2.

1 STRESSES ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE (A) Uniazial Loading Consider a umaxial tensile stress acting on plane BC of a bar of uniform area of cross-section, as shown in Fig 21 (a) We are interested to detetmine the normal and shear stresses on plane AC, whose normal is inclined at an angle 0 with the line of action of a . The forces acting at a point on plane AC are shown in Fig. 2.1. (b).

Fig. 2.1 Stresses on an oblique plane due to uniaxial loading.

Resolving the forces perpendicular and parallel to the plane AC, we have

(B) Biaxial Loading: Now consider the case of biaxial loading, as shdvn in Fig. 2.2. Resulting the forces perpendicular and parallel to the plane AC, we have

2.2 SHEAR STRESSES Consider a two-dimensional lamina shown in Fig. 2.3 (a) subjected to shear stresses and Because shear stresses are complementary in nature, therefore, t t. Considering the force normal to the diagonal AC, we have

The normal stress a,, is compressive on diagonal AC and is equal to the shear stress. Similarly on diagofal BD, a,, = and is tensile in nature.

2.3 COMPLEX STRESSES Consider the complex stresses acting on a body, as shown in Fig. 2.4 (a). The forces are shown in Fig.

2.4. (h). Resolving the forces perpendicular and parallel to the plane AC, we have

2.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND PRINCIPAL PLANES At any point within a stressed body, no matter how complex the state of stress may be, there always exist three mutually perpendicular planes on each of which the resultant stress is a normal stress. These mutually perpendicular planes are called principal planes, and the resultant normal stresses acting on them are called principal stresses. For o, to be either maximum or minimum from Eq. (2.15), we have

Eq. (2.16) gives two principal stresses and Eq. (2.15) gives their orientation. For shear stress t to be maximum or minimum,

2.6 ELLIPSE OF STRESS (a) Like Stresses Construction: 1. Draw to a convenient scale two circles with radii equal to a1 and a with 0 as centre, as shown in Fg. 2.7. (a) 2. Draw ON at an angIe 0 with x-axis representing the inclination of normal

to the plane AC with a. 3. Draw ND I Ox, MP I ND and PQ I ON. Join OP. Then OQ = a,,, PQ r and OP=a,. LPOQ. Proof: x = OD = a cosO y = PD = ME = a sinG

(b) Unlike Stresses Let a be compressive. The ellipse of stress is shown in Fig. 2.7 (b)

Example 2.2 At a point in a piece of material the intensity of resultant stress on a certain plane is 50 MPa inclined at 30 to the normal to that plane. The plane normal to this has a

resultant stress whose normal component is 30 MPa. Find (a) the principal planes and principal stresses, and (b) the plane of maximum shear and its intensity.

Example 2.3 At a point in a material subjected to two direct stresses on planes at right angles, the resultant stress on a plane A is 80 MPa inclined at 30 to the normal, and on plane B is 40 MPa inclined at 45 to the normal. Find the principal stresses and show the position of the two planes A and B relative to the principal stresses.

Solution. (A) Analytical Method The planes A and B are shown in Fig. 2.9 (a).

1. DrawOA=8cm=8OMPaat3Otoa,1 axisandOB=4cm=4OMPaat45,as shown in Fig. 2.9 (b). Graphical Method:

Example 2.4 The principal stresses at a point in a material are 120 .MPa and 60 MPa. Find the magnitude and direction of stress on a plane inclined at 30 to the direction of 60 MPa stress. Find also the plane on which the resultant stress is most oblique and its value.

Solution. = 120 MPa, a 60 MPa, 8 = 90 - 30 = 60

2.7 PRINCIPAL STRAINS

Consider a body subjected to normal strains e, e and shearing strain y.11 in the two- dimensional system. Then it can be shown that on a pIane inclined at angle 0 with ,

2.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS Consider a cube of unit size acted upon by simple shear stress t, as shown in Fig. 2.10 ,on its faces AB and DC.

Now if the cube is subjected to simple shear, then the normal stress on the diagonal of the cube is equal to the shear stress, i.e.

Now consider a cube under an equal compressive stress acting on all its faces, as shown in Fig. 2.12.

2.9 GENERALISED HOOKES LAW The stress-strain relationship for three-dimensional state of stress is:

Example 2.5 A bar of 20 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 20 kN. The measured extension over a gauge length of 200 mm is 0.1 mm and the change in diameter is 0.0035 mm. Calculate the value of modulus of elasticity, bulk modulus, and Poissons ratio.