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BIO101 Introductory Biology January 23, 2013

Lecture 2

1. Molecules of Life 2. Cells & Biodiversity

Generic Definition An organized genetic unit that is capable of metabolism, reproduction and division

Proteins (summary)
Amino acids - 20 Peptide bonds Polymer of amino acids (hence polypeptide) 1, 2, 3 and 4 structures 2: a-helix and b-sheet Different shapes Function is associated with structure Most enzymes are proteins

Carbohydrates
Act as source of energy Serve as building blocks of other molecules

Different forms of glucose

Simple sugars
(Monosaccharides)

Disaccharides

Maltose can be hydrolyzed by the human body but not cellobiose!

Polysaccharides
Starch & glycogen
Glucose polymers with a-linkages

Cellulose
Glucose polymers with b-linkages

Modified Carbohydrates

Lipids
Hydrophobic (water hating) Energy reservoirs Serve as thermal insulation Repel water on surfaces of skin, fur and feathers Play important structural role in membranes Help capture light energy Act as electrical insulator in nerve cells Steroids and vitamins

Simple lipids
- Triglycerides (made up of glycerol + fatty acid)

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

Phospholipids

Carotenoids & Steroids


- Produced from covalent linking and modification of isoprene units Carotenoids Pigments that trap light energy Found in plants and animals Vitamin-A Rhodoprin

Steroids
Signal molecules Similar chemical skeleton Different types

Some Lipids are Vitamins


Vitamin-A (precursor of b-carotene) Part of rhodopsin (required for vision) Vitamin-D Regulates absorption of calcium from small intestine Vitamin-E Protects cells from damaging effects of redox reactions Vitamin-K Involved in blood clotting

Rhodopsin

Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) & Ribonucleic (RNA) Basic unit: Nucleotide Nucleotide has three components: 1. Sugar: Ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA) 2. Base: Purines: Guanine (G) and Adenine (A) Pyrimidines: Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) & Uracil (U) 3. Phosphate Polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) DNA is a double-helix Complimentarity (G:C and A:T or A:U pairing) Polarity (i.e., direction) Store/carry genetic information

DNA

Figure 4-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

RNA
Mostly single-stranded Uracil (instead of thymine) Ribose Sequence Structure

Reading
Life (7th Ed) Chapter 2: Small Molecules; p15-34 Chapter 3: Large Molecules; p35-60

Cells
Fundamental units of life All organisms are composed of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Require energy Two types:
- Prokaryotic (lacking nucleus) - Eukaryotic (eu = true karyon= kernel)

Jargon: unicellular; multicellular

The Scale of Life

Visualizing Cells by Microscopy

Features of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells - Features

Flagella and Pili

Eukaryotic Cells
Types Animal cells Plant cells

Plant Cells

Nucleus
- Contains DNA - DNA is bound to proteins - Careful packaging! - Nucleosomes

Chromatin and Chromosomes


Heterochromatin Condensed chromosomal regions Euchromatin Loose chromosomal regions

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Inside area Lumen ~1/10 volume of cell Extensive surface area

Types 1. Rough protein intake & modification; transport 2. Smooth lipid & steroid synthesis; glycogen hydrolysis

Golgi Apparatus
- Cisternae (cis and trans) - Receives proteins from ER for further modification - Concentrates and packages proteins to destinations within and outside the cell

Lysosomes
- 1 mM diameter with featureless interior - Contain digestive enzymes - Sites where macromolecules are broken down - Process phagocytosed (i.e., eaten) stuff - Primary and secondary - Acidic environment - Tay Sachs disease

Mitochondria
- Powerhouse - Bacterial origin - ~1000 / liver cell - Outer & inner membranes - Cristae - Respiration - Have their own ribosomes and DNA - mtDNA is maternally inherited

Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis outer & inner membrane

Origin of Mitochondria

Figure 1-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition ( Garland Science 2008)

Origin of Chloroplasts

Figure 1-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition ( Garland Science 2008)

Peroxisomes
- Degrade hydrogen peroxide

Fractionating Cells and Cellular Components

Cytoskeleton
- Maintains cell shape & support -Ropes - Framework for transport Composed of: 1. Microfilaments (actin) 2. Intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins) 3. Microtublues (tubulin)

Molecular Motors
Dynein and kinesin - Move along microtubules

Plant Cell Wall


Composed largely of cellulose

Cells This and That


Require free energy Are surrounded by membranes Contain informational and non-informational macromolecules Need to sense and communicate with their environment Depend on pathways for processing nutrients and waste, and synthesis/breakdown of small/large molecules Life-begets-life! Synthetic cells? (not yet, possible, never)

Tree of Life!

Microbes Rule!

Bacteria Come in Different Shapes


Spherical Rod-shaped Spiral

Some bacteria use flagella for locomotion

Gram Stain and Bacterial Cell Wall

Gram stain is used for classifying bacteria!

Energy Sources
ORGANISM TYPE
Photoautotrophs
(found in A, B & E)

ENERGY SOURCE
Light

CARBON SOURCE
Carbon dioxide

Photoheterotrophs
(some Bacteria)

Light

Organic compounds

Chemolithotrophs
(some B; most A)

Inorganic substances

Carbon dioxide

Chemoheterotrophs
(found in A, B & E)

Organic compounds

Organic compounds

Charateristics
Highly diverse group

Autoheterotrophs Look like corkscrews Extremely small Mostly Gram-positive Some form endospores Live in hot & acidic places Some methanogens; Salt lovers (halophiles)

Reading
Life (7th Ed) Chapter 4: Cells (p61-84) Chapter 27: Bacteria & Archaea (p524-540)

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