Topic 1 Number types

There are four basic operations that can be performed on numbers 1. Addition: It is the process of finding out single number or fraction equal to two or more quantities taken together. 2. Subtraction: It is the process of finding out the quantity left when a smaller quantity (number/ fraction) is reduced from a larger one. 3. Multiplication: It signifies repeated addition. If a number has to be repeatedly added then the number is multiplicand. The number of multiplicands considered for addition is multiplier. The sum of repetition is product. For example (3+3+3+3+3) = 3 x 5 =15 Multiplicand Multiplier Product

4. Division: It is a reversal of multiplication. In this we find how often a given number called Divisor is contained in another given number called Dividend. The number expressing this is called the Quotient and the excess of the dividend over the product of the divisor and the quotient is called Reminder. For example, in the division 32/5, 32 is Dividend, 5 is Divisor, 6 is quotient and 2 is reminder.

Classification of numbers:
Numbers are classified according to type. The first type of number is the first type you ever learned about: the counting or "natural" numbers: Denoted by N 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...

The next type is the "whole" numbers, which are the natural numbers together with zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...

Then comes the "integers", which are zero, the natural numbers, and the negatives of the naturals: ..., 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...

Ex 1: the integer that comes before 11 is __10___. Ex 2: the integer that comes before -4 is ___-5___. Ex 3: the integer that comes after -11 is ___-10__. The next type is the "rational", or fractional numbers, which are technically regarded as ratios (divisions) of integers. In other words, a fraction is formed by dividing one integer by another integer. Examples of rational numbers 3,-5,2/5,-3/7,0.345 etc. You can turn any integer into a fraction by putting it over the number 1. For example, the integer 4 is also the fraction 4/1. Note that each new type of number contained the previous type within it. The wholes are just the naturals with zero thrown in. The integers are just the wholes with the negatives thrown in. And the fractions are just the integers with all their divisions thrown in. Since you learned these number types in the same order as their hierarchy, it's easy to remember their order. Once you're learned about fractions, there is another major classification of numbers: the ones that cannot be written as fractions. Remember that fractions (also known as rational numbers) can be written as terminating (ending) or repeating decimals (such as 0.5, 0.76, or 0.333333....). On the other hand, all those numbers that can be written as non-repeating, non-terminating decimals are non-rational, so they are called the "irrationals". Examples would be sqrt(2) ("the square root of two") or the number pi ("3.14159...", from geometry). The rationals and the irrationals are two totally separate number types; there is no overlap. Note: decimal means a fraction with an unwritten denominator of 10 or some power of 10, indicated by a point (decimal point) before the numerator. Putting these two major classifications, the rationals and the irrationals, together in one set gives you the "real" numbers. Unless you have dealt with complex (the numbers with an "i" in them, such as 4 3i), then every number you have ever seen has been a "real" number. "But why", you ask, "are they called 'real' numbers? Are there 'pretend' numbers?" Well, yes, actually there are, though they're actually called "imaginary" numbers; they are what is used to make the complex numbers, and is what the "i" stands for. Examples 4 + 6i, 2 + (-5)i, (often written as 2 - 5i), 3.2 + 0i, and 0 + 2i.

3.2 + 0i is just the real number 3.2. All real numbers are complex numbers with zero for the imaginary part. 0 + 2i is just the imaginary number 2i. All imaginary numbers are complex numbers with zero for the real part. Note: "Is a real number irrational, or is an irrational number real, or neither... or both?" Unless you know about complexes, everything you've ever done has used real numbers. Unless the number has an "i" in it, it's a real.

Prime number
A number other than 1 which does not have any factor apart from one and itself is called a prime number. Examples of prime numbers are 2, 3, 5,7,11,13,17,19, etc.

[Factors (sub multiples or divisors): A number may be made by multiplying two

or more other numbers together. The numbers that are multiplied together are called factors of the final number. All numbers have a factor of one since one multiplied by any number equals that number. All numbers can be divided by themselves to produce the number one. Therefore, we normally ignore one and the number itself as useful factors. A whole number that exactly divides into another number is called factor. The number fifteen can be divided into two factors which are three and five. Consider a prime number say 7 It can only be written as 7 x 1 = 7 Where as considering 12 1 x 12 = 12, 2 x 6 = 12, 3 x 4 = 12. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.]

Composite numbers
Any number other than 1, which is not a prime number is called composite number. In other words a composite number is a number which has factors other than one and itself. Examples for composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12. Note: The number one is neither prime nor composite.

Relative primes:
Two numbers are said to be relative primes or co primes if they do not have any common factor other than 1. For example, the numbers 15 and 16 do not have any common factor and hence they are relative primes. Please note that none of the two may individually be prime and still they can be relative primes.Unity is a relative prime to all numbers.

Even and Odd numbers:

Numbers divisible by 2 are called even numbers where as numbers that are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. Examples for even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, etc, Examples for odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc. Note: every even number ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.

Perfect numbers
A number is said to be a perfect number if the sum of all its factors excluding itself( but including 1) is equal to the number itself. For example, 6 is a perfect number because the factors of 6, i.e., 1, 2 and 3 add up to the number 6 itself. Other examples of perfect numbers are 28, 496, 8128, etc.