Aim:

composi
Descrip

called a
propertie
available
(Carbon
weight r

aluminiu
bending

separate
bending
Test Spe

has the d
having s
figure -2

Test Eq

overhan
shown in
conditio
The aim of
ite beam mad
ption:
When two o
as composite
es for vario
e materials
n & Glass Fib
ratio.
In this exper
um and one
stiffness i.e
Additionally
ely done to fi
method.
ecimens:
The compos
dimensions o
The steel an
same dimens
2.

Figure -1 C
quipment:
The test set
ging bounda
n figure -5 (s
on).
the experim
de up of Alu
or more phy
e material. T
ous applicati
to suit the
ber reinforce
riment a com
from steel
flexural rigi
y two experim
find the youn
site beam ma
of (950mm X
nd aluminium
sions (950mm
omposite Be
up is shown
ary condition
shear force a
ment is to est
uminium and
sical materia
The compos
ions. There
design requ
ed Polymer)
mposite beam
glued toget
dity (EI) usin
ments for tw
ngs modulus
ade of steel
X 5.9mm X 19
m beams us
m X 24.7mm
eam Dimensi
n in the figu
n. This is don
and bending m
1
Composite
imate the ef
Steel.
als joined to
site material
are infinite
uirements. In
are very mu
m made up of
ther to form
ng four poin
wo beams one
(Modulus o
and alumini
9.1mm Len
sed for findi
m X 5.9mm
ions
ure -3. The b
ne to simulate
moment diag
e Beam
ffective bend
ogether to by
ls are being
choices of
n aircraft str
uch replacing
f Aluminium
m the compo
nt bending tes
e made up of
of Elasticity)
um used for
ngth (L) X W
ng the youn
Length (L)
Figure -2
beam is kept
e the pure be
gram for the
ding stiffness
y some mean
developed
forming co
ructural des
g aluminium
m and Steel (
site beam) i
st.
f aluminium
of aluminiu
r the experim
Width (b) X De
ngs modulus
) X Width (b
Aluminium
t as shown
ending in the
beam subjec
Name:
Roll No:
s (flexural ri
ns form a ne
to achieve
omposite ma
ign the com
to achieve a
two separat
is considere
and other m
um and steel
ment is show
epth (d)).
of steel an
b) X Depth (d
& Steel Bea
in the figure
e centre regio
cted to overh
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
igidity EI)
ew material,
desired mat
aterials from
mposite mate
a high streng
te strips one
d for findin
made up of ste
using four p
wn in figure -
d aluminium
d)) and show
am Dimensio
e to simulate
on of the bea
hanging boun
thick
M009
roup
of a
it is
terial
m the
erials
gth to
from
ng its
eel is
point
-1. It
m are
wn in
on
e the
am as
ndary

outward
portion
inwards)
Measur

magneti
the dial
least cou


is measu
Test Pro

the beam
every st
steps (un


and alum
repeated
The support
ds as shown
of the beam
).
ring Instrum
The midpoin
c base. The
gauge is loc
unt of the dia
Steel rule is
ured using ve
ocedure:
The alumin
m at the loca
tep the dial g
nloading) of
The above p
The compos
minium port
d.
ts are located
in figure -3
. Dial indica
ments:
nt vertical de
dial gauge w
cated at the m
al gauge is (1
used to mea
ernier callipe
nium beam is
ations shown
gauge readin
100gms, and
procedure is r
site beam is p
tion at the
d apart by 63
in steps of
ator is positio
Figure
eflections of
with the mag
middle of the
1 division on
asure the leng
er.
s placed over
n in figure -3
ngs (midpoin
d at every ste
repeated for
placed in the
top, then th
2
30mm (L). T
100gms till
oned exactly
-3 Schematic
f the beams (
netic base is
e beam and u
n the dial) .01
gth of the be
r the support
3. The weigh
nt deflection
ep the dial ga
steel.
e slit provided
he same loa
The weights
1000gms to
y at the centr
c Diagram o
test specime
s positioned
using the ma
1mm.
am (specime
ts and the we
hts are introd
n of the beam
auge reading
d in the supp
ading and un
are introduc
o simulate th
re of the bea
f Test setup.
ens) are meas
at the centre
agnetic base
en), the width
eights are int
duced in step
m) is noted.
gs are noted.
port by placin
nloading pro
Name:
Roll No:
ced 150mm
he pure bend
am (315mm
sured using a
e of the beam
the dial gaug
h and depth
troduced on
ps of 100gm
The weights
ng the steel p
ocedure men
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
from the sup
ding in the c
from the sup
a dial gauge
m. The plung
ge is locked.
of the steel b
the either sid
ms till 1000gm
s are remove
portion at bo
ntioned abov
thick
M009
roup
pport
entre
pport

with
ger of
. The
beam
de of
ms at
ed in
ottom
ve is

Theoret

tensile te
Eulers
consider
of Euler

the shea
mid port
bending
Eule
M
I
E
R

y

tical Analysi
The modulu
esting. Estim
beam bendin
ring the bend
rs beam theo
In the four p
ar force at the
tion of the b
moment alo
rs Beam ben
= Ben
= Mom
= You
= Rad
= Ben
= Dist

is:
us of elastici
mation of mo
ng equations
ding momen
ory.
point bending
e region is ze
eam subjecte
one.
nding equati

nding Mome
ment of Ine
ungs Modul
dius of Curv
nding Stress
tance from N


ity (or) the y
odulus of Ela
s for calcula
nt, the shear
g method the
ero as shown
ed to four po
ion
M
I
=
E
R
ent (N-mm)
ertia =
bd
3
12
(
lus (N/mm
2
vature =
d
2
y
dx
2
s (N/mm
2
)
Neutral Axis
Figur
3
youngs mod
asticity (E) is
ating the bea
forces (shea
e centre regi
n in figure -5
oint bending.
R
=
o
y.

)
mm
4
)
)
(mm
-1
)
(mm)
re -5 Beam B
dulus (E) of
s not usually
am deflection
ar deformatio
on of the be
5. The Euler
. The deflect
BMD and SF
any materia
y done using
n under appl
ons) are not
am is only s
s beam theor
tion of the m
Fig-4 B
FD
Name:
Roll No:
al is determi
beam bendi
lied load are
considered f
ubjected to p
ry is exactly
mid region is
eam Bending
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
ined by uni-
ing test, sinc
e developed
for the deriv
pure bending
applicable t
purely due t
g

thick
M009
roup
axial
e the
only
ation
g and
o the
o the

The mid

EI
uy
ux
=

x = u
x = L,
y =
1
EI
_
x =
L
2


E
steel
from
E
aluminium
Compos

steel or a
The com

C.G and


b
(mm
1 6.2
2 20.
dpoint deflect
-Pax + C
1
u, y = u,
, y = u,
_-Pa
x
2
2
+ Pa
L
2
, y
mId
=
E
m the experi
m
from the ex
site Beams
The compos
aluminium u
b
S
mposite beam
d Moment of
b
m)
D
(mm)
20 9.55
02 9.55
Sum
Y
C.G

tion of beam
, EIy
, u = u +
u = -P
a
L
2
x_
=
PaL
2
8EI

= _
P
y
mId
]
iment (Steel
xperiment (A
site beam cal
using the form
tccI
=
E
st
E
aIum
m section is c
Figure -
f Inertia calcu
Area
(mm
2
)
Y
59.21
191.19
250.40
7.033m
m subjected to
EI
u
u
y = -Pa
x
2
2
+ C
2
, C
2
Pa
L
2
2
+ C
1
L
aL
2
8I

E =
beam) = 208
Aluminium be
culations are
mula below
teeI
mnum
b
aIu
onverted into
-6 Composit
ulation for th
Y
from bottom
(mm)
14.33
4.78
mm from bot
4
o four point b
2
y
x
2
= -N,
+ C
1
x + C
2
= u
, C
1
=
a
L
I
= _
P
y
mId
] 1
8928.0624 N
eam) = 6158
e done by con
umInIum,

o equivalent
te Beam to E

he equivalent
A*Y
(mm
3
)
Y
848.18
912.94
1761.12
ttom
bending is de
N = P
2

Pa
L
2

a =
L =
I =
1S17u.21u
N/mm
2
1.61709 N/m
nverting the
b
steel

section of al
Equivalent Al
t aluminium
Y
from C.G
(mm)
I
i
(
(
7.29 45
-2.26 14
erived as fol
a
150mm
630mm
bd
3
12
= 49
mm
2

beam to an e
=
luminium an

luminium Be
beam is show
(mm
4
)
(
bd
3
12
)
I
(A*
50.01 3
453.09
Name:
Roll No:
lows,
0.558 mm
4

equivalent se
20.02mm
nd it is shown
eam.
wn in table -
ii
(mm
4
)
*Y
fromC.G
2
)
3148.22
974.97
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
ection in term
n in figure -6
1.
I = I
i
+ I
(mm
4
)
3598.22
2428.06
6026.29
thick
M009
roup
ms of
6.
I
ii

2
6
9

The Effe
EI
Theory

EI
Theory


The mid


P
The Ben
o
StccI
E
StccI
=

M
ective Bendin
= E
Alu
= 6158
dpoint deflect
= 1kg
nding Stress d
=
o
AIumnum
E
AIumnum
= P X
ng Stiffness
minium
XI
Equiva
81.61709 X6
E
tion of the co
y
mId,thco
= 9.81N
distribution o
m
m
= e
a = 9.81 X15
F
(EI) of the c
alent Aluminium Se
6026.29
EI
composItc,T
omposite bea
ory
=
PaL
2
8EI
of the compo
o =
H
I

]
50 = 1471.5
5
Table
igure -7 C.G
composite be
ection

=
Thcory
= S71
am (Equivale
=
9.81
8 S7
osite section
om N.A
=
14
6u
N-mm
-1
G Location.
eam (Equival
371108683.
1.11 1u
6
N
ent Aluminiu
1Su 6Su
71.11 1u
is shown in
471.S
26.29
y = u

lent Aluminiu
3 N-mm
2
N -mm
2

um Beam ) is
u
2
u
6
= u.197
figure -8.
u.244
Name:
Roll No:
um Beam) is
s
7mm

M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
s
thick
M009
roup

Experim

for curve
ment Results
Table -2 pre
e fitting to fi
Load
P (N)
0.9
1.9
2.9
3.9
4.9
5.8
6.8
7.8
8.8
9.8
x
m

s & Compar
esents the rea
ind the slope
-
)
Loadi
(Div
0
98
2
96
4
94
7
92
9
91
11
89
14
87
17
85
19
83
21
81
24
Table
x
0.00
0.24
0.49
0.74
0.98
1.21
1.46
1.71
1.95
2.18
2.40
m 4.
Table -3

figure -8
rison with T
adings and c
e [
P
y
md
usi
Dial G
ing
v)
Un
0.00
23.00
48.50
73.00
97.00
19.00
45.00
71.00
94.00
18.00
40.00
e -2 Aluminiu
y x
0
0.98
1.96
2.94
3.92
4.91
5.89
6.87
7.85
8.83
9.81
Sum
.05
3 Curve Fitti
6
8 Bending St
Theory:
calculation fo
ing the equa
Gauge Readin
n Loading
(Div)
0.00
25.00
49.00
74.00
98.00
122.00
146.00
171.00
196.00
218.00
240.00
um Beam rea
x
x - x y
-1.21
-0.97
-0.73
-0.48
-0.24
-0.01
0.24
0.50
0.74
0.97
1.19
B -0
ing calculatio
tress Distribu
or aluminium
ations show
ng
Average
(Div)
0.
24.
48.
73.
97.
120.
145.
171.
195.
218.
240.
adings and C
1.21
y - y (x
-4.91
-3.92
-2.94
-1.96
-0.98
0.00
0.98
1.96
2.94
3.92
4.91
0.01
on for Alumi
ution.
m beam. Tab
wn below.
y
Dial R
e
00
00
75
50
50
50
50
00
00
00
00
Calculation
y
x - x) (y -
5
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
5
13
r
2

inium Beam
Name:
Roll No:
ble -3 present
y
mId
(mm)
Reading * 0.0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
4.91
y) (x - x)
5.95 1.4
3.82 0.9
2.13 0.5
0.94 0.2
0.23 0.0
0.00 0.0
0.24 0.0
0.98 0.2
2.17 0.5
3.80 0.9
5.82 1.4
3.07 3.2
1.0
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
ts the calcul
01
.00
.24
.49
.74
.98
.21
.46
.71
.95
.18
.40

)
2

47
95
53
23
06
00
06
25
54
94
41
23
thick
M009
roup
ation

y =
From gr
readings
compari
the grap

steel bea
From gr
for curve
= mx +b.
E
A
raph -1 the
s are used f
ison purpose
hical method
Table 4 pr
am youngs m
Load
P (N)
0.9
1.9
2.9
3.9
4.9
5.8
6.8
7.8
8.8
9.8
_
P
y
mId
E
StccI
raph -2 the [

Table -5 pre
e fitting to fi


AI
= _
P
y
mId
]
[
P
y
md

AI
is
for verify th
the value ob
d.
resents the r
modulus is ca
-
)
Loadi
(Div
0
98
96 1
94 2
92 2
91 3
89 4
87 4
85 5
83 6
81 7
Ta
d
]
StccI

1
I
= _
P
y
mId
]
P
y
md

StccI
is
esents the rea
ind the slope
------ The
]
AI

aL
2
8I
= 4
taken as 4
he youngs m
btained throu
reading and
alculated.
Dial G
ing
v)
Un
0.00
7.00
14.00
21.00
28.00
35.00
42.00
49.00
57.00
64.00
71.00
able -4 Steel
3.82
StccI

aL
2
8I
=
s taken as 13
adings and c
e[
P
y
md
.
7
e goodness o
4.uS 1S1
4.09 and th
modulus valu
ugh the curve
calculation f
Gauge Readin
n Loading
(Div)
0.00
7.00
14.00
21.00
28.00
35.00
43.00
50.00
57.00
64.00
71.00
Beam readin
B

= 1S.82
3.08 and the
calculation fo
of fit
17u.21u =
he E
AI,]om g
ue with the
e fitting meth
for steel bea
ng
Average
(Div)
0.
7.
14.
21.
28.
35.
42.
49.
57.
64.
71.
ngs and Calc
0.02
1S17u.21u
e E
StccI,]om
for composite
61S81.617u
guph
= 62
literature v
hod is used,
am. Using th
y
Dial R
e
00
00
00
00
00
00
50
50
00
00
00
ulation
r
2

u = 2u8928
m guph
= 1
e beam. Tab
Name:
Roll No:
u9
N
mm
2
,
u1S.19
N
m
,
value instantl
since it is m
he curve fitti
y
mId
(mm)
Reading * 0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
.u624
N
mm
,
198426.S
N
,
le -6 present
M.Kart
AE12M
3
rd
Gr
mm
2
. The g
ly, where as
ore accurate
ing technique
01
.00
.07
.14
.21
.28
.35
.43
.50
.57
.64
.71
0
m
2

mm
2
, .
ts the calcul
thick
M009
roup
graph
s for
than
e the
ation
Name: M.Karthick
Roll No: AE12M009
3
rd
Group
8

Load -
P (N)
Dial Gauge Reading
y
mId
(mm)
Dial Reading * 0.01
Loading
(Div)
Un Loading
(Div)
Average
(Div)
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.98 2.00 4.00 3.00 0.03
1.96 5.00 7.00 6.00 0.06
2.94 7.00 10.00 8.50 0.09
3.92 10.00 12.00 11.00 0.11
4.91 12.00 15.00 13.50 0.14
5.89 15.00 18.00 16.50 0.17
6.87 18.00 21.00 19.50 0.20
7.85 21.00 23.00 22.00 0.22
8.83 24.00 25.00 24.50 0.25
9.81 27.00 27.00 27.00 0.27
Table -5 Composite Beam readings and Calculation
x 0.138 y 4.91
x y x - x y - y (x - x) (y - y) (x - x)
2

0.00 0 -0.14 -4.91 0.68 0.02
0.03 0.98 -0.11 -3.92 0.42 0.01
0.06 1.96 -0.08 -2.94 0.23 0.01
0.09 2.94 -0.05 -1.96 0.10 0.00
0.11 3.92 -0.03 -0.98 0.03 0.00
0.14 4.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.17 5.89 0.03 0.98 0.03 0.00
0.20 6.87 0.06 1.96 0.11 0.00
0.22 7.85 0.08 2.94 0.24 0.01
0.25 8.83 0.11 3.92 0.42 0.01
0.27 9.81 0.13 4.91 0.65 0.02
Sum 1.46 0.04
m 36.29 B -0.09 r
2
1.00
Table -6 Curve Fitting calculation for composite Beam
EI
composItc,Exp
= _
P
y
mId
]
composItc

aL
2
8
= S6.29 744187S.uu = 27uuSS7S2.64 N - mm
2

From graph -3 the [
P
y
md

comp
is taken as 37.73 and the EI
comp ]om guph
= 28u.79 1u
6
N - mm
2

EI
composItc,Exp
= 27u.u4 1u
6
N - mm
2


Table 7 shows the comparison between the experimental and theoretical EI values and the midpoint
deflection for 1Kg load (9.81N) for the composite beam.

Name: M.Karthick
Roll No: AE12M009
3
rd
Group
9

Theory Experiment Deviation (%)

Bending stiffness (EI) N-mm
2
371.11 X10
6
270.04 X10
6
27.23
Midpoint Deflection (mm) 0.197 0.27 37.06
Table 7 Comparison between the Experiment and Theory.
Observations & Conclusion:
The midpoint deflection of the composite beam estimated from theory is 37% lesser than the
experimental values, it shows the actual composite beam is less stiff (bending stiffness calculated from theory
is 27% more than the experimental value) than it should be. This may be resulted due to the experimental
uncertainties, and measuring instruments accuracy. The support setup can be improved to get better accuracy.
The loading can be done automatically and the deflection can be measured using electronic devices to get
better accuracy.
The bonding of aluminium and steel strips one over another is done using. The adhesive layer is
subjected to shear and the jump in the bending stress from 0.61MPa of aluminium to 2.08MPa of steel (figure
8) takes place through is adhesive layer. If the adhesive is not proper the stress cannot cross from aluminium
to steel and it may cause the stiffness of the composite beam lesser than it should be.
In the experiment the composite beam is tested by placing the steel portion at the bottom and the
aluminium portion at the top. The theoretical calculation for the composite beam where the aluminium portion
is kept at the bottom side is shown below .


b
(mm)
D
(mm)
Area
(mm
2
)
Y
from bottom
(mm)
A*Y
(mm
3
)
Y
from C.G
(mm)
I
i
(mm
4
)
(
bd
3
12
)
I
ii
(mm
4
)
(A*Y
fromC.G
2
)
I = I
i
+ I
ii

(mm
4
)
1
20.02 9.55 191.19 14.325 2738.81 2.26 1453.09 974.97 2428.06
2
6.2 9.55 59.21 4.775 282.73 -7.29 450.01 3148.22 3598.22
Sum 250.40
3021.54 6026.29
Y
C.G
12.07mm from bottom
Table -8
The I value of the composite beam does not change if the beam cross section is turned upside down,
the bending stiffness (EI) does not change and it will be the same.