The New Generation Kalina Cycle

Contribution to the conference Electricity Generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Dr. Manfred Renz, Manfred Engelhard M+W Zander, Strasbourg, France September 14 2006

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Scope of Services

Consulting

Design

Construction

Operation

Consulting Services, Planning and Design Evaluation, Programming

Site Selection Services Feasibility Studies Architectural / Engineering Programming Economic Analysis Financial Engineering Process Development and Simulation Design Concepts Facility Planning Preliminary Design Value Engineering Conceptual, Basic, Detail and Final Design Facility Systems Integration Permits and Environmental Compliance Cost Optimization

Construction Management and Build

Project Management Time Scheduling Cost Control General Contracting Tendering Manufacturing Procurement Construction Commissioning Single Source Responsibility Fast Track Execution

Facility Management, Operation, Maintenance

Global Facility Management Real Estate Management and Operation Maintenance of Technical Building Systems Energy and Consumption Management Infrastructure Services Commercial Services Facility Evaluation Security Services

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Locations Worldwide

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Energy Solutions as Turnkey Supplier

Decentralized Energy Systems Cogeneration and Renewable Energies Biomass Power Plants

CHP (Combined Heat Heat + Power) Large-Scale Domestic Power Plants Energy Systems Pumps Kalina-Cycle Trigeneration Viessmann Siemens applications Vaillant Alstom Gas fired Bosch-Buderus Photovoltaic MHI Power Power Plants Solarthermal Stations Hitachi Hitachi Power Plants Bechtel Geothermal DistrictSNC Lavalin Power Heating/Cooling Plants Waste Heat 1000 MW Recovery
0,1 MW
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1 MW

10 MW
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100 MW

1.000 Megawatts

Geothermal Power Plants: Full System Contractor

Consulting Services Programming System Specification Environmental Permitting Financial Engineering

Operation In Line Process Monitoring Advanced Process Control Web Based Visualization

Design Design Development Design Reviews

Supply Systems N2 Supply Plant Water Treatment System Kalina Cycle Thermodynamic Calculations Heat Exchanger interior Design Turbine Specification Ammonia-Water Characteristics Building and Facilities Civil, Structural and Architecture Mechanical Systems (air, exhaust) Electrical Systems Instrumentation and Controls

Project Management Scheduling Cost Control Quality Control Web Based Project Collaboration

Commissioning and Ramp Up Test and Certifications Putting into service Facility Management Training and Support

Construction Construction Management Material Logistics Installation Services Field Engineering

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Rankine Cycle Overview

Rankine Cycles

Single Fluid

Mixtures

Water

ORC

Kalina Cycles

100 ORC C (Propane, R290) 125 ORC C (RC318) 150 ORC C (i-Butane) 175 ORC C (n-Butan)

System Geothermal New Gen. SG 2, SG 4 Kalina Cycle System KCS 11, KCS 34

.
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ORC Kalina Cycle

Kalina Cycle compared to ORC Single organic working fluid replaced by NH3/H2O Closed loop of liquid working fluid (strong resp. weak solution) Separation of steam and liquid Superheating possible but normally not considered in KCS34 Condensation (absorption) of vapor at low pressure level in 2 steps A substantial part of absorption energy may be recuperated to the cycle in HE 2
Weak Solution

Preheater Boiler Superheater

NH3/H2O Strong Solution Recuperator

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Preheater Boiler

KCS 34

Characteristics of ORC and Kalina Cycles

Organic Substances must be selected in accordance to the heat source temperature level (Tcr < Tin Brine)

Evaporation / Desorption Process

Temperature

Entropy
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Cycle Caracteristics
ORC (Single Componant Working Fluid) Evaporation and condensation at fixed temperatures Fluid must be selected in accordance to the temperature level of the heat source Pinch point is limiting factor for heat transfer Environmental impacts and restrictions by using organic substances
Inflamable and/or toxic and/or GWP (Global Warming Potential) and/or ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)

Kalina Cycle (Mixture of Ammonia/Water) Evaporation (desorption) and condensation (absorption) over a large temperature range (fits to the nature of the heat source) Same working fluid may cover a wide range of the heat source temperature levels Optimization by switching concentration Ammonia has toxic potential but:
Easy to detect at save concentration levels A lot of experiences in handling the substance and operating ammonia cycles (mechanical and absorption chillers)

No GWP and ODP

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Kalina Cycles KSC 34 and SG 2a

SG2a compared to KSC 34 Evaporator is splitted in preheater HE 4 and Boiler HE 5 Preheater Boiler The working fluid is separated into 2 substreams, preheated in HE 3, HE 4 Evaporator HE 5 is supplied additionally by an internal cycle, collecting working fluid from separators operating at intermediate and low pressure levels KCS 34 SG 2a

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Kalina SG 2a Cycle
Increased efficiency, especially at low heat source temperatures ( 150 C) Improved adaptability to brine output temperature restrictions (scaling effects) Lower electricity generation loss in case of temperature restrictions Enhanced economic and technical viability for the utilization of low temperature geothermal sources Additional geothermal energy usage for heating purposes may be performed (e.g. during winter time) at less electrical power losses

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Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison

Spec. Net Electrical Output (Wh/ kg Brine)
20,0 18,0 16,0 14,0 12,0 10,0
S G-2a

Typical temperatures for geothermal application

8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 120

S G-2d KCS -11 KCS -34 S G-4d ORC Double P ressure ORC S ingle P ressure

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

Brine Inlet Temperature ( C)

Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
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Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison

12,0

Spec. Net Electrical Output (Wh/kg Brine)

10,0

8,0

6,0
S G-2a

4,0

KCS -11 KCS -34

2,0

ORC Double P ressure ORC S ingle P ressure

0,0 120

125

130

135

140

145

150

Brine Inlet Temperature ( C)

Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
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Kalina Cycles SG 2a and SG 2d

SG2d compared to SG2a Working fluid is totally evaporated and slightly superheated in HE 6 No intermediate pressure level SG 2a best performances at temperatures 150 C SG 2d best performances at temperatures 150 C SG2d shall be used for high temperature applications SG2a

SG2d
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Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison

120%

100%

Electrical Output in %

80%

60%

40%

20%

SG-2a KCS-34

SG-2d ORC Double Pressure

KCS -11 ORC S ingle Pressure

0% 125 C 150 C

Brine Supply Temperature

Source: Dr. Alexander Kalina
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Cycle Net Electrical Output Comparison

Geothermal Pow er Plant - Cash Flow Comparison of different cycles
5.000.000 30.000.000

4.000.000

Kalina SG 2a appr. 10,5 years

ORC appr. 14,5 years

25.000.000

20.000.000

Operational Discounted Net Revenue in Euro/ a

15.000.000 2.000.000 10.000.000 1.000.000

5.000.000

0 0 -1.000.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

-5.000.000

-10.000.000 -2.000.000

-3.000.000

Kalina KSC 34 appr. 12,5 years

SG-2a KCS 34 ORC SG-2a Accumulated KCS 34 Accumulated ORC Accumulated

-15.000.000

-20.000.000

-4.000.000

-25.000.000

-5.000.000 Financing interest 6%

-30.000.000

Year

Thermal water temperature 125 C Thermal water flow rate 150 kg/s Wet cooling tower

Cost increase (N2, water, staff, el. power purchase) 2 % p a

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Accumulated Discounted Net Revenue in Euro

3.000.000

Conclusion
Ammonia water mixture has no GWP and ODP New Generation Kalina Cycle SG2a is very flexible concerning project factors (heat source and heat sink adaptation) SG2a has the best performance at heat source temperatures 150 C More sellable electrical energy SG2a causes higher invest costs but: Higher revenue Shorter payback period Highest possible economics of a geothermal project

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