Emerging Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust

Naveen Gupta 200301040

Outline

Introduction Off the Shelf Technology What is Smart Dust Vision Smart Dust Technology RF versus Optical Corner Cube Retro Reflector Active Transmitter

INTRODUCTION
THREE KEY TECHNOLOGIES Digital Circuitry Wireless Communications Micro Electro Mechanical Systems In each area, advance in hardware Technology, design led to reduction in size, power consumption and cost.

OFF THE SHELF TECHNOLOGY

What is Smart Dust

Large scale Networks of wireless sensors of various applications

The three key capabilities of smart dust are: Sensory Capabilities Processing Capabilities Communication Capabilities

Vision

Smart Dust will be small enough to remain suspended in air, buoyed by air currents, sensing and communication for hours or days on end.

Smart Dust Technology

Integration

MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) Sensors Semi Conductor laser diode MEMS beam-steering Mirror Corner-Cube Retro reflector Optical Receiver Signal Processing and Control Circuitry Power Source based on thick film batteries Solar Cells

CHALLENGE

To incorporate all these functionalities in a cubic millimeter volume.

The total energy stored in the order of 1Joules. Power Consumption cannot exceed over 10microWatts.

RF versus Optical

RF radio frequency

MHz hundreds of GHz -> 1mm 100s meters wavelength Technologies:

Bluetooth Cell phones (GSM, CDMA, etc.) RFID

Optical

100THz 1PHz -> 0.3 - 1.6 micro wavelength Lasers and LEDs

Radio Frequency

Pros

Well developed technologies Multiplexing techniques: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA. Does not require line of sight Not much affected by the environment Antenna size (has to be at least of the wavelength) Complex circuitry (modulation/demodulation, bandpass filters, etc.) Energy consumption (approx. 100nJ/bit)

Cons

Optical (1/2)

Pros

Low energy consumption (<1nJ/bit) High data rates Small aperture, very directional (localization) Spatial division multiplexing Very directional Line of sight Simple bandpass analog and demodulation light Short wavelength of visible or near infrared light (in order of 1micro meter) makes it possible for a mm device to emit a narrow beam

Cons

Optical (2/2)

BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Compact imaging receiver- decode the simultaneous transmissions from a large number of dust motes at different locations within in the receiver field of view

Corner-Cube Retro reflector

To supply signals without any power It comprises three perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon CCR includes an electrostatic actuatordeflects on of the mirrors at kilohertz rates.

CCR Passive Optical (1/2)

Directional CTS body diagonal happens to directly to the BTS Emerging More CCRS Omni directional

CCR - Passive Optical (2/2)

BTS contains a laser whose beam illuminates an area containing dust nodes Modulated beam contain Downlink data + commands to wake up and Query Analysis show that this uplink achieves several kbps + hundreds of meter in full sunlight Design is simple

Design of Free-Space Optical Network

Smart dust active transmitter

Incorporates a laser, lens and a MEM steering mirror Peer Peer Communication Trade off between bandwidth and range 1mrad transmission Data rate of approx. 5Mb/sec Energy consumption depends on distance and detector size

Base Station Architecture

Filter

Polarizing Beam Splitter

Plate

Camera

Lens

Laser

Beam Expander

Mirror Mirror

Smart dust

Smart dust active transmitter

Distance Distance 5m 5m 5km 5km 500km 500km Detector area Detector area 0.1mm2 0.1mm2 1cm2 2 1cm 1m 1m2 2 Energy consumption Energy consumption ~20pJ/bit ~20pJ/bit ~10nJ/bit ~10nJ/bit ~25nJ/bit ~25nJ/bit

Mobile Networking Challenges

Line of Sight Requirement Link Directionality Trade offs Between Bit rate, Distance and Energy per bit

Line of Sight Requirement (1/2)

Optical communication requires photons from the transmitter reach the receiver photons travel in straight lines Specular reflections Diffuse reflections Feasible only when Active Transmitters are used over short distances (probably 1 m) Note : Cannot work with passive communication , very small SNR

Line of Sight Requirement(2/2)

Dust Mote can communicate with the BTS via Multi hop Routing Mote Density should be high Multi hop routing increase latency

Link Directionality(1/2)
General Motes are unaware of neighbours location Base station can disseminate location information to motes

Passive links A corner cube retro-reflector angle of acceptance is 10-20 Placing multiple corner cubes Placing the corner cube and the receiver on a MEM mount signal maximization Increase mote density high probability for communication with at least some motes in the area of interest

Link Directionality(2/2)
Active links

Mote receiver is omni directional within a hemisphere Enables mote attention without aiming No source identification Making the receiver directional (by adding a lens) and connecting its directionality to the transmitter will enable communication automatically to the source Requires aiming Solved by increasing the density of motes In a static system, identification could be saved in mote memory Difference between receiver and transmitter angular spreads leads to non-reciprocal linking

Mobile Networking Opportunities

Parallel Read Out

Demand Access

THANKS FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION