Chapter 1: The Main Themes of Microbiology

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1.

_____ are not cellular (acellular) and are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat _____ are photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular microorganisms are often found in aquatic environments. _____ are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall. _____ are small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms _____ can be seen with the naked eye _____ diseases are among the most common causes of death in much of the world's population. _____ DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins. _____ is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things. _____ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals. This is the introduction of microbes into the environment to clean up toxic pollutants. _____ is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on relationships and history. _____ is the process that uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water. _____ is the specific study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microbiology Biology Microscopy

Virus

14.

_____ promoted hand washing before Lister introduced disinfection during surgery. _____ refers to any life forms that cannot be observed easily without magnification, not only those organisms that cause disease. "Microbes" and "_____" are terms that can be used interchangeably. A disease that has been known for hundreds of years and that is increasing in occurrence is known as a(n) _____ disease. emerging communicable reemerging

Semmelweis

2.

Algae

15.

Microbes

3.

Protozoa
16.

microorganisms reemerging

4.

Bacteria
17.

5. 6.

Microorganisms Infectious

7.

Recombinant
18.

8.

Decomposition
19.

A free_living organism could be considered the opposite of a _____ organism. A good hypothesis must be: tested once to determine its complete validity true in all related situations developed from a scientific theory able to be supported or rejected by experimentation

parasitic

9.

Bioremediation

able to be supported or rejected by experimentation

10.

Classification
20.

11.

Photosynthesis

A microbial pathogen is considered a(n) _____ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process A microorganism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles, and divides by binary fission is correctly termed a _____. A protozoan lives and reproduces inside of a human red blood cell. In this case, the human is an example of a(n) _____. parasite vector commensal host

parasite

21.

prokaryote

12.

Microbiology

22.

host

13.

_____ organisms can be visualized by the naked eye. Microscopic All Prokaryotic Macroscopic

Macroscopic

23.

A scientific _____ is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event.

theory

24.

A(n) _____ cell will not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus. prokaryotic eukaryotic plant human

prokaryotic

35.

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____. Before a hypothesis may be tested using the _____ approach of the scientific method, events that will happen must be predicted by the scientist. Escherichia coli may be abbreviated to _____. Eukaryotic organisms are: only single-celled only multicellular either unicellular or multicellular

sterile

36.

deductive

25.

A(n) _____ derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process. parasite symbiont commensal microorganism

parasite

37.

E. coli either unicellular or multicellular species genus

38.

26.

A(n) _____ disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent. A(n) _____ is a tentative explanation of an observation. A(n) _____ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of a eukaryotic cell. A(n) _____ is the term used for ANY disease-causing microorganism. Actual classification of organisms, not the naming system. All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms. eukaryotes; prokaryotes prokaryotes; eukaryotes

emerging

39.

For the organism Escherichia coli, coli represents the _____. For the organism Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the _____ level of classification. For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the _____ level of classification. For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the _____ level of classification. Fungi, protozoans, and helminths are all composed of _____ cells, whereas bacteria and archaea are composed of _____ cells. Generally, _____ microbes are larger than prokaryotic microbes. Genetic _____, or recombinant DNA technology, is a method of deliberately modifying the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products. In both classification systems, the _____ is the most specific level of organization and is immediately under the genus. In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as: microorganisms bacteria pathogens animacules

40.

27.

hypothesis
41.

species

28.

organelle
42.

genus

29.

pathogen
43.

30.

Taxonomy prokaryotes; eukaryotes

eukaryotic prokaryotic

31.

44.

eukaryotic engineering

45.

32. 33.

All cells contain a cell _____. All members of a family are classified in the same _____. genus kingdom species

membrane kingdom
46.

species

47.

pathogens

34.

All members of the same phylum must also be members of the same _____. genus kingdom species

kingdom *Members of a higher taxonomic level may not be in the same lower taxonomic level.

48.

In the _____ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names. In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens _____.

binomial

49.

microscopes

50.

In the deductive approach to the scientific method, which of the following is the first step? Performing experiments to test for particular events Outlining particular events predicted by a hypothesis Constructing a hypothesis to explain what has been observed or measured

Constructing a hypothesis to explain what has been observed or measured

59.

Microorganisms are _____, meaning they are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans. Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are referred to as _____. Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are: macroscopic microscopic

ubiquitious

60.

microscopic

61.

microscopic

51.

In the levels of classification, the level right above species is the _____. In the Whittaker system, the most inclusive level of classification is the _____. species phylum kingdom domain

genus kingdom

52.

62.

Put these in order by size from largest to smallest. Bacteria Colonial alga Viruses Reproductive structures of mold

Reproductive structures of mold Colonial alga Bacteria Viruses Kingdom, Genus, Species organelles

53.

Koch's four _____ are a series of proofs that establish whether an organism is pathogenic and which disease it causes. List these levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to least general. Kingdom Class Genus Species Family

postulates

63.

Put these levels of classification in order from most general to most specific. Genus, Species, Kingdom

54.

Kingdom Class Family Genus Species

64.

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of an eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as: nuclei organs systems organelles

55.

Microbes are involved in the flow of _____ and food through the world's ecosystems. Microbiology has a large range of disciplines; _____ involves the monitoring and control of the spread of disease through communities, whereas _____ involves any process in which humans use the metabolism of organism to arrive at a desired product. Microbiology has many branches of study; _____ is the detailed study of fungi, whereas _____ is the study of the body's defenses to infection. Microorganisms account for about 50% of the earth's _____, which is the conversion of light energy from the sun into organic molecules.

energy

65.

Taxonomy involves _____ and _____ living things. searching for controlling classifying naming

classifying, naming

56.

epidemiology biotechnology

66.

The _____ theory of disease, first proposed in the 1800s, stated that microorganisms could cause infection and illness. The appropriate binomial abbreviation of Staphylococcus aureus is: Staph S. aureus Staph aureus Staphylococcus a.

germ

57.

mycology, immunology

67.

S. aureus

58.

photosynthesis

68.

The binomial system of nomenclature assigns _____ names to each organism. four one two three

two

75.

The technology that is used to alter DNA and switch genetic material from one organism to another is know as: geomicrobiology bioremediation recombinant DNA technology biotechnology microbial morphology

recombinant DNA technology

69.

The germ theory of disease has been so thoroughly tested that it has become a _____ or principle. The germ theory of disease stated that: microorganisms could cause infection and disease all human diseases are caused by infectious agents handwashing is the best means to prevent disease life only comes from existing life

law
76.

70.

microorganisms could cause infection and disease

The unit of measurement for most bacterial cells is _____ and most viruses is _____. millimeters; nanometers micrometers; nanometers micrometers; micrometers nanometers; micrometers

micrometers; nanometers

77.

71.

The level of classification directly under the genus is the _____. kingdom order family species

species

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about _____ infections of all types across the world every year. 10 billion 100 million 1 billion 1 million

10 billion

78.

72.

The major groups of microbes include the _____, fungi, _____, protozoa, algae, and plants. The major types of microorganisms include: Protozoa Plants Animals Fungi Algae Viruses Bacteria

bacteria, virus

73.

Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, Viruses, Bacteria

Thinking of the two major cell types in the world: a(n) _____ cell contains organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. However, these organelles are not found in _____ prokaryotic cells. True or False: All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but not all eukaryotes are microorganisms. True or False: If two microbes are in the same family, they must be the same species.

eukaryotic, prokaryotic

79.

True

80.

74.

The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of a microbial species is knows as: identification taxonomy nomenclature classification

nomenclature

False Species is a more specific level of classification than family, therefore, not every species will be part of the same family. True

81.

True or False: If two microbes are of the same genus, they must be in the same class. True or False: Staphylococcus aureus is the correct way to write this organism's binomial name when used in a scientific journal article.

82.

False Need to be italicized.

83.

True or False: The scientific method takes into account preconceived ideas, such as religion or superstition, of the scientist. Use of a laboratory test to determine the fermentation capabilities of a microbial species is part of the process known as _____. Viral particles are usually _____ than prokaryotic cells. smaller larger

False

92.

Which event helped establish the science of microbiology? The discovery of DNA The organization of life into taxonomic herarchies The development of the microscope

The development of the microscope

84.

identification

85.

smaller

93.

Which is correct regarding the capitalization of an organism's name? staphylococcus aureus staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus Aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

86.

What cellular structure is found in ALL cells? Golgi Lysosome Cell membrane Mitochondria Nucleus

Cell membrane
94.

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus? Archaea Virus Prion Protists Yeast

Protists Yeast *Prions are infectious proteins, not cells, and therefore lack a true nucleus. Protists, Yeast

87.

What is a helminth? A parasitic worm A prokaryotic cell that lives in harsh environments A filamentous stage in fungal life cycle A unicellular pathogen

A parasitic worm
95.

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus? Virus Archaea Protists Prion Yeast

88.

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products? DNA fingerprinting Organic agriculture Genetic engineering PCR

Genetic engineering

96.

Which of the following are aspects of microbiology that are studied by microbiologists? Microbial genetics Agricultural engineering Horticulture Environment Industrial microbiology

Microbial genetics Environment Industrial microbiology

89.

When a theory is supported by compelling evidence that it is correct, it becomes known as a law deduction hypothesis

law

97.

90.

When organisms are visible to the naked eye, they are called _____. Which cell type is generally larger in size? Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

macroscopic Eukaryotic cells

Which of the following are aspects of microbiology that are studied by microbiologists? Microbial genetics Industrial microbiology Environment Horticulture Agricultural engineering

Microbial genetics Industrial microbiology Environment

91.

98.

Which of the following are branches of study in microbiology? Bacteriology Virology Zoology Mycology Immunology

Bacteriology Virology Mycology Immunology

101.

Which of the following could be considered identification?

Determining that Salmonella species are capable of producing hydrogen sulfide.

Assigning a name to a new isolate of Salmonella based on its geography (Salmonella arizona). Establishment of techniques for the growing of microorganisms in culture. Identification of the agent responsible for causing anthrax. Establishment of a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease.
102.

99.

Which of the following are contributions made by Koch to the development of microbiology? Establishment of techniques for the growing of microorganisms in culture. Development of modern aseptic techniques practices in surgery. Identification of the agent responsible for causing anthrax. Realization that hand washing reduces the chance of disease. Invention of pasteurization for the preservation of food. Establishment of a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease.

Grouping species of bacteria into the genus Salmonella based on relationships between them. Determining that Salmonella species are capable of producing hydrogen sulfide. Which of the following could be considered nomenclature? Grouping species of bacteria into the genus Salmonella based on relationships between them. Assigning a name to a new isolate of Salmonella based on its geography (Salmonella arizona). Determining that Salmonella species are capable of producing hydrogen sulfide.
103.

Assigning a name to a new isolate of Salmonella based on its geography (Salmonella arizona).

100.

Which of the following are prokaryotic microbes? Plants Fungi Archaea S. aureus Bacteria

Archaea S. aureus Bacteria

Which of the following describe fungi? eukaryotic autotrophic prokaryotic unicellular or multicellular always multicellular heterotrophic

eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic

104.

Which of the following describe fungi? heterotrophic eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular autotrophic always multicellular prokaryotic

heterotrophic eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular

105.

Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe microscopic organisms? Microorganisms Vertebrates Microbes

Vertebrates

111.

Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes? Bioremediation Pasteurization Fermentation

Bioremediation

106.

Which of the following is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history? Classification Identification Nomenclature

Classification

112.

Which process is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things? Respiration Decomposition Photosynthesis

Decomposition

107.

Which of the following is true about prokaryotic microorganisms? They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. They contain a nucleus. They lack cellular organelles. They are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. They lack cellular organelles. Protozoans Fungi Helminths

113.

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water? Respiration Photosynthesis Bioremediation

Photosynthesis

114.

108.

Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells? Archaea Protozoans Bacteria Fungi Helminths Viruses

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies? Lister van Leeuwenhoek Semmelweis Koch

Semmelweis

115.

109.

Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells? Fungi Archaea Protozoans Helminths Viruses Bacteria

Fungi Protozoans Helminths

Which term best describes a disease caused by a microorganism? Communicable Infectious Nosocomial

Infectious

116.

Which term defines the organism in/on which smaller organisms (or viruses) live, feed, and reproduce? Host Virus Parasite

Host

110.

Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types? Protists Bacteria Viruses Algae

Bacteria

117.

Which type of microorganism possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and undergoes mitotic cell division? Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

118.

Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires in order to reproduce from the environment? Prokaryotic organism Parasite Virus Free-living organism

Free-living organism

119.

Who developed a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could be used to determine which organism caused which disease? Pasteur Koch Lister Redi

Koch

120.

Who developed the first single-lens microscope? Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Ignaz Semmelweis

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

121.

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in the operating room during surgery? Van Leeuwenhoek Lister Koch Semmelweis

Lister