INDEX

Index Terms A
Absolute pressure Ace Detersiuo Marsiglia Acid value (AV) Acne deterrents as additives Additive-base interactions in soap cleansing systems Additives anti-acne compounds anti-irritants antimicrobial compounds CTFA Cosmetic Handbook dermabrasive/exfoliating agents drug components emollients humectants/moisturizers miscellaneous occlusive agents OTC active ingredients secondary surfactants syndet bars and Advertising See also Marketing Alcoholic saponification color Alfa-Lava1 dryer

Links

300 5 381 148 399 448

135

148 148 147 143 144 146 144 144 149 144 146 148 170 34 147 146 146

405 268

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Index Terms
Alkali-free cleansing bars. See Syndet bars Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) and foaming AlphabetPretty pictures and truism about childrens friend Wool Soap Amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades, bar soap finishing and American Family brand Amphoteric surfactants See also Surfactants Andrew Jergens Company (1880) Angled bar soap stamping Animal sacrifices and soap origins Anionic surfactants See also Surhctants Annual Book of ASTM Standard Anti-acne compounds as additives Anti-irritants as additives Antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) history Dove (2001-2008) Fa (2002-2008) Ivory (2004-2008) Ivory Moisture Care (1997) Lever 2000 (2000-2009) Lifebuoy (2003-2008) Lux (2000) Oil of Olay (1994-2008) Palmolive Bars (1999-2008) Pears (2004-2008) Safeguard (1999-2008)

Links

168

15

308 21 154 76 160

22 373 3 154

30

399 148 148

56 57 58 52 55 58 53 49 50 58 52

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Index Terms
Antimicrobial compounds as additives AOCS Official Test Methods APHA color scale Ariel Armour & Company (1867) Armour Soap Works Arrow Borax Soap Art in marketing/advertising Ash and glycerine Assay of glycerine Atlantic and Pacific (1969) history manufacture of Atmospheric systems and semi-boiled soap batch process of compared with pressurized system continuous process of semi-continuous process of Autoclaves and semi-boiled soap Automation of plants

Links
147 399 448 21 21 11 16 5 394 394 28 34 72

46 350

252 260 254 253 254 290

B
Bar hardness Bar smear/slough Bar soap finishing amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades and chiller sizing cooling units cutters 308 331 331 323 427 170

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Index Terms
Bar soap finishing (Cont.) direct noncontact transfers for cartoner wrapper interface Binacchi direct product transfer (DPT) system flashstamping presses Mazzoni LB direct transfer (DTS) system finishing line types/selection history low-temperature glycol chillers mixers amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades double-arm mixers with sigma blades mixer-kneaders mottled laundry soap manufacturing system packaging ACMA 330 soap cartoner with YT/YV infeeds ACMA 7250/7350 soap wrappers ACMA 770 soap cartoner with TH non-contact infeed/transfer ACMA 771 TH-non-contact soap infeed/transfer ACMA rotary infeed/transfer systems ACMA TH-non-contact soap infeed/transfer Binacchi systems CAM soap caroner infeed/transfer systems carton blank terminology carton styles definitions/conversion factors Doboy IL3 three belt contact feeder

Links

328 330 328 333 61 331 66 333 343

308 309 309 374

340 339

340

339 338

338 343 341 345 346 346 342

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Index Terms
Bar soap finishing (Cont.) Doboy IL4 four belt contact feeder general information Guerze 1000HS horizontal flow wrapper soap cartoners soap wrappers styles plodders extrusion group fiinishing line Mazzoni LB multirefining plodder (MRP) packaged water chillers refining/pelletizing group SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder short-/long-Lc/D-ratio types worms presses flashstamping presses soap shapes processing steps for roll mills temperature control units Barometric condensers Barrat, Thomas J. Bathing as religious/cleanliness activity Beauty soaps See Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947)

Links

342 337

341 345 344 337

315 336

319 331 315 322 319 314 317

321

327 326 303 311 332 285 7 2 331

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Index Terms
Beecham Group BHT chromotographic analysis and Binacchi CHBS process Binacchi CSFA process Binacchi CSWE-3system Binacchi direct product transfer (DPT) system Binacchi SDE dryer system Binders, syndet bars and Biofuels B.J. Johnson Soap Company Bleachability Blumenschien, Mary Green Boiling. See Kettle saponification Borit Brooks, Benjamin Bubbles (Millais) Buerger nomenclature for solid soap phases Bulk of lye Bumetrizole as additive A Busy Day (Humphrey) Buteth-3 additive

Links
6 413 244 244 237 328 281 169 383 34 382 36 393 241 243 256

2 31 8

118 248 149 28 149

194

C
Calculations alkalinity/acidity adjustments caustic soda requirements FA blend molecular weight adjustment FA blends FA neutralization products fat blend 444 437 442 441 442 437 441

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Index Terms
Calculations (Cont.) kettle saponification finishing/fitting kettle fluctuating fat ratios kettle settling loading kettle primary soap making routes saponification products - quantities total fatty matter (TFM) Calorimetry Camay (1926) history Caress (1972-2009) history ingredient label compositions of Casely, Robert E. Cashmere Bouquet (1872) Cast-melt process and transparency Cast transparent bars Cast transparent/translucent bars Castilla, Spain and soap making Cataphil, ingredient label compositions of Cationic surfactants See also Surfactants Caustic soda characteristics/specifications/analysis of markets/prices and production/sources/users of requirement calculations saponification and transport/storage/handling of

Links

219 217 218 214 437 438 440 127

38

47 173 40 24 200 131 170 3 174 154

390 391 388 437 224 392 441

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Index Terms
Cavity Transfer Mixer Centrifugal pump metering system Centrifuged lye Certified colorants Chardin, Jean Simon Charles H. Geilfus & Company Chase, Helen Chelating agents, chromotographic analysis and Chemistry of soap structures See also Physical characteristics of soap raw materials AOCS Official Test Methods basic chromotographic analysis BHT by capillary GC chelating agents by HPLC drivatized FA analysis by capillary GC drivatized FA analysis by HPLC FFA analysis by HPLC glycerine content by HPLC triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC triglyceride analysis by HPLC continuous saponification and and effect of trans isomers on EA/soap properties FAs glycerides and history iodine value (IV)

Links
198 227 248 139 78 22 39 142

412

379 83

413 412

412 411 411 412 412 410 228 233

402 437 84 223 401

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Index Terms
Chemistry of soap structures (Cont.) minor ingredients anhydrous-soap content chlorides FFA/free alkalinity free-glycerine content moisture content triclocarban/triclosn by UV absorbance molecular structure and mush/cracking formulation implications relationship structural implications structure weakness oleate:laurate eutectic mixture and performance models macro model molecular model saponification value (SV) soap/water interactions structure weakness consequences crystal orientation during plodding overall effects pressure effects during plodding structure fundamentals structure visualization in plodder syndet bars and titer and

Links

407 408 409 408 407

409 115

108 93 103 98 85

87 89 401 92

98 95 97 94 93 96 162 402 112

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Index Terms
Chemistry of soap structures (Cont.) and trans isomer measurement transparent/translucent soaps and triglyceride oil structure triglycerides Cherry Ripe (Millais) Chevreul, Michel Eugne Chicago Family A Childs World (Millais) Chill rolls/flakers Chiller sizing, bar soap finishing and Chlorate and caustic soda Chloride and caustic soda Chromotographic analysis BHT by capillary GC chelating agents by HPLC drivatized FA analysis by capillary GC drivatized FA analysis by HPLC FFA analysis by HPLC glycerine content by HPLC triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC triglyceride analysis by HPLC Clarette Cleansing bar formulation, syndet bars and Cleansing grains Coast (1974-2008) history manufacture of Coates, F. Graham Coconut oil (CNO) Colbert, Jean Batiste

Links

403 191 379 437 8 4 13 8 268 331 390 390

413 412 412 411 411 412 412 410 13 159

48 350 36 84 4 224 378 437 451

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Index Terms
Colgate & Company Cashmere Bouquet (1872) of Colgate Palmolive Company (1806) Global Handwashing Day and history Colgate clock Colgate, William Color alcoholic saponification color analysis by colorirneter analysis by Hunter reflectance measurement analysis by photometric measurement color scale conversions commercially used scales direct bleach test and evaluation of raw materials fatty matter and Hunter reflectance measurement and refined/bleached saponification color of FAs scale conversions of visual color comparisons Colorants categories of certified natural noncertifiable noncertified

Links

24 17 33 60 19 17

405 404

413 404 405 448 405 404 381 413 404 405 405 413

139 139 143 141 142 142

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Index Terms
Combo bars See also Syndet bars ingredient label compositions of surfactant advantage and surfactant composition in Computer-controlled plants Condensate temperature Cone, Fairfax M. Continuous saponification commercially available systems continuous FA neutralization defined history metering/dosing critical metered streams metering equipment raw materials neutralization equipment reaction overview of saponification chemical reaction critical reaction factors equipment rate of reaction soap washing/extraction cooling and spent lye removal general information glycerine washing efficiency

Links

173 153 161 290 300 41

241 241 247 223

227 227 224 240 243 243 223 227

228 230 230 229

237 232 239

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Index Terms
Continuous saponification (Cont.) glycerine washing equipment limit lye concentration lye and neat soap separation soap grain soap phase chemistry/diagram washing and half spent lye removal Wigners model Cooling tower systems soap drying systems Cooling units bar soap finishing and Copco Countercurrents. See Kettle saponification Countway, D. L. Coupons, in marketing/advertising Cracking evaluation of influences on mush relationship with structural implications and structure weaknesses and Cream soaps Cries of London (Wheatley) Critical micelle concentration (CMC) Crosfield, Joseph Crude soap Crutcher and semi-boiled soap Crystallization See also Chemistry of soap structures CTFA Cosmetic Handbook

Links

237 233 239 233 233 237 235 235

289

331 13

32 19 76

422 108 93 103 98 150 5 123 22 248 252 191 112

143

149

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Index Terms
Curd phase Curd soap Curtis Davis Company Cutters bar soap finishing and

Links
118 248 31

323

D
Danforth, Philip Delta phase of molecular model Density, defined Deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967) See also Antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/ moisturizing soaps (1994-2009); Freshness/ deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993) history Dial (1948-2008) Dove (1955) Jergens (1951-2008) Safeguard (1963-2008) Tone (1968) Vel (1948-2008) Zest (1952-2008) Dermabrasive/exfoliating agents as additives Detergents. See Laundry powder detergents Deupree, Richard R. Dial Dial (1948-2008) Die Frische Fa. See Fa (1968) Diethylene glycol and glycerine Differential Scanning Calorimetry 394 127 38 11 40 22 60 40 44 41 44 45 41 42 144 146 21 92 293 99

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Index Terms
Direct noncontact transfers for cartoner/wrapper interface bar soap finishing Discontinued soaps history Colgate Dial Jergens Lever Proctor & Gamble Distilled fatty acid (DFA) process Double-arm mixers with sigma blades, bar soap finishing and Dove (1955) Dove (2001-2008) Dove Beauty Bar design Dove Nutrium (2000) Dreft (1933) Drug components as additives Drying systems. See Soap drying systems Dual cyclone fines recovery system Dutch Margarine Union

Links

328

330

343

60 60 60 60 60 377 452

309 44 56 162 351 63 146 173 176

283 23

E
Economics. See Marketing Edict of Colbert Electrolytes and soap production Emollients as additives 4 102 144 111 205 247 250

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Index Terms
Equipment See also Soap drying systems continuous saponification glycerine washing equipment continuous saponification and glycerine washing neutralization Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) Eubose, ingredient label compositions of European use of bar soaps, syndet bars and Eutectic mixture Evaluation methods bar hardness fragrance lather evaluation mush rate of wear (ROW) rheological characterization skin mildness user panel wet bar feel wet cracking Expansion dryers Extract ion continuous saponification cooling and spent lye removal general information glycerine washing efficiency glycerine washing equipment limit lye concentration

Links

230 226 237 237 240 279 175 183 85 237

427 425 417 422 421 430 425 426 424 422 268

237 232 239 237 233

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Index Terms
Extract ion (Cont.) lye and neat soap separation soap grain soap phase chemistry/diagram washing and half spent lye removal Wigners model RDC countercurrent extraction column Extrusion bar soap finishing and soap production and translucent bars and

Links

239 233 233 237 235 237 235

315 104 131 362

F
Fa (1968) Fa (2002-2008) Fairbank, Nathaniel Kellogg Fairy Soap Fatty acids (FA) calculations for blends chromotographic analysis and defined fats/oils/FA specifications saponification color of surfactant synthesis and Ferguson nomenclature for solid soap phases Fewa (1932) Fillers, syndet bars Flashstamping presses Flex wash mildness test Flower Sellers Group (Wheatley) 441 411 448 451 405 156 118 63 171 327 178 5 330 194 45 57 13 13 349

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Index Terms
Foam volume, defined Foaming. See Lather evaluation Focardi, G. Forearm controlled application technique (FCAT) Foreign particulate matter Formulation See also Chemistry of soap structures Fragrances Franklin, Benjamin Free alkalinity, defined Free fatty acids (FFA) chromotographic analysis and defined molecular performance model and soap structure and superfatting and Free glycerine, defined Frmy, Edmond Freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993) history Atlantic and Pacific (1969) Caress (1972-2009) Coast (1974-2008) Fa (1968) Irish Spring (1972-2008) Lever 2000 (1987) Pure & Natural (1985-2008) Frosch and Kligman toxicity ladder

Links
449

425 415 162 200

89 5 449

110

143

425

411 449 91 89 111 449 61 129

46 47 48 45 46 49 48 177

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Index Terms

Links

G
Gain Gamble, James Gardner color scale Geilfus, Charles H. Gibbs Phase Rule The Gillette Company history Givaduan-Delawaana, Inc. Global Handwashing Day Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) Global use of caustic soda of glycerine syndet bars and of triglyceride fatty matter Glossary Glycerides, soap structure and Glycerine characteristics/specifications/analysis of chromotographic analysis and defined fats/oils/FA specifications markets/prices and production/sources/users quantity calculations semi-boiled soap production and transport/storage/handling of 394 412 449 451 394 392 439 249 395 391 394 183 382 44 83 33 21 21 448 22 125 21 40 33

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Index Terms
Glycerol and soap production Gold Dust Twins Gold Dust Washing/Scouring Powder Good News Bible Grain Graining efficiency Gross, Henry Gross, Sydney Gump, William

Links
102 13 13 2 233 206 31 31 40 235 247 110 15

H
Half spent lye Handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps Handcrafted Soap Makers Guild (HSMG) Hardness of soap bar Harworth, W.T. Health soaps. See Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947) Healy, Tim Heat transfer rate Heavy metals and glycerine Heavy/transitional metals and caustic soda Heckler & Company Hemoglobin denaturation (haemolysis) test for mildness Henkel & Cie Herbal extracts as additives Hexagonal liquid crystal phase Hints to Intending Advertisers (Smith) Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder) 178 61 149 120 71 3 124 76 299 394 390 15 237 60 352 427 22 248

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Index Terms
History of soaps/detergents animal sacrifices and antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/ moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) Dove (2001-2008) Fa (2002-2008) Ivory (2004-2008) Ivory Moisture Care (1997) Lever 2000 (2000-2009) Lifebuoy (2003-2008)) Lux (2000) Oil of Olay (1994-2008) Palmolive Bars (1999-2008) Pears (2004-2008) Safeguard (1999-2008) bar soap categories and colonial America and current brands Andrew Jergens Company (1880) Armour & Company (1867) Colgate Palmolive Company (1806) Lever Brothers Company (1884) Pears (1789) Procter & Gamble Company (1837) Yardley ( 1770) deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967) Dial (1948-2008) Dove (1955) Jergens (1951-2008) Safeguard (1963-2008)

Links

56 57 58 52 55 58 53 49 50 58 52 24 5

22 21 17 22 7 21 5

40 44 41 44

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Index Terms
History of soaps/detergents (Cont.) Tone (1968) Vel (1948-2008) Zest (1952-2008) discontinued soaps Colgate Dial Jergens Lever Proctor & Gamble first industrial production freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993) Atlantic and Pacific (1969) Caress (1972-2009) Coast (1974-2008) Fa (1968) Irish Spring (1972-2008) Lever 2000 (1987) Pure & Natural (1985-2008) handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps handcrafted artisn/specialty soaps laundry powder detergents bar soaps Dreft (1933) Fewa (1932) liquid detergents Persil (1907) powder detergents soap powders Tide (1946) unit dosing products

Links

45 41 42

60 60 60 60 60 4

46 47 48 45 46 49 48 60 60 60 60

61 63 63 69 61 68 61 64 69

66 63

61

67 64

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Index Terms
History of soaps/detergents (Cont.) laundry washing products marketing coupons Ivory stamp club magazines premiums product booklets radio and soap operas selling of soap slogans/jingles soap posters soap sculpting television and soap operas trade/trading cards trolly car signs Mount Sapo and obsolete brands J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859) N. K. Fairbank Company (Chicago 1865) other companies Swift & Company (Chicago 1892) plagues and Romans purity/beauty/health soaps (1872- 1947) Camay (1926) Cashmere Bouquet (1872) Ivory (1879) Jergens (1893)

Links

61

76 76 71 75 75 72 71 77 75 76 74 74 75 223

10

13 17 15 3

38 24 26 30

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Index Terms
History of soaps/detergents (Cont.) Jergens (1947-2005) Lifebuoy (1887) Lux (1925) Palmolive (1898) Woodbury (1897) Woodbury (1899) soap making in Marseilles, France Sumerian references to soap (2500 BCE) transparent/translucent soaps and Hollow disc type filtration pumps Hopkins, Samuel Hot-air cabinet dryers Hot-air spray towers Hudson, R. S. Humectants/moisturizers as additives Humphrey, Maude Hunter opacity measurement Hunter reflectance measurement

Links

39 31 36 34 33 36 3

1 191 274 5 267 267 22 144 28 415 413 146

I
Im Forever Blowing Bubbles (Kenbrovin & Kellette) Indirect cooling water system (ICS) Ingredient soaps. See Antibacterial/ingredient/ deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) International Maritime Organization (IMO) Inverted-funnel method of lather evaluation 384 419 78 286

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Index Terms
Iodine value (IV) calculation in 80/20 tallow/ coconut oil blend defined fats/oils/FA specifications soap analysis and Irish Spring (1972-2008) history manufacture of Isotropic soap solution Ivorette Ivory (1879) Ivory (2004-2008) Ivory Moisture Care (1997) Ivory stamp club

Links
84 110 381

437 450 451 401

46 350 123 13 26 58 52 76

J
J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859) Jergens Jergens (1893) Jergens (1947-2005) Jergens (1951-2008) Jergens, Andrew John H. Woodbury Dermatological Institute John Hopkins University School of Public Health Johnson, Burdette Journal of Chromatography Journal of Liquid Chromatograpby Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society Jovan 33 34 399 399 399 6 10 60 30 39 41 22 33 33 36 21 76

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Index Terms K
Kappa phase of molecular model transparent/translucent soaps and Kellette, John William Kenbrovin, Jaan Kettle saponification kettle soap boiling countercurrent/full boil finishing/fitting kettle finishing/fitting kettle (mathematics) fluctuating fat ratios (mathematics) graining/brine addition kettle settling (mathematics) kettle washing loading kettle loading kettle (mathematics) lyeless oil finish semi boiled settling/spent lye removal settling/wash lye removal variations phase diagram theory and secondary water considerations of terrninology/properties of Kettle soap boiling See Kettle saponification Kimball, Alonso Kirk, J. S.

Links

90 196 78 78

92

98

206 212 219 217 209 218 211 207 214 207 207 207 210 212 213 205 213 203

213

36 11

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Index Terms
Kirks brands See J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859) Knight, John Krafft temperature

Links

22 86 125

L
Lamellar liquid crystal phase Lanosan, ingredient label compositions of Latent heat of vaporization, defined Lather evaluation lathering, of syndet bars Laundry powder detergents history bar soaps Dreft (1933) Fewa (1932)) liquid detergents Persil (1907) powder detergents soap powders Tide (1946) unit dosing products Laundry soap dryers feed pumps for filtration pumps/filters for heat exchangers for processing steps for Laundry tablets See Unit dosing products Laundry washing products history of 61 276 274 279 272 276 61 63 63 69 61 68 61 64 69 67 66 119 175 294 417 168 449

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Index Terms
Lava Chemical Resolvent Soap Leglanc, Nicholas Levenhulme, Lord Lever Lever 2000 (1987)) Lever 2000 (2000-2009) Lever Brothers Company (1884) Lever, William Hesketh Lifebuoy (1887)) Lifebuoy (2003-2008) Light and transparency of soap Limit lye concentration (LLC) Liquid crystalline soap Liquid detergents Lobe pumps LOreal Cosmetics Lovibond color scale Lux (1925) Lux (2000) Lye. See Spent lye; Washing lye Lyotropic phases of liquid crystalline soap

Links
21 4 22 10 49 55 22 22 31 58 191 247 118 69 277 6 448 36 53 73 118 174 73 15 60

118

M
Macro model of soap structure Magazines in marketing/advertising 87 11 71 Marbleized soaps Marketing caustic soda and glycerine and 391 394 351 353 362 366 25 29 33 35

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Index Terms
Marketing (Cont.) history of soaps/detergents art coupons Ivory stamp club magazines

Links

5 19 76 11 71

28 76

34

72

25

29

33

35

movie stars premiums product booklets radio and soap operas selling of soap slogans/jingles See also specific soap brand, i.e. Dial soap posters soap sculpting television and soap operas trade/trading cards trolly car signs mildness and global trends Palmolive soap and and selling of soap triglyceride fatty matter and Marseilles, France and soap making Mascot Material balances Mathematics. See Calculations Maxine Elliott Complexion Soap Maybelline Company

37 75 75 72 71 5 9 33 38 77

75 76 74 74 12 181 34 71 382 3 13 294 51 75

16 6

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Index Terms
Mazzoni Mazzoni LB direct transfer (DTS) system Mazzoni LB multirefining plodder (MRP) Mazzoni LB SCNT system Mazzoni LB SCT-SSCT process McElroy, Neil Mosley Melting point defined fats/oils/FA specifications Metering/dosing and saponification critical metered streams and metering equipment and raw materials and Miag Double Expansion Drying system Micelles Mildness concept comparisons global marketing trends and red blood cell (RBC) test skin barrier destruction (SBD) test soap chamber test (SCT) syndet bars and syndet bars and the future in vivo/in vitro test Zein test Miles, G. Millais, John Everett Minerals and soap production

Links

328

343

319 230 243 38 450 451

321 232 256 237 242 353

227 227 224 268 123 425 180 181 178 178 176 171 186 177 178 417 8 89 181 180 227

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Index Terms
Mixer-kneaders, bar soap finishing and Moisture content, defined Moisture, impurities, and unsaponifiables (MIU) Moisturizing soaps See Antibacterial/ingredient/ deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009) Molecular model of soap structure Molecular structure See Chemistry of soap structures Molecular weight adjustments of FA blends Mono screw pumps Mottled laundry bar soaps Movie stars, in marketing/advertising Mucha, Alphonse Multicolored/multicomponent soap production handcrafted artisan soaps history/general information manufacturing systems/methods mottled laundry soap manufacturing system recycling methods and solid/liquid systems for solid/solid co-extrusion systems for solid/solid systems for marbleized soaps solid/solid systems for speckled soaps solid/solid systems for striped soaps solid/solid systems for two-tone soaps stamping options types of

Links
308 450 381 406

89

442 277 374 37 22

352 349 353

374 369 353 362 359 361 362 360 373 351 364 362 368 362 366

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Index Terms
Mush annealing and bar moisture content and defined as delta phase evaluation of formulation implications liquid phase of mush/cracking relationship solid phase of structural implications structure weakness and Musk Oil

Links

102 102 98 100 422 108 99 93 98 103 98 5

N
N. K. Fairbank Company (Chicago 1865) Natural colorants Neat soap Neca (Israel) Neutralization calculations for FA products of continuous saponification equipment reaction defined neat soap and semi-boiled soap production and Nivea Milk Bar Non-ionic surfactants See also Surfactants 243 243 247 248 260 175 154 160 442 10 143 239 183 248 251 291 13

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Index Terms
Non-occlusive moisturizers, syndet bars and Noncertifiable colorants Noncertified colorants Nut oils and soap production

Links
172 141 142 85 88 91 110

O
Occlusive agents as additives Octagon products Odor See also Frangrances Oficial Method and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society Oil bleaching Oil finish (OF) kettle Oil of Olay (1994-2008) history ingredient label compositions of surfactants and Oils and soap production See also Soap phase structure/behavior Oleate:laurate eutectic mixture Omega phase of molecular model One Soap for the Whole Family Operating vacuum (absolute pressure) OTC active ingredients as additives Oxydol 85 90 16 300 146 21 21 174 164 84 115 150 49 399 385 211 219 144 19 381 425 147 172

P
Palm kernel oil (PKO) Palm oils (PO) Palmolive (1898) 84 85 34 224 378 378 384 383 451 451

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Index Terms
Palmolive Bars (1999-2008) Palmolive Building Parkson Atmospheric Dryer Pears (1789) Pears (2004-2008) history Pears, Andrew PearsAnnuals Pears Shilling Cyclopaedia Peet Brothers Penetration value Perfume and soap production Persil (1907) pH calculations for alkalinity/ acidity adjustments cast transparent/translucent bars and soaps after manufacturing and soaps during manufacturing and Phase diagram theory of kettle saponification Physical characteristics alcoholic saponification color color by colorimeter color by Hunter reflectance measurement color by photometric measurement color evaluation of raw materials color, refined/bleached color scale conversions direct bleach test

Links
50 18 268 7 200

58 7 8 9 71 450 89 61 110 143

444 170 154 153 205

405 404

413 404 404 404 405 405

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Index Terms
Physical characteristics (Cont.) FFA content foreign particulate matter insoluble impurities MIU content moisture content saponification color of FAs translucency by Hunter opacity measurement unsaponifiable matter visual color comparisons Physical characteristics of soap raw materials See Raw materials for soap making Pierce, Charles S. Piggly Wiggly Pink Palace Museum of Arts and Industry (Memphis) Plant automation Plasticizers/binders, syndet bars Plate-and-frame heat exchangers (PAF) Pliny the Elder Plodders bar soap finishing extrusion group Mazzoni LB multirefining plodder (MRP) packaged water chillers refining/pelletizing group SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder short-/long-Lc/D-ratio types worms

Links

405 415 406 406 406 405

415 407 413

34 71 71 290 169 279 3

315 319 331 315 322 319 314 317 321

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Index Terms
Plodding and soap production crystal orientation during pressure effects during soap structures in plodder Polyalkylene glycol and binding Positive displacement metering system Posters in marketing/advertising Powder detergents, history Premiums in marketing/advertising Presses, bar soap finishing and Pressurized systems and semi-boiled soap combination (integrated) saponification/ drying plants and compared with atmospheric system high shear mixer/reactor of semiconcentrated saponification systems and stirred vessel reactor (autoclave) of Pride Cleanser Pride Soap Pride Washing Powder Primary base, defined Processing of syndet bars Procter & Gamble Company Ace Detersivo Marsiglia Global Handwashing Day and history discontinued soaps Oxydols Own Ma Perkins The Songs of the City mildness and

Links

95 94 96 169 227 75 68 75 326

256 260 255

258

256 254 16 16 15 351 159

5 33 6 60 73 74 183 11

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Index Terms
Procter & Gamble Company (Cont.) Procter & Gamble Company (1837) Richardson-Vick and surfactants and Procter, Cooper Procter, Harley Procter, William Product booklets in marketing/advertising Production. See Chemistry of soap structures; Plodding and soap production Pummo Glycerine Pumice Soap Pumps See also Laundry soap dryers Pure & Natural (1985-2008) history Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947) history Camay (1926) Cashmere Bouquet (1872) Ivory (1879) Jergens (1893) Jergens (1947-2005) Lifebuoy (1887)) Lux (1925) Palmolive (1898) soap campaigns Woodbury (1897) Woodbury (1899)

Links

21 50 164 38 26 21 75

13 287

48

38 24 26 30 39 31 36 34 32 33 36

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Index Terms

Links

Q
Quick Naphtha Chips 16

R
Rackham, Arthur Radio and soap operas in marketing/advertising Rate of wear (ROW) Raw materials for soap making caustic soda characteristics/specifications/analysis markets/prices production/sources/users transport/storage/handiing glycerine characteristics/specifications/analysis markets/prices production/sources/users transport/storage/handling physical characteristics alcoholic saponification color color by colorimeter color by Hunter reflectance measurement color by photometric measurement color evaluation of raw materials color, refine/bleached color scale conversions direct bleach test 413 404 404 404 405 405 405 404 394 394 392 395 390 391 388 392 25 72 421

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Index Terms
Raw materials for soap making (Cont.) FFA content foreign particulate matter insoluble impurities MIU content moisture content saponification color of FAs translucency by Hunter opacity measurement unsaponifiable matter visual color comparisons triglyceride fatty matter characteristics/specifications /analysis as largest constituent market/prices oil bleaching sources/grades/users transport/storage/handling RDC countercurrent extraction column Recycling methods, multicolored/ multicomponent soap production and Red blood cell (RBC) test for mildness Refining/pelletizing group, bar soap finishing and Religious influence on cleanliness/soap Rheological characterization Richardson-Vick Rider, Ed Roll mills, bar soap finishing and Ross, J. Ross-Miles foam test

Links

405 415 406 407 406 405

415 407 413

379 377 382 385 378 384 237

369 178

315 2 430 49 26 311 417 417 331 430

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Index Terms S
Safeguard (1963-2008) Safeguard (1999-2008) Santa Claus Saponification See also Continuous saponification; Continuous saponification; Kettle saponification; Semi-boiled soap production Saponification color of FAs Saponification value (SV) calculation in 80/20 tallow/coconut oil blend fats/oils/FA specifications SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder Satina Saturated fatty acids, soap structure and Saunders, Clarence Savon De Marseille Savona, Italy and soap making Sculpting in marketing/advertising Sebamed Secondary base, defined Secondary surfactants as additives SELA drying plants Sela GmbH--KVN Plant Semi-boiled soap production atmospheric systems batch process compared with pressurized system continuous process

Links

44 52 13 438

405 381 437 451 322 175 83 71 4 3 76 175 351 148 268 243 401 450

252 260 254

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Index Terms
Semi-boiled soap production (Cont.) semi-continuous process continuous saponification plant use main components neutralizer route - atmospheric system reactor route - pressurized system crutcher-mixer/reactor step definitions/calculations general information pressurized systems combination (integrated) saponification/drying plants compared with atmospheric system high shear mixer/reactor semiconcentrated saponification systems stirred vessel reactor (autoclave) Sensible heat, defined Shell-and-tube heat exchangers Short-/long-L/D-ratio Silver Dust Single cyclone fines recovery system Sinking Ivory promotion SITA Foam Tester R2000 Skin barrier destruction (SBD) test for mildness Skin care soaps. See Deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967); Freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

Links

253

260 261 261 252 264 249

256 260 255

258

256 254 294 279 319 13 284 30 418

178

180

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Index Terms
Slogans/jingles in marketing/advertising

Links
5 77 9 33 38

See also specjfic soap brand, i.e. Dial Smith, Thomas Snow Boy Washing Powder Soap Bubbles (Chardin) Soap calculations. See Calculations Soap chamber test (SCT) for mildness Soap cleansing systems additive-base interactions in additives anti-acne compounds anti-irritants antimicrobial compounds CTFA Cosmetic Handbook dermabrasive/exfoliating agents drug components emollients humectants/moisturizers miscellaneous occlusive agents OTC active ingredients secondary surfactants colorants categories of certified natural noncertifiable noncertified fragrances overview 139 139 143 141 142 143 135 142 148 148 147 143 144 146 144 144 149 144 146 148 147 146 146 135 176 71 16 78

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Index Terms
Soap drying systems chill rolls/flakers cooling tower systems definitions/terminology expansion dryers heat transfer rate for hot-air cabinet dryers hot-air spray towers laundry soap dryers feed pumps filtration pumps/filters heat exchangers processing steps material balances operating vacuum (absolute pressure)/ condensate temperature and plant automation soap fines recovery system solid/liquid additive systems steam consumption by and TFM/moisture content of soaps toilet soap dryers vacuum chambers vacuum formation systems pumps steam jet ejectors (boosters) vacuum producing systems barometric condensers indirect cooling water system (ICS) surface condensers vapor condensation equipment vacuum spray drying vapor-liquid separators

Links

268 289 293 268 299 267 267 276 274 279 272 294 297 276 296

300 290 283 290 288 300 268 282 287 287

285 286 285 284 267 279

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Index Terms
Soap fines recovery system Soap finishing. See Bar soap finishing Soap-less soaps. See Syndet bars Soap making raw materials See Raw materials for soap making Soap operas Soap phase structure/behavior isotropic soap solution liquid crystalline soap defined lyotropic phases thermotropic phases molecular structure and solid soap and superfatting and transparent/translucent soaps and Soap powders Soap shapes Soap structure. See also Chemistry of soap structures; Soap phase structure/behavior macro performance model molecular performance model Sodium benzotriazolyl sulfonate as additive Sodium butylphenol as additive Sodium chloride, defined Sodium-distilled, topped cocoyl isethionate (STCI) Sodium hydroxide and caustic soda Solid/liquid systems for multicolored/ multicomponent soap production Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) fragrance evaluation and

Links
283

74

123 118 118 118 115 115 129 131 61 326 67 117

87 89 149 148 450 163 390

353

425

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Index Terms
Solid soap Solid/solid co-extrusion systems Solid/solid systems for marbleized soaps Solid/solid systems for speckled soaps Solid/solid systems for striped soaps Solid/solid systems for two-tone soaps Solubility, syndet bars and Solvay, Ernest Soybean oil Specialty soaps See Handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps Specific gravity, defined Specific heat (Cp) defined Specifications for fats/oils/FA distilled FA blend compositions distilled FAs for soap blends distilled FAs for soaps distilled tallow/vegetable FA blends compositions FA composition of vegetable oil blends fats/oils compositions fats/oils/FA specifications soap bases superfatted with distilled soap fatty Speckled soaps Spent lye Stamping options, multicolored/ multicomponent soap production Standard bar soap stamping Steam consumption by soap drying systems

Links
115 362 359 361 362 360 170 4 378 383 364 362 368 362 366 117

293 294

453 452 452

454 454 453 451

454 352 224 361 234 237 237 248

373 373 288

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Index Terms
Steam jet ejectors (boosters) Steichen, Edward Storer, Doug Striped soaps Sudsing test Sunbrite Cleanser Sunlight Almanac Sunlight Flakes Sunlight label Sunligbt Year Book Sunny Monday Laundry Soap Superfatting FFA and soap phase structure/behavior and syndet bars and Surface condensers Surfactants cleansing/rinsing efficiency and importance of sodium-distilled, topped cocoyl isethionate (STCI) and syndet bars and Swift & Company (Chicago 1892) Swift, Gustavus F. Swifts Cleanser Syndet bars appearance-improving additives cast transparent/translucent bars cleansing bar formulation cleansing/rinsing efficiency and

Links
287 33 76 351 418 16 23 36 23 23 13 362 364 36

111 129 171 285

166 153

163 154 11 15 16 160 15

170 170 159 166

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Index Terms
Syndet bars (Cont.) Dove Beauty Bar design and fillers and foaming/lathering of formulation of ingredient label compositions of mildness concept and mildness evaluation methods comparisons global trends of mild soaps red blood cell (RBC) test skin barrier destruction (SBD) test soap chamber test (SCT) in vivo/in vitro test Zein test mildness formulations in the future mildness improvers/skin conditionsers/ moisturizers and performance-improving additives plasticizers/binders and processing of raw materials/bases of soap pH and surfactant composition in surfactants advantage anionic surfactants general information synthesis types of surfactants

Links

176 171 168 162 173 176

180 181 179 178 176 177 178 186 181 180

171 170 169 159 165 154 161

153 155 160 156 154

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Index Terms

Links

T
Talcum powder as filler Tallows and soap production and calculations of SV/titer/IV in 80/20 blend continuous saponification and fatty matter and soap structure and specifications of Television and soap operas in marketing/advertising Temperature and batch process of semi-boiled soap production condensate cracking and distilled FA process and fats/oils/FA specifications Krafft temperature macro performance model and molecular performance model and spent lye removal and structure/mush and thermotropic phase and Thermal conductivity (k) defined Thermotropic phase Tide (1946) Titer calculation in 80/20 tallow/ coconut oil blend defined fats/oils/FA specifications 437 451 451 252 300 108 377 451 86 88 90 237 103 118 294 118 21 402 64 92 125 112 74 437 224 378 85 451 384 171

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Index Terms
Toilet soap dryers Tom, Dick, and Harry Tone (1968) Total fatty acid (TFA) defined Total fatty matter (TFM) calculations for defined and moisture content of toilet soaps percentage of toilet soap dryers and Total fatty matter (TFM) and semi-boiled soap Toxicity ladder Trade/trading cards in marketing/advertising Trans isomers and FA/soap properties Transparent/translucenct soaps Hunter opacity measurement and Transparent/translucent soaps cast-melt process and history neat soap drying/finishing intensive mixing/refining vacuum spray drying phases/properties/characterization methods for structure and development of syndet bars Tributyl citrate as additive Triclocarban/triclosan chromotographic analysis and

Links
268 13 45 247

440 451 300 249 269 249 177 74 402 272

415

200 191

198 195

192 131 170 149 191

412

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Index Terms
Triglyceride fatty matter characteristics/specifications/analysis of as largest constituent of soap market/prices and oil bleaching and sources/grades/users of transport/storage/handling of Triglycerides chromotographic analysis and soap structure and Trolly car signs in marketing/advertising Tubular Drying System Two-tone soaps

Links

379 377 382 385 378 384

410 83 12 268 352 362 368

U
UNICEF Unilever Unit dosing products See also Metering/dosing Unsaponified & unsaponifiable matter (U&U) Unsaturated fatty acids, soap structure and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention User panels and evaluations 33 426 33 451 83 33 33 69

V
Vacuum chambers for drying systems Vacuum formation systems pumps and steam jet ejectors (boosters) and 282 287 287

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Index Terms
Vacuum producing systems barometric condensers and indirect cooling water system (ICS) and surface condensers and vapor condensation equipment and Vacuum spray drying Vanity Fair Beauty Soap Vapor condensation equipment Vapor-liquid separator (VLS) Vapor-liquid separators Vapor pressure, defined Vel (1948-2008) VEL, ingredient label compositions of Viscosity, defined VVF Limited

Links

285

286 285 284 267 16 284 269 279 293 41 173 293 22 279 281

W
Wahl Brothers Glue Works Wash mildness tests Washing Washing lye continuous saponification cooling and spent lye removal general information glycerine washing efficiency glycerine washing equipment limit lye concentration lye and neat soap separation soap grain 237 225 239 237 233 239 233 235 232 234 247 22 178 247

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Index Terms
Washing lye (Cont.) soap phase chemistry/diagram washing and half spent lye removal Wigners model and half spent lye removal semi-boiled soap production and Washing ratio Water and Sanitation Program Water and soap production hard/salt water soap structure and water penetration and Water content of soap hard/salt water and lathering soap-to-water ratio Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council Wella Company Wesley, John Western Soap Company Wet bar feel Wet cracking Wheatley, Francis Whitefield, George Wigners model, continuous saponification and William Waltke company Woodbury (1897) Woodbury (1899) Woodbury, John H. Wool Soap Chips Borated

Links

233 237 235 237 250 248 33

153 91 101

168 109

33 6 2 22 424 422 5 2 235 21 33 36 33 16 36

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Index Terms
Woolworth, Frank World Bank Worms, bar soap finishing and Wrigley, William, Jr.

Links
26 33 317 11

X
X-ray pattern of soap 127

Y
Yardley (1770) Yardley, William You Dirty Boy (Focardi) 5 5 7

Z
Zein test for mildness Zest (1952-2008) history ingredient label compositions of surfactants and Zeta phase of molecular model 42 174 164 91 99 196 178 181

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