PHYSICS 30

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UNIT 1: CONSERVATION LAWS

A. DYNAMICS (Review) Force Diagrams Draw only external forces on the force diagram An external force is a force from an object outside the system Include a reference system and the acceleration State which direction(s) is positive. Show the acceleration as a dotted arrow. F Net External Force Fnet a Fg

( )
50 N is equivalent to Fnet = 30 N a

- the vector sum of all external forces acting on the system - when you add them, you must include direction i.e. 80 N

Newtons 3 Laws First Law: If an object experiences balanced external forces (i.e. Fnet = 0), then it will travel at a constant velocity (same speed, same direction) Due to inertia

Second Law:

If an object experiences unbalanced forces, then it will accelerate in the direction of Fnet, according to the equation: Fnet = m a

Third Law:

When one object exerts an action force on a second object, the second object will exert an equal and opposite reaction force onto the first. FA on B = FB on A

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PHYSICS 30 B. WORK (Dynamic Definition) Work is done when a force moves an object, or resists that motion

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F B1. Work Done by a Constant Force Equation: WF = F d cos where F is the magnitude of the force (in N) d is the magnitude of the displacement (in m) is the angle between F and d d

Units:

Joules (J) 1 J = 1 N m

Note:

Work is a scalar (it has no direction) If work is positive, then F is causing the motion If work is negative, then F is resisting the motion If work is zero, then F is perpendicular to the motion There are two ways to find the work done by Fnet : Wnet = Fnet d cos Wnet = sum of all the works = W1 + W2 + W3 + .....

or

the object is not moving

B2. Work Done by a Changing Force Work = Area between the line and the axis of a F d graph If the line is above the axis, work is positive If the line is below the axis, work is negative Note: Power is the rate at which work is done P= W t Units: Watts (W)

F (N)

d (m)

1W = 1

J s

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PHYSICS 30 C. MECHANICAL ENERGY C1. Work and Energy If work is done on an object, its energy will change. W = E

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There are two ways that energy can change: 1. Transformation - energy changes from one form to another (i.e. PEg KE) 2. Transfer - energy goes from one object to another Note: If an object has energy, it can do work C2. Types of Mechanical Energy 1. Kinetic Energy (KE or Ek) - energy due to speed Equation: KE = 1 mv2 2 Units: Joules (J) 1 J = 1 kg m2 s2

where

m is the mass (kg) v is the speed (in m/s)

- KE can never be negative (it is always positive)

2. Gravitational Potential Energy (PEg or Ep) - energy due to height Equation: PEg = mgh Units: Joules (J)

where

m is the mass of the object (in kg) g is the magnitude of gravity (in m/s2) h is the height (in m)

Note: Be certain to state the reference height (where h = 0) If the object is above the reference height, h is positive If it is below, then h is negative PEg depends on the reference height (it is relative) But, PEg is independent of ref height, and is thus measurable -3-

PHYSICS 30 3. Elastic Potential Energy (Es or Ep) - energy due to stretching or compressing Equation: Es = 1 2 kx 2 Units: Joules (J)

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where

x is the amount an object is stretched or compressed from original length (in m) k is the spring constant or stiffness (in N/m)

D. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY D1. Conservation of Mechanical Energy The total mechanical energy of a system will remain constant (conserved) when the system is closed - no objects are added or lost to the system no friction only mechanical energy can change during the motion - only Fg and Fs can do work on the system Equations: There are two sets of equations that can be used: 1. Total mechanical energy remains constant METi = METf PEgi + KEi = PEgf + KEf - in this example, it remains at 60 J 2. No overall change in mechanical energy KE + PEg = 0 KE = - PEg That is, if the KE goes up by 40 J, PEg must go down by 40 J (no overall change) PEgf = 0 KEf = 60 J Ref h: h = 0 PEgi = 40 J KEi = 20 J

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PHYSICS 30 D2. Conservation of Energy If there is friction, or if non-mechanical forms of energy change, then total mechanical energy will NOT remain constant However, the total energy of the system does remain constant. Equations: METi + WF = METf WF = E = F d cos where

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WF is the work done by friction (or a force other than Fg and Fs) WF is also the amount of mechanical energy lost (or gained) by the system

Note:

If WF is negative, F is a resistive force (like friction) MET decreases If WF is positive, F is a propulsive force MET increases

D3. Efficiency Efficiency measures how much energy is lost as heat and sound. Efficiency = or Efficiency = output power 100 % input power output energy 100 % input energy

Note: If a machine is 100% efficient, then no energy is lost Output energy = Input energy If a machine is 20% efficient, then 80% is lost as heat / sound

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PHYSICS 30 E. MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE E1. Momentum Momentum is the difficulty to change an objects motion. p=mv Equation: Units: kg m/s where m is the mass (in kg) v is the velocity (in m/s)

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Note: Change in momentum: E2. Impulse Momentum Equation

p = p f p i = m v

Based on Newtons second law. Impulse = F t = m v where

Units: N s

or

kg m/s

F is the average net force on the object (in N) t is the time that the net force is applied (in s)

Note: How to generate the greatest change in momentum (m v ) Based on F t = m v, apply the largest Fnet for the longest period of time Cushioning (air bags, running shoes, landing mats) Based on F = m v , F has an inverse relationship with t (with a constant m v) t

The cushion increases the time to change the momentum Thus, the force on the object decreases (preventing injury)

E3. Impulse for a Changing Net Force Impulse = Area under a F t graph

Fnet (N)

t (s) -6-

PHYSICS 30 F. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM Momentum is conserved for collisions and explosions if: The system is closed (no objects gained or lost) Fnet = 0 on the system - the objects must have a constant velocity before and after the collision e.g. No friction Level surface

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F1. Conservation of Momentum (1-D) Consider

10.0 kg m/s kg m/s 6.0 kg m/s 3.0 7.0 kg m/s

There are two sets of equations that can be used: 1. Total momentum remains constant pT = pT p1 + p 2 = p1 + p 2 2. No overall change in momentum. p 1 + p 2 = 0 p 1 = p 2 In the example above, p 1 = -13.0 kg m/s p 2 = +13.0 kg m/s In the example above, p T = p T = 4.0 kg m/s

Equal but opposite impulses (based on Newtons 3rd law).

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PHYSICS 30 F2. Total Momentum (2-D) Method 1: Tail-to-tip (Use when 90) Place the tail of the second vector on the tip of the first vector - one right after the other The resultant (sum) vector is the "start to finish" vector - place the angle at the base of this vector When the vectors are perpendicular (90), this forms a right triangle - use the Pythagorean formula (c2 = a2 + b2) to find its magnitude - use Soh Cah Toa to find the angle

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Method 2: Component Method (Works in all situations) y Step 1: Find the x- and y-components of all vectors State the RCS angle Use the following formulas: Vx = V cos Vy = V sin Vy V

Vx

Step 2: Add up the x-components, Add up the y-components R x = x 1 + x 2 + ... R y = y1 + y 2 + ... Reduces the problem to 1-D addition

Step 3: Find the resultant vector (Add R x and R y tail-to-tip) Sketch the tail-to-tip diagram - use Pythag and trig to find the resultant vector R = Rx2 + Ry2 tan = Ry Rx Rx R Ry

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PHYSICS 30 F3. Conservation of Momentum (2-D) Method 1: Tail-to-Tip (Use if 90, or to approximate an answer) State the conservation of momentum equation, using p T = p T

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Draw the corresponding vector diagram (tail-to-tip) - to add vectors, place the tail of the second vector on the tip of the first vector - the resultant is the start to finish vector

Method 2: Components Step 1: Find components of all momentum vectors For each momentum vector: Calculate the momentum, using p = mv State the RCS angle (measured counter-clockwise from the positive x-axis) Find the x- and y-components x = p cos y = p sin Step 2: Two key equations Momentum is conserved in the x-direction: Momentum is conserved in the y-direction: xT = xT yT = yT

Step 3: Solve the triangle To find the magnitude of p , use Pythagorean formula You may need to use p = mv to find v To find the direction of p , use trigonometry (Soh Cah Toa) tan = py px p = px + py
2 2

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PHYSICS 30 G. CONSERVATION LAWS G1. Elastic Collisions

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An elastic collision is a special type of collision that satisfies BOTH conservation laws. Elastic Collision

Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy - no loss of mechanical energy as heat or sound METi = METf

Law of Conservation of Momentum - total momentum remains constant p T = p T

Note: Examples of elastic collisions - when a dropped ball hits the ground and returns to the same height - well explains the behaviour of Newton's cradle - all subatomic collisions are considered to be elastic (according to classical theory). Most collisions are only partially elastic - momentum is conserved, but mechanical energy is not (energy is lost as heat and sound) When objects hit and stick together, we call it an inelastic collision - these can never be elastic

G2. Choosing a Conservation Law How do you choose which conservation law to use in a physical situation? Conservation of Mechanical Energy - use when there is no friction and only mechanical energy changes Conservation of Momentum - use for collisions and explosions - it should happen on a level surface with no friction (otherwise, it is an approximation)

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