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1. Multiplication by 5
It's often more convenient instead of multiplying by 5 to multiply first by 10 and then divide by 2. For example, 1375=1370/2=685.
2. Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first by 2 and then divide by 10. For example, 1375/5=2750/10=275.
3. Division/multiplication by 4
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example 124/4=62/2=31. Also, 1244=2482=496.
4. Division/multiplication by 25
Use operations with 4 instead. For example, 3725=3700/4=1850/2=925.
5. Division/multiplication by 8
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example 1248=2484=4962=992.
6. Division/multiplication by 125
Use operations with 8 instead. For example, 37125=37000/8=18500/4=9250/2=4625.
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Squares of numbers from 26 through 50. Let A be such a number. Subtract 25 from A to get x. Subtract x from 25 to get, say, a. Then A2=a2+100x. For example, if A=26, then x=1 and a=24. Hence 262=242+100=676. Similarly, if A=37, then x=37-25=12, and a=25-12=13. Therefore, 372=132+10012=1200+169=1369. Why does this work? (25+x)2-(25x)2=[(25+x)+(25-x)][(25+x)-(25-x)]=502x=100x. Squares of numbers from 51 through 99. The idea is the same as above. (50+x)2-(50-x)2=1002x=200x. For example, 632=372+20013= 1369+2600=3969. Squares of numbers from 51 through 99, second approach (this one was communicated to me by my father Moisey Bogomolny). We are looking to compute A2, where A=50+a. Instead compute 100(25+a) and add a2. Example: 572. a=57-50=7. 25+7=32. Append 49=72. Answer: 572=3249. In general, a2 = (a + b)(a - b) + b2. Let a be 57 and, again, we wish to compute 572. Let b = 3. Then 572 = (57 + 3)(57 - 3) + 32, or 572 = 6054 + 9 = 3240 + 9 = 3249.
compute 2425: 2425=2400/4=1200/2=600. The rule naturally applies to 2-digit numbers as well. 752=5625 (since 78=56).
10. Product of two 2-digit numbers. i. If the numbers are not too far apart, and their difference is even, one might use
the well known formula (a+n)(a-n)=a2-n2. a here is the average of the two numbers. For example, 2824=262-22=676-4=672 since 26=(24+28)/2. Also, 1931=252-62=625-36=589 since 25=(19+31)/2. If the difference is odd use either n(m+1)=nm+n or n(m-1)=nm-n. Example 3734=3735-37=362-12-37=1296-1-37=1258. On the other hand, 3734=3733+37=352-22+37=1225-4+37=1258.
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