Pollution C[us_s & Eff_]ts

Environm_nt[l E^u][tion

Power Plant: Power plant is an industrial place for generation of electric power. There are
different types of Power plants like Thermal power plants, Hydro power plants, Nuclear Power Plants, Solar Power Plants. It is useful in power generation, but it may cause Environmental pollution. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Hot Water: Thermal Power plant uses large amount of water during process of power generation and this water is sent out in heated form or evaporated. So, this leads to increase in temperature of lakes, ponds, rivers etc. and atmosphere. The change in temperature decreases oxygen supply, and affects ecosystem composition. Fish and other aquatic organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the huge change in water temperature. 2) Emission of gases: Besides this, power plants also releases waste gases like Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter and other effluents, during combustion of fuel, to air and thus causing air pollution and global warming. 3) Emission of Ash: Fly Ash is emitted from these power plants which may contain harmful chemicals like Mercury, Lead. This may lead to severe human diseases. Control of pollution from Power plant: a) Use of technology to decrease of heat from water that is released into water bodies. b) Reducing the amount of waste gases or Greenhouse gases from power plants. Fly Ash can be used in different ways; so, it is better using it than releasing it into atmosphere. c) Hydro power plants are more eco-friendly than Fuel Power plants as Hydro power plants do not emit any gases. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Garbage Dumping: Garbage is a subset of solid waste and includes animal and vegetable
wastes resulting from the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, and serving of foods and household goods. Dumping or throwing out these garbage into environment is called Garbage Dumping. This causes pollution and unhealthy atmosphere. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Growth of Micro-organisms: Garbage contains a lot of organic and inorganic substances. So, harmful bacteria, fungi grow in that, release awful gases and spread diseases in its surroundings. These micro-organisms make the surrounding atmosphere unhealthy and fill with bad odour. Also mosquitoes, flies make this garbage more harmful. 2) Soil Contamination: When dumped into land, without proper care leads to soil pollution and pollutes the soil, water surrounding it. This waste may turn the soil and land, infertile. Chemicals and other contaminants found in solid waste can seep into our groundwater. Control of pollution from Garbage Dumping: a) Proper disposal of Garbage is needed. Garbage must be sorted and disposed accordingly. Waste should be scientifically disposed using Landfills, Incineration. Collecting, transport, and disposal must be done regularly. b) Garbage must be disposed or dumped at outskirts of village/city. Place of Garbage dumping must be bleached. c) Recycling useful materials like paper, plastic etc. may decrease the effect of pollution through Garbage dumping. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Steam Locomotive: A steam locomotive is a locomotive that produces its power through a
steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine. Causes & Effects of pollution:

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1) Air Contamination: As these Steam Locomotives uses combustible fuel, they releases huge amounts of harmful gases, Greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke. So, they contaminate the air and increase the amount of harmful gases in atmosphere largely. 2) Smoke: Steam locomotives emit large amounts of smoke and dust. This increases concentration of particulate matter in atmosphere and causes harmful smog like photochemical smog. 3) Sound pollution: These steam locomotives also create lot of noise and sound in high volume. This leads to sound pollution in a great way. Control of pollution from steam locomotive: a) Efficiency of engines in these steam locomotives should be increased by adopting efficient means of operation. So, the amount of fuel wasted will be decreased and pollution may be regulated. b) Emission of smoke and dust must be decreased. Also noise from the engine must be reduced by increasing the efficiency of locomotive. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Traffic Noise: It is the noise or unpleasing sound from the traffic like vehicles, locomotives. It is
a combination of the noises produced by vehicle engines, exhaust, and tires. Traffic is the biggest source of noise pollution especially in urban areas. In the past few years the number of automobile vehicles has increased manifold. Thus, traffic problems created by these vehicles are important sources of noise pollution. The sound produced by the exhaust systems of trucks, autos, buses, motorcycles, and etc. cause a lot of noise. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Health effects: High traffic noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and constriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Traffic Noise causes Hearing Problems, Cardiovascular Issues, Sleep Disturbances, and Interference in Verbal Communication etc. 2) Mental Problems: Exposure to loud traffic sound can lead to elevated stress levels as well as stimulate violent behavior. A constant traffic noise in the vicinity can also trigger headaches, make people tense and anxious, and disturb emotional balance. Control of pollution from Traffic Noise: a) Regular servicing of the vehicles is an effectual measure to lower the intensity of sound produced by them. Lack of maintenance will not only increase noise levels, but also decrease the efficiency of these machines. b) Horns in vehicles should not be honk unless it is absolutely necessary. c) Noisy vehicles and locomotives should be reported. Use of silencers to the vehicles must be increases which decrease the level of Traffic Noise. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Space Shuttle: The space shuttle is a spacecraft designed for transporting people, satellites and
cargo to and from orbit around Earth. They are helpful in improving the system of space technology, but also causes significant amount of pollution. During the launch of space shuttle, a huge amount of fuel is used and lots amount of gases are released into the atmosphere. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Emission of Smoke: Space Shuttles emit large amount of smoke and harmful gases produced during combustion of propellants in them to the atmosphere and space. Smoke creates a huge amount of damage to the environment. Space Shuttles also produce hydrochloric acid, which produces acid rains. 2) Depletion of Ozone layer: Space Shuttles release chlorine gas directly into the stratosphere, where the chlorine reacts with oxygen to form ozone-destroying chlorine oxides. This leads to depletion of

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Ozone layer. Combustion products in the space shuttle exhaust such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and water vapor are greenhouse gases and may contribute to global warming. Control of pollution from Space Shuttle: a) Eco-friendly or Green propellants must be used in space shuttles. b) Gases and smoke from the space shuttles should not be emitted to stratosphere and atmosphere directly. They must be safely disposed. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Drainage into River: Many towns and factories are built near rivers so that they can use water
from the river. But sometimes the water is not cleaned before it is put back into the river and huge amount of waste is dumped into rivers. This dirtying of water is referred to as Drainage into River. This pollution can be in a variety of forms like Rubbish (crisp packets, newspaper and bags), Oil, Poisonous substances, Cans, bottles and other solid objects, Human waste / excrement etc. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Agriculture: The fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural use can be washed through the soil by rain, to end up in rivers. Fertilizers and pesticides are harmful because they cause algae to grow. The algae then destroy water plants. 2) Factories & Industries: Factories use water from rivers to power machinery or to cool down machinery. Dirty water containing chemicals is put back in the river. Water used for cooling is warmer than the river itself, and this is also a form of pollution. 3) Solid Waste: People throw rubbish, solid waste such as bottles and crisp packets, domestic waste directly into rivers. This large drainage into river kills aquatic plants and animals. This polluted water also carries diseases and also the river gives out bad odour. This uncontrolled drainage into water decreases the amount of oxygen in river water. Control of pollution from Drainage into River: a) Industries and factories should not throw waste into river without proper treatment and analysis. b) The use of fertilizers and pesticides should be decreased. c) Awareness should be developed in people regarding drainage into river and change should be brought. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Emission from vehicles: Vehicle emissions are composed of the by-products that come out of
the exhaust systems or other emissions. These emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. The main vehicle emissions are Nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, Ozone, Carbon monoxide (CO), toxics, Particulate matter, Carbon dioxide (CO2). Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Health problems: Inhalation of compounds formed by nitrogen oxides is harmful. It may lead to respiratory, cardiac problems. Ozone emitted by vehicles at ground level, irritates the respiratory system. Carbon Monoxide combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin, which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to bodily tissues. Toxics cause excessive bleeding and depress the immune system. 2) Increase of Greenhouse gases: Most of the emissions like Carbon dioxide, from the vehicles are greenhouse gases. Some emissions may form photochemical smog in atmosphere. Oxides may promote the formation of acid rains. Control of pollution from Vehicle Emissions: a) Vehicle Engine efficiency has been steadily improved with improved engine design. Every vehicle must be tested on basis of emissions control. Better fuels like CNG should be used.

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b) Technologies like Catalytic converter, Exhaust gas recirculation, Air injection etc. should be used so as to decrease the amount of emissions from the vehicles. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Washing Animals in Drinking Water: Animal bodies contain large number of harmful
micro-organisms like Bacteria, Fungi, protozoa which may cause many diseases to human beings. In many rural areas, animals are washed, cleaned in drinking water lakes and ponds. This makes the water in that lakes or ponds unfit for drinking purpose. Water should be used as per the requirement of animals. Drinking water should not be used for washing animals. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Water Contamination: Water in the ponds and lakes will be contaminated with various types of micro-organisms and animal waste. Animals pollute the water through their sewage effluent and thus increase Ammonium levels in water. Animal wastes usually create the most serious health-related water pollution problems. Drinking of water, from these ponds, will definitely causes diseases and problems. 2) Disease Transmission: It is known that many diseases are transmitted through animals. Washing of effected animals in drinking water will transmit diseases. Also, this washing is also harmful aquatic life in the pond or lake. Control of pollution from Washing Animals in Drinking water: a) The control measure is very clear that the animals should be cleaned and washed in normal place other than drinking water body. For this, rural farmers and people should be educated about this and prevent them from washing animals in drinking water. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Smoking: Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the
smoke is tasted or inhaled. Smoking not only affects the smokers health, it also greatly influences the surrounding atmosphere. Smoke and cigarette butts affect the environment the most, resulting into air, water and land pollution. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Air contamination: Approximately 4000 chemicals are present in cigarettes, which are breathed out and released in the atmosphere during smoking. The chemicals and carcinogenic particles move up, (since smoke is less dense than air) and stay in the atmosphere, causing the air to become dirty and more toxic. Most of these chemicals like nicotine are cancer causing substances and may lead to serious health problems. 2) Land and water pollution: Smoking also affects the land we live on and the water that we drink. Millions of cigarette butts are discarded onto the ground every day and some are disposed into water. This leads to the contamination of land and water. Control of pollution from Smoking: a) Smoking should be banned or decreased. Smokers should change their mindset and stop smoking. They should be reminded that Smoking is injurious to health. b) Cigarette butts should not be littered on ground, roads, water. They should be kept in ash trays and then disposed properly. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Garbage thrown into water: Often many cities dump garbage into the sea and the rivers,
without taking any care and in a disorderly manner. This problem occurs not only near big cities and industries but also in rural areas. Improper dumping of domestic waste and garbage causes serious environmental problems. The waste is very harmful because it contains plastics, glass, cans and organic waste, which do not decompose or, when they do, they produce toxic substances. This garbage in water is increasing day by day. So, it must be controlled.

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Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh

Pollution C[us_s & Eff_]ts

Environm_nt[l E^u][tion

Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Water Contamination: Throwing away garbage into water bodies like rivers, oceans will contaminate the water and causes severe pollution. Some substances will be toxic and dangerous if consumed. The water quality will be decreased. The organic waste will increase growth of microorganisms and decreases dissolved oxygen. 2) Harmful to aquatic life: Most of this garbage consists of harmful substances that endanger the life of aquatic animals and plants. Also this throwing of garbage into water decreases the level of dissolved oxygen and makes the aquatic life suffocate. Control of pollution from Garbage thrown into water: a) Garbage should be properly disposed in oceans. Harmful and Toxic substances should be removed. Proper disposal of waste decreases the level of pollution. b) Garbage should be minimized through recycling. It is better to dispose it in landfills than in water. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nuclear Explosion: A nuclear explosion is a man-made explosion that occurs as a result of the
rapid release of energy from an intentionally generated high-speed nuclear reaction like nuclear fission, nuclear fusion. Generally, nuclear explosions occur during wars, nuclear weapon testing and trail. This nuclear explosion causes severe environmental problems due to radioactivity of the explosion and huge amount of energy released. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Radioactivity: Nuclear explosion is involved with large amounts of radioactivity which is very harmful to the life on earth. Nuclear Explosions produce radioactive waste. Nuclear waste may generate low to medium radiation over long period of times. The radioactivity may contaminate and propagate through air, water, and soil as well. The main issue is the fact that nuclear waste cannot be degraded or treated chemically or biologically. The decaying process of radioactive wastes takes a very long time in progress. Radioactivity may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, genetic mutations and tumors formation. Soil, water also changes their nature due to radioactivity. 2) Other effects: some other effects like Blast damage, Thermal radiation, Electromagnetic pulse, Ionizing radiation may also contribute to pollution of air and land. Control of pollution from Nuclear Explosions: a) The waste products from the Nuclear Explosion should be disposed carefully and properly. Care should be taken to reduce the level of radiation from Nuclear Explosions. b) Nuclear explosions should be done far away from the habitat area so that effects of nuclear explosion will be less. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Loudspeaker Noise: Loudspeaker is generally used to generate sound with high intensity. They
are mostly used for advertisement purpose, religious purpose, business promotion. Especially, during elections and rallies, there will be huge noise pollution because of loudspeakers used. Maximum intensity for which human ear can tolerate is about 75 dB, but these loudspeakers cross this limit and causes damage to ear. The amplified sound from these Loudspeakers causes serious pollution and hearing problems. Sometimes, noise from these loudspeakers may cause heart attacks and shocks. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Health problems: Loudspeaker Noise causes several hearing problems like hearing impairment and also it decreases the efficiency of human. It also causes Lack of concentration, Fatigue, increase in Blood Pressure, hypertension etc. sometimes it may also cause Memory loss. 2) Unwanted use: Most of the loudspeakers are used unwantedly. Loudspeakers both at day and night time cause severe sound pollution. This makes the surrounding areas difficult to live peacefully. Control of pollution from Loudspeaker Noise:

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Pollution C[us_s & Eff_]ts

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a) Proper laws should be made to reduce the pollution due to Noise from Loudspeakers and sound systems. Loudspeakers should not be used at night time. b) Use of several loudspeakers with small intensity is better than the use of one loudspeaker of high intensity. They should be used only when required. The volume of loudspeakers should be adjusted so not to create pollution. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Natural Disaster Noise: Natural Disasters like earthquake, thunders, storms, cyclones,
volcanic eruptions causes huge amount of air, water, and noise pollution. Environmental effects of natural disasters are dangerous and fatal. Most of these disasters produce high level of noise and sound. As natural disasters are unstoppable, the pollution from them is also unpreventable. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Noise Pollution: Lot of sound is produced during natural disasters like earthquake, floods, and storms due to rapid contact between rocks, water, and soil. This type of noise pollution is small when compared other types, but it has significant effect on environment. Natural disasters may produce high intensity sounds when compared to other sounds which are very dangerous to environment and life on planet. 2) Health Hazards: Noise pollution is also caused due to some sudden disasters like thunders and lightning cause serious pollution and cause huge health hazards. Control of pollution from Natural Disaster Noise: a) Pollution from this noise from natural disasters cannot be prevented. But some precautions and care should be taken to be away from the effects of this noise. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Waste from Industry: Chemical waste is made from harmful chemicals mostly
produced by large factories and industries. During the production and manufacturing in industries, many waste materials and by-products are produced along with desired products. Most of these are useless and toxic. These chemicals are generally thrown into land or rivers or oceans. But these chemicals also contain harmful substances and also cause pollution. Causes & Effects of pollution: 1) Harmful Chemicals: Some forms of chemical wastes are, spent acids and bases, insolvent substances, both chlorinated and non-chlorinated, contaminated glassware and plastic that has been used in laboratories, organic solvents etc. These wastes are hazardous and can be effectively harmful, even leading to chronic diseases. Many occupational hazards are also caused due to the chemicals produced as wastes. 2) Huge Pollution: The factories are usually situated near rivers or seas and dispose of their chemical wastes in the rivers. This leads to contamination in water bodies, causing difficulty for aquatic life to survive in that region. Also contamination gets highly concentrated as it reaches higher in the foodchain, causing problems to other creatures including humans. Control of pollution from Industrial chemical waste: a) Proper disposal of this chemical waste is required to minimize the effect of pollution from this waste. b) The by-products and wastes from industrial processes should be decreased and reduce the chemical waste. Toxic or harmful waste should be separated and disposed properly. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Waste Tyre Dumping: Tyres are very important for transport, vehicles etc. during their use,
but after their lifetime they become huge cause for pollution. Waste tyres are considered a problem because they are difficult to get rid of safely through normal means such as leaving them in a landfill to decay or incinerating them. Tyres generally do not decay as quickly as other waste.

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Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh

Pollution C[us_s & Eff_]ts

Environm_nt[l E^u][tion

Causes & Effects of Pollution: 1) Human Health Problems: Indiscriminate and illegally discarding of waste tyres in the environment make waste tyres reservoir of rain water hence providing breeding space for mosquitoes and other vectors of diseases like malaria, dengue and yellow fever. Rats can also live in waste tyres. The composition of tyres include hazardous chemicals like cadmium, lead and chromium which poses further risk to human health and the environment. 2) Air pollution: Complete combustion of a tyre, will produce carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide that contribute to greenhouse effects. Incomplete combustion release dioxins and noxious gases. Furthermore, volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), furans, hydrogen chloride, benzene, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, zinc, chromium and vanadium are released into the atmosphere. 3) Water Pollution: Tyre combustion results in oily decomposition waste. The oily discharge can flow into nearby streams, ditches and waterways or can leach into the ground water. In cases where water is used to put out the fire, chemical compounds like aromatic liquids and paraffin may be carried by the water. The situation can pollute nearby streams or may seep into the ground water. 4) Soil Pollution: Immediate pollution resulting from decomposing liquid products penetrating the soil. Gradual pollution caused by leaching of ash and unburned residues. Gradual leaching of oily discharge can occur and the toxic residues of the burnt tyre such as zinc salts can cause harm to life. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

War Noise: War includes bomb explosions, military operations, vehicles, gun shots, missile fires
etc. wars cause many types of pollution like air pollution due to gases and smoke, land pollution due to destruction, water pollution due to contamination. Most of these operations produces large amount of sound in high intensity. Thus, these war fares will definitely cause significant amount of sound pollution. Causes & Effects of Pollution: 1) Health problems: Normally, many of soldiers working at military face serious hearing problems because of the noise pollution from this wars and military activities. They are exposed to continuous high levels of sound and noise and this decreases their hearing ability and also may even cause diseases like Hyperacusis in which tolerance to sound intensity is lost. 2) Noise pollution: The military operations like bomb explosions, gun shots, etc. will lead to destruction of buildings, properties, etc. and this causes huge sounds and noise. Each and every destruction and explosions will generate high intensity of sounds which cross the threshold limit of sound intensity and causes severe noise pollution. Control of pollution from War Noise: a) Wars should be minimized or avoided. b) Control of noise from war is quite difficult. But noise should be minimized during military trails and operations. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Glass Bottles: Glass is useful in many ways. It can be used as container, bottles, shield in
vehicles, reflector, etc. Glass bottles are generally made for alcohol, cold drink, beverage purpose. But glass takes thousands of years to decompose into earth. A glass bottle that is sent to a landfill can take up to a million years to break down. Now-a-days, many glass bottles and articles are thrown into waste and garbage which adds more pollution. Causes & Effects of Pollution: 1) Pollution: When these glass bottles thrown into garbage, after their use, they become harmful to the environment causing huge pollution. Most of the glass, remains in crystal form and become

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Pollution C[us_s & Eff_]ts

Environm_nt[l E^u][tion

dangerous. In recent days, many glass bottles and containers are thrown out without any proper care and disposal. Control of pollution from Glass Bottles: a) Recycling is the most important measure in controlling the pollution from Glass bottles. Many of the glass bottles can be recycled and reused. For this, glass bottles should be separated out and recycled. Glass bottles should not be broken. Small pieces of glass bottles may cause more pollution than full bottle. b) Glass bottles should not be dumped into water bodies or land because they pollute land and water and also may become fatal to aquatic life. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Industrial Noise: Industrial Noise refers to noise that is created in the factories which are jarring
and unbearable. Sound becomes noise only it becomes unwanted and when it becomes more than that it is referred to as "noise pollution". Heavy industries like shipbuilding and iron and steel have long been associated with Noise Induced Hearing Loss. Industrial noise is usually considered mainly from the point of view of environmental health and safety because sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage. Causes & Effects of Pollution: 1) Noise pollution: This is posing to be a big challenge and is a threat to safety and health of the people who are working in the industry and common people as well. Various machines used in industries are also a major cause of noise pollution. The different machines which are responsible for creating noise include the compressors, motors and other machinery. This huge noise may even cause accidents at industries and factories. 2) Health problems: Continuous exposure to Industrial Noise Pollution leads to hearing impairment but it has various other effects such as increase in blood pressure, increased stress, Fatigue, Stomach, ulcers, Headaches, Sleep disturbance, Annoyance, Speech Problems, Aggression, Anxiety. Control of pollution from Industrial Noise: a) Growing trees in the premises of industries, which act as absorbents of noise, is best option for reducing pollution from Industrial Noise. b) Factories and industries should be located in far off places from the residential areas. Installation of sound detectors will help in analyzing the sound frequencies on a regular basis. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh