LABORATORY #1 USE OF MULTIMETER, OSCILOSCOPE & FUNCTION GENERATOR ELECTRONIC DESIGN LECTURER: PABLO ESPINOSA TEAM MEMBERS:

CHRISTIAN JESUS SANCHEZ ARELLANO A01260812 VICTOR MANUEL URZA A01260509 RICARDO HERRERA RODRIGUEZ A01260683 HANS ROSENKRANZ DE CASAS A01056201 FRANCISCO JAVIER GARCA A01260686

January 30th, 2012

Laboratory #1
Christian, Ricardo, Javier, Vctor Urza, Hans.
ITESM Campus Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, Mxico

I. INTRODUCTION
The measurement of signals on electronics, actually in electronic design, is a fundamental fact, for the comprehension and analysis of the signals, the most important subject in mecatronics systems is control, and the electronics takes great part of this subject. There are many electronic measure equipment: a) Digital Multimeter: able to measurre DC and AC current, resistance, diodes, capacitance, transistors and continuity.

Vdmm 3.033V Vvdiv 3.06V

Then we measure the current flowing through the resistor and there is a problem, the amperimeter of the DMM doesnt work. So we computate the current as the following:

I ( r1,r 2) V / R2 I ( r1,r 2) 5.1 / 15 .34mamps

1.3 Measuring the voltage of the arrangement with resistors of 1M, 1M and another of 470K in series and we obtain 3.06V in 1.5M resistor. Then we try to measure the current but it was the same problem.

b) Oscilloscope: displays the waveforms and the user can choose what to make with the various readings observed. Allows the actual form of the waveform to be displayed. c) Function generator: used to provide electrical waveforms. There are many different functions the generator can give us. Square function, sinusoidal function, triangular function, pulse, etc.

V I R I 5 / 2470000 0.00000202 A VR1.47M 2.98V

The difference in the measures of voltage and current is that when you measure voltage you need to do it in parallel and when you measure current you will do that in series. 1.4

II. LABORATORY EXERCISE DEVELOPMENT

1. Multimeter
1.1 Measuring the voltage of the arrangement for R1=10K and R2=10K supplied with 5.1VDC we obtain 2.541V on the DMM. We computated the output voltage by Voltage divider. We took the resistance in which the voltage required pass through and the ecuation is the following:

Fig.1

Vo Vt ( R2 /( R1 R2) V 5.1(10K / 20K ) 2.55V and Vdmm 2.541V Vvdiv 2.55V

1.2 Measuring the voltage of the arrangement with R1=10K R2=15 K fed with 5.1VDC we obtained 3.033V in Vo on the multimeter. The computation was easy the same equation that the last one, that is:

The figure 1 shows the arrangement of resistors which we made in the laboratory. The multimeter shows that the Requivalent was: In series= 15K+10K=25K In parallel= =7.14K Again, in parallel= =7089.38

Vo Vt ( R2 /( R1 R2) V 5.1(15K / 25K ) 3.06V

And finally we obtained= 1.507M

2. Oscilloscope An oscilloscope is a device which displays the time domain information of a signal. The best way to become familiar with an oscilloscope (scope) is to use it. Each oscilloscope has a calibration signal available on the front panel that we controlled as we like to get the correct signal and values of the different parameters. 2.1. We first turned on the oscilloscope and attached the probe to the scope; the signal was not the correct. It was not correct because we wired in the wrong way the lines, but then we wired the probe an its reference to view the right signal (square wave). 2.2. We adjust the various controls until we see a signal. We first saw a signal with a lot of noise but then with the right calibration in trigger, position and amplitude we controlled the signal to its predefined value. There is in the probe a screw adjustment to calibrate the probe, we set in the 1x mode. All the calibration was made turning the screw and connecting the probe in the right way (positive and negative). We worked with input voltage of 5VDC and 1KHZ of frequency. 2.3. Using the measurement features of the oscilloscope, we measured the peak to peak voltage and frequency of the calibration signal just pushing the Auto-set function. When we press the auto-set button we obtained the square signal and then with the measure button we got Vpp=536 mvolts and F =1 Khz. 2.3.1. We also obtain the peak to peak voltage of the signal, the peak to peak voltage was really tiny because is just the calibration signal of the scope, it cannot work with high levels of voltage. This voltage refers to the value found in the AC current, I mean, the AC current has a rms value which is actually the DC value. The rms value is also known like effective value. 2.4.1. With the observations made before in the rms is easy to explain the difference of the Vrms value in AC coupling and DC coupling. Actually, in the DC coupling the values of DC current is the effective value, also known like Vrms. The Vrms of AC current multiplied by the factor 0.707. And the result of that is the Vrms in AC coupling. For example if we have a Vpp= 140 V them the Vrms= 140*.707= 98.98 Volts. 2.5. We didnt know how to use the single run mode but we had to ask the teacher how to use it. The use of single run mode is useful because it shows us a sample of the signal, this let us examine the signal and know how it is working. When the user press the button single run mode and then connect the signal, the user can observed in the scope, how te signal really is in the first seconds. We can capture the instant input and view in the scope. We can also measure the Vpp and the Vrms. 2.6. Also we set the input coupling to AC. We have comparing our calibration signal and the one from the power supply (+5VDC will do fine). The DC coupling shows the DC and the AC signals added in one, the DC signal is a constant and the AC signal can be represented as a sinusoidal function. When you add them, they appear as a sinusoidal function with an offset. The AC coupling only allows de AC signal, thats why we see it down comparing to the DC coupling. 2.7. When we touch the probe scope with our fingers we got a frequency. The frequency was an average of 64 Khz and this is because of the heartbeat. 2.8. Finally we attached 30 cm of copper wire to the oscilloscope and we attached the other terminal to ground so we made the next observations. We could appreciate a square signal with a lot of noise, because the peak voltage is larger than a signal provided by the generator.
2.9. The parameters of the oscilloscope are 1 Khz - 100 Mhz and the shows are 1 Gs/s, 2 channels

f 1Khz Vpp 536mV

2.3.2. When we triggered the display on the positive and negative edge, we just identify that the signal moves from de origin (cero) to the left or to the right; that is functional to measure the period of specific signal. . 2.4. We got with the measures button the Vrms in DC Coupling and AC Coupling. And we obtained the next values:

Vrms 351mV for DC coupling and Vrms 240mV for AC coupling.

Sensivity (with calibrated fine adjustment) 2mV to 5V/div (bandwith limited to 20 MHz at 2 mV/div and 5mV/div in all modes, and 20 MHz to 10 mV/div mode peak detection). 3. Function Generator 3.1 In the type of generator we used, the function high Z wasnt available.

Fig. 6 Oscilloscope analysis of a 10 KHz Sinewave, 5 volt peak to peak.

3.2.2. 10 KHz Square wave, 10 volt peak to peak (0 v to +10 v)

Fig.2 It is named the triangle wave, it has a shape of triangles without base.

Fig.7 Oscilloscope analysis of a 10 KHz Sinewave, 10 volt peak to peak

3.2.3. 1 KHz Square wave, 5 Vpp, 30% duty cycle

Fig.3 This is also a Triangle wave also named sawtooth, that is by its saw shape

Fig.8 Oscilloscope analysis of a 1 KHz Sinewave, 5 vpp 30% duty cycle

3.2.4. 1 KHz Square wave, 10 Vpp, 80% duty cycle

Fig.4 The square wave, it has a form of rectangles or squares

Fig.5 Sine waves, like a sine function, with curves Fig.9 Oscilloscope analysis of a 1 KHz Sinewave, 5 vpp 80% duty cycle

3.2.1. 10 KHz Sinewave, 5 volt peak to peak

3.3 The relation between the OFFSET value of the function generator and dc level observed on the oscilloscope. Our signal moved up and it movement depends on how you turn the knob.

3.4 When we adjust the trigger we can modify and determinate where our signal starts. If the pointer is out of the range of our signal, the signal is not going to be stable and maybe exists two or more signals. 3.5 To analyze a signal on the oscilloscope whit out using the auto-set function, when you create a new signal you might have a confuse response on the oscilloscope because the parameter that you are using are to tiny or to big, so you have to make the signal more comprehensible for you. Adjust the knob SEC/DIV until you get a wide signal and a better visualization on the graphic of the oscilloscope. 3.6 The maximum operating parameters for this analysis on the function generator: 15Mhz-0.1mhz 10VPP-50mvpp

[4] CS.Washington, Laboratory: Oscilloscope, Taken from http://www.cs.washington.edu/lab/facilities/hwlab/p dfs/Oscilloscope%20Basics.pdf, February 2, 2011. [5] National Instruments, AC and DC Coupling. Taken From http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/9, February 2, 2011. [6] Tektronix, TDS 210,TDS 220,TDS 224 Osciloscopios Digitales en Tiempo Real. Taken From http://www.tek.com/Measurement/Products/catalog /tds200/esp/40S_10992_4.pdf February 2, 2011.

III. CONCLUSION
In this laboratory we see how use some electronic devices in a good way. The good use of the electronic devices is very important, mainly because we need to know for pass this course. This practice was very helpful to us, because we learn many things so simple and easy that we didn't know. The signals and the electronic devices are going to be present in the future when well be working. Finally we want to say that is very important to be practicing and not only know the theory because if you are able to know how the things are working and if you are to able to explain it in live, youll be able to be a good engineer.

IV. REFERENCES [1] UHU, Osciloscopio. Taken from http://www.uhu.es/tomas.mateo/ea/osciloscopio.pdf February 2, 2011. [2] Unicrom, Tutorial de Propiedades de corriente alterna. Taken from http://www.unicrom.com/Tut_propiedades_corrient e_alterna.asp , February 2, 2011. [3] Manuals, Users reference: Oscilloscopes. Taken from http://128.238.9.201/~kurt/manuals/manuals/HP%2 0Agilent/HP%2016532A%20User.pdf, February 2, 2011.