of cell activation signals; progression to AIDS (essential) Virus infectivity, promotion of assembly Facilitation of release of virus, decrease of cell surface CD4 Transport of complementary DNA to nucleus, arresting of cell growth Promoter, enhancer elements

Species-specific Replicate in the nucleus

Helical

I. Enveloped BUNYAVIRIDAE
MORPHOLOGY MOT DISEASE CAUSED (-) ssRNA Mosquito-transmitted Encephalitis

Bunyavirus
DISEASE CAUSED California Encephalitis (transmitted thru aerosolized rodent excreta (urine, feces, and saliva)

Phlebovirus
DISEASE CAUSED Sand-type fever Rift-valley Encephalitis

Hantaan virus
DISEASE CAUSED Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Hantaan virus pulmonary syndrome Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (carried by rodents)

RHABDOVIRIDAE Lyssavirus
MORPHOLOGY TARGET MOT SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS others (-) ssRNA, bullet-shaped CNS Zoonosis : bite of rabid animals Hypersalivation, hallucination, photophobia, antibodies human: post exposure prophylaxis immunoglobulins animals: vaccine Negri bodies slowly progressive infection affecting the CNS replicates in the cytoplasm

FILOVIRIDAE Marburg and Ebola virus

MORPHOLOGY TARGET TRANSMISSION DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS Filamentous/threadlike, enveloped, (-) RNA viruses, have non segmented nucleic acid

fatal hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola: African Hemorrhagic Fever) Influenza-like antibody-containing serum and interferon therapies handling requires level 4 isolation procedures Marburg can be grown on tissue culture Ebola needs animal host Infected cells have large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies Antigens can be detected by immunofluorescence replicates in the cytoplasm

others

ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE Influenza virus

MORPHOLOGY 8 (-) sense nucleocapsid segments capable of genetic shift where segments are exchanged (high degree of antigenic variablility) with: hemagglutinins rod-shaped glycoprotein with a triangular cross-section first identified by its ability to agglutinate erythrocytes plays a role in the attachment and entry of the virus to the hosts cells determines virulence neuraminidase mushroom-like spikes an enzyme that destroy neuraminic (sialic) acid, a component of the specific cell receptor for these viruses main function is the release of the new virus from cells (exit from cell) lyse neural tissues

TARGET MOT

o o o o

DISEASE CAUSED

SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT

Inhalation of small aerosol droplets released by talking, breathing, coughing Virus likes cool, less humid atmosphere (e.g. winter heating season) Spread extensively by school children systemically transmitted Adults: Classic flu syndrome Children: Asymptomatic to severe respiratory infections High-risk groups: elderly, immunosuppressed individuals with underlying cardiac or respiratory problems including asthma and smokers Flu-like, body ache Humoral is adequate Antivirals -only effective imm after exposure, replication is prevented, ab produced are directed againds HA and NA O Human Influenza Vaccine strains. f avian and human influenza viruses simultaneously and to decrease the possibility of reassortment. O H5N1 Vaccine a prototype vaccine have been developed using plasmid-based reverse genetic technology.

DIAGNOSIS

PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
MORPHOLOGY (-)ssRNA can be inactivated with viral attachmen tproteins H: Mobilivirus HN: Paramyxovirus G: Pneumovirus F Fusion Glycoprotein Aerosol, Respiratory droplets Cell mediated Multinucleated Giant Cell Seroconversion 4-fold increase in Abs Immunofluoresence (ags) Monkey Kidney Cells Easily inactivated

TARGET MOT IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS

Others

Morbillivirus (Measles virus)

TARGET DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT

Epithelial cells of respiratory tract spread by viremia Measles sequalae: Post Infectious Measles Encephalitis Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Rash (T cell response), fever Life long Live Attenuated MMR@15 mos. No antivirals, inactivated Immune serum globulin Multinucleated Giant Cell Seroconversion/4-fold increase in Abs best method confirming measles Immunofluoresence (ags) Monkey Kidney Cells With 1 serotype

DIAGNOSIS

Others

PARAMYXOVIRUS Parainfluenza virus

TARGET DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS Others Upper respiratory tract (limited), not systemic children: Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), mild disease adult: reinfection wth milder symptoms bronchitis, coldlike symptoms, bronchiolitis Cold-like short No antivirals Ineffective Killed Vaccines NoLive Attenuated Vaccine Isolated from nasal washings and resp. secretions Primary Monkey Kidney Cells Immunofluorescence With 4 serotypes

Mumps virus (Rubula)

TARGET DISEASE CAUSED SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS Epithelial cells of respiratory tract spread by viremia Mumps Mumps Orchitis (does not render men sterile) Mumps Pancreatitis with Juvenile Diabetes Swelling of Parotid Gland Live Atteniated Vaccine: Jeryl Lynn vaccine (part of MMR) No antivirals Saliva, urine, pharynx, Stensens duct secretion, CSF Multinucleated Giant Cell Seroconversion 4-fold increase in Abs HI, ELISA, Immunofluoresence (ags) Monkey Kidney Cells Mumps Specific IgM

Others

Pneumovirus (Respiratory Syncitial Virus)

TARGET DISEASE CAUSED

Respiratory Tract Does not cause viremia infants: Lower Tract Infection; bronchiolotis and pneumonia

SIGN and SYMPTOMS IMMUNE RESPONSE TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS Others

children: mild to pneumonia adults: reinfection with milder symptoms Common cough and colds Maternal ab does not protect infant Natural infection does no prevent reinfection Vaccination increases severity of disease Supportive: oxygen, IV fluids, nebulized col stream Ribavirin Difficult to isolate in cell culture Nasal washings IF and Enzyme Immunoassay

Metapneumovirus /Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

DISEASE CAUSED 2nd most common cause of Lower resp. tract infection in young children

Metapneumovirus/Sendai virus