Integrated Reservoir Management

Abdus Satter, SPE, James E. Varnon, SPE, and Muu T. Hoang, SPE, Texaco Inc.
Summary

The modem reservoir management process involves goal setting, planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and revising plans. Setting a reservoir management strategy requires knowledge of the reservoir, technology, and an understanding of the business, political, and environmental climates. Formulating a comprehensive management plan involves depletion and development strategies, data acquisition and analyses, geological and numerical model studies, production and reserves forecasts, knowledge of facilities requirements, economic optimization, and management approval. Implementing the plan requires management support; field personnel commitment; and multidisciplinary, integrated teamwork. Project success depends on careful monitoring/surveillance and thorough ongoing evaluation of its performance. If the actual performance of the project does not agree with the expected performance, the original plan should be revised and the c~cle (implementing, monitoring, and evaluating) reactivated. This paper presents sound reservoir management concepts and methods including a team approach based on integration of geoscience and engineering professionals, tools, technology, and data.
Introduction

incentives and challenges should provide the motivation to practice sound reservoir management. This paper provides management, engineers, geologists, geophysicists, and field operations staff a better understanding of the practical approach to reservoir management involving multidisciplinary, integrated team efforts.
Reservoir Management Concepts

The newest industry buzz word, reservoir management, has received significant attention in recent years. Various panel, forum, seminar, and technical sessions l -6 provided the framework for information sharing and exchanging ideas on many practical aspects of integrated, sound reservoir management. The needs to enhance recovery from the vast amount of remaining oil and gas in place around the world and to compete globally require better reservoir management practices. A reservoir's life begins with exploration, which leads to discovery; reservoir delineation; field development; production by primary, secondary and tertiary means; and abandonment (Fig. 1). Sound reservoir management is the key to successful operation of the reservoir throughout its entire life. It is a continuous process, unli~e h?w the baton is passed in traditional E&P organizations. Hlstoncally, some form of reservoir management has been practiced only when a major expenditure is planned, such as original field development or waterflood installation. The reservoir management studies at these specific times were not integrated; i.e., different disciplines did their part separately. During the last 20 years, however, greater emphasis has been put on synergism between engineering and geosciences.7- 11 Halbouty7 stated in 1977: "It is the duty and responsibility of industry managers to encourage full coordination of geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers to advance petroleum exploration, development, and production." Despite the emphasis, progress in integration has been slow. Many leading-edge technological advances have been achieved in geophysics, geology, petrophysics, production, and reservoir engineering. Mainframe supercomputers, more powerful personal computers, and workstations are providing ever-increasing computing power and more efficient database management systems. The technological advances and computer tools (i.e., 3D seismic surveys, cross-well seismology, horizontal wells, geostatistics, EOR processes, and facilities automation) can facilitate better reservoir management, enhancing economic recovery of hydrocarbons (Fig. 2). Even a small percent increase in recovery efficiency could amount to significant additional recovery and profit. These
Copyright 1992. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Inc. Original SPE manuscript. Reservoir Management: A Technical Perspective, received for review Oct. 19. 1992. Revised manuscript received Aug. 1. 1994. Paper accepted for publicatIon Aug. 16. 1994. Paper (SPE 22350) first presented atthe 1992 SPE IntI. Meeting on Petroleum Engineering held in Beijing. China. March 24-27.

Sound reservoir management requires use of both human and technological resources for maximizing profits. Reservoirs have been managed every day for more than 100 years; the task of management is not in question. However, the quality of management is at stake. A number of windows of opportunity for improving reservoir management practices exist. The Crisman Inst. for Petroleum Reservoir Management at Texas A&M U. published a manual for petroleum reservoir management proposing an integrated approach to reservoir management. 12 This manual, which is the first of its kind, tried to present from a nontechnical standpoint a thorough understanding of the various aspects of reservoir management. The first treatment of integrated reservoir management in book form was recently published.13 It focuses on reservoir management as a whole by integrating the technologies and activities of the many disciplines involved. Haldorsen and Van Golf-Raacht l4 presented a philosophy of managing reservoirs from exploration to abandonment. The process of designing economically optimum field developments was discussed at great length, with emphasis on reservoir description and the interaction of disciplines. The panel talks given by Wiggins and Startzman,15 Joumel,16 Raza,17 Thakur,18 Stiles,19 and Satter20 provide in-depth discussions of many aspects of reservoir management. Definition of Reservoir Management. A number of authors have defined reservoir management recently. 10,12.14.20,21 Basically, sound reservoir management practice relies on the use of available resources (human, technological, and financial) to maximize profits from a reservoir by optimizing recovery while minimizing capital investments and operating expenses (Fig. 3). Reservoir management involves making certain choices: let it happen or make it happen. We can leave it to chance to generate some profit from a reservoir operation without ongoing deliberate planning, or we can enhance recovery and maximize profit from the same reservoir through sound management practices. Reservoir Management Approach. Timing. The ideal time to start managing a reservoir is at discovery. 10 However, it is never too late to initiate a well-thought-out, coordinated reservoir management program. An early start not only provides better overall project planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation but also saves money in the long run, maximizing the profits. Integration of Geoscience and Engineering. Synergy and team concepts are the essential elements for integration of geoscience and engineering. Integration involves people, technology, tools, and data (Fig. 4). Its success depends on the following. I. An overall understanding of the reservoir management process, technology, and tools through integrated training 20 and integrated job assignments. 2. Openness, flexibility, communication, and coordination. 3. Working as a team. 4. Persistence. It is becoming more recognized that reservoir management is not synonymous with reservoir engineering and/or reservoir geology. Success requires multidisciplinary, integrated team efforts. The players are everyone who has anything to do with the reservoir
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JPT December 1994

Data
Discovery Basin " Play~

Technology
Seismic
Geologic Geostatistics Engineering .Drilling & Completions .Enhanced Oil Recovery Environmental .Computer

Prospect

t Integration_ t
People
.Management .Geoscientists .Engineers .landILegal .Field .Financial

.Geological .Geophysical .Engineering .Financial

Tools
.Seismic Interpretation Tomography Data Acquisition .logging/Coring .Completions & Facilities .Geologic Modeling Pressure Transient .Fracturing .Reservoir Simulators .Enhanced Oil Recovery . Computer Software & Hardware

Secondary

Fig. 4-Reservoir management. Fig. 1-Reservoir life process.

Sound Management

~ Technological Advances

Recovery Efficiency
~

'" --rimary

Secondary

Reservoir Life

Computing Power

Fig. 2-Why sound reservoir management?

Profits

Maximize Profits
Fig. 5-Reservoir management team.

ft , ~
Capital Investments

Make Choices
Production Rate

- Let It Happen - Make It Happen

Time
Fig. 3-What is Reservoir Management?
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(Fig. 5). The team members must work together as a well-coordinated "basketball team" rather than a "relay team" I 8 to ensure development and execution of the reservoir management plan. By crossing traditional boundaries and integrating functions, corporate resources are utilized better to achieve the common goal. Nowadays, it is becoming common for large reservoir studies to be integrated through a team approach. However, reservoir management teams are being set up only at key investment times of major expenditure!>. Although this is a step in the right direction, what is missing today is ongoing multidisciplinary reservoir management efforts for all significant reservoirs. Mere creation of a team does not guarantee integration and thus success. Team skills, team authority, team compatibility with the line management structure, and overall understanding of the reservoir management process by all team members are essential for project success. In reality, the solution to our reservoir management problem is not just forming a team. It is not that easy. The team members face many questions and concerns. I. Who should set goals and make reservoir management decisions? Is it still the division production manager? Does the team have that authority? 2. Who is the team's boss? Who is responsible for allocation of time and career development? Teams need a company organization and culture to be effective. A key question arises as to the management of the integrated teams that usually consist of geoscientists and engineers. According to the prevalent old system, team members are still responsible to their own functional heads. New systems are now evolving to provide better working environments for teams through organization by assets, wherein a given department is responsible for all E&P activities of specific company properties. This organization
December 1994 JPT

brings mUltidisciplinary professionals together to work on projects in the department. However, asset-based organization is not a cure-all for integration. Professional development and administrative management of team members are key issues that must be solved. Engineers and geoscientists on the same organizational team can segregate and do their parts separately. Sessions and Lehman22 advocated increased interaction between geologists and reservoir engineers through multifunctional teams and cross-training between the disciplines. Texaco's integrated reservoir management training for !eoscientists and engineers is designed to address exactly this. 2 Persistence will be required for true integration. Geoscientists and engineers do not communicate well with each other. Recognizing that integration is beneficial is not sufficient. True integration will require persistent boosting by cross-training, mission statements, organizational changes, team skill training, etc. Even with all this, integration will still be difficult.
Reservoir Management Process

Geology

Recovery Mechanisms

Rock

Fluid

The modern reservoir management process involves establishing a purpose or strategy; developing, implementing, and monitoring the plan, and evaluating the results (Fig. 6). No component of reservoir management is independent of the others. Integration of all is essential for successful reservoir management. It is dynamic and ongoing. As additional data become available, the reservoir management plan is refined and implemented with appropriate changes. Evaluation or revision is often ignored today. Reservoir management strategies should be written and updated periodically. Through persistency, we can ensure ongoing attention to all the steps of the reservoir management process. While a comprehensive program for reservoir management is highly desirable, every reservoir may not warrant such a detailed

Fluid Flow

Past Performance

Reservoir Management Process

Fig. 7-Reservoir knowledge.

program because of cost-effectiveness. However, the keys to success are to have a management program (comprehensive or not) and implement it from the start.
Establishing Purpose or Strategy

Recognizing the specific need and setting a realistic and achievable purpose are the first steps in reservoir management. The key elements for setting reservoir management strategy are reservoir characteristics, the total environment, and available technology. Understanding these elements is a prerequisite to establishing short- and long-term strategies for managing reservoirs.
Reservoir Characteristics. The nature of the reservoir being managed is of vital importance in setting its management strategy. Understanding the nature of the reservoir requires knowledge of the geology, rock and fluid properties, fluid flow and recovery mechanisms, drilling and well completions, and past production performance (Fig. 7). Total Environment. Understanding the following environments is essential in developing management strategy and effectiveness. 1. Corporate-goals, financial strength, culture, and attitude. 2. Political-stability, legal, and regulatory environment. 3. Economic-business climate, oiVgas prices, inflation, capital, and personnel availability. 4. Social--conservation, safety, and environmental regulations. 5. Political--climate.

Revising

Completing

Fig. 6-Reservoir management process.

Technology and Technological Toolbox. The success of reservoir management depends on the reliability and proper use of the technology being applied in exploration, drilling and completions, recovery processes, and production. Many technological ad1059

JPT December 1994

TABLE 1-TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLBOX Geophysics 20 seismic 3D seismic Cross-hole tomography Vertical seismic profile Multicomponent seismic Shear-wave logging Geochemistry Fingerprinting Database Management Industry standard Petrotechnical open software system Geology Core description Thin-sections Microscopes Image analysis X-ray Stable isotope analysis Depositional models Diagenetic models Structural modeling Maps, cross sections Remote sensing Production Engineering Economics Data acquisition and management Well simulation Pipeflow simulation Wellbore simulation Nodal analysis Subsea pumping and metering Drilling/Completion Horizontal drilling Subsea completion Reservoir Engineering Portfolio management Log analysis Transient well tests Log analysis Conventional core analysis Computed tomography scan, nuclear magnetic resonance Fluid analysis Decline-curve analysis Material balance Waterflood Streamtube Models Reservoir simulation Geostatistics EOR screening EOR technology Expert systems Neural networks

vances have been made in these areas (Table I), offering opportunitie)l that mayor may not be appropriate for every reservoir.

[ Developing Plan 1
Development & Depletion Strategies

Developing a Plan
Fonnulating a comprehensive plan, the next step in reservoir management, is essential for project success. A multidisciplinary, integrated team consisting of the following professionals can be in charge of developing an economically viable plan for the reservoir. 1. Geologists responsible for geological and petrophysical work. 2. Reservoir engineers responsible for providing production and reserves forecasts and economic evaluations. 3. Drilling and completion engineers responsible for drilling, and completing wells. 4. Equipment engineers responsible for designing surface, subsea, and subsurface facilities. 5. Structural engineers responsible for designing platfonns and production decks for offshore projects. 6. Other professionals, if needed (production and pipeline engineers, land managers, etc.). The makeup of the team and the number of professionals on it will depend on the size ofthe project. The professional with overall knowledge of reservoir management would be the logical team leader. The plan should be carefully worked out, which involves many time-consuming development steps (Fig. 8). Development and Depletion Strategy. The most important aspect of reservoir management deals with the operational strategies for depleting the reservoir to recover petroleum by primary and applicable secondary and tertiary methods. Development and depletion strategies depend on the lifecycle stage of the reservoir. In a new discovery, we need to address the question of how best to develop the field-well spacing, well configuration, and recovery schemes. If the reservoir has been depleted by primary means, secondary and even tertiary recovery schemes need to be investigated. Environmental Considerations. In developing and subsequently operating a field, environmental and ecological considerations have to be included. Regulatory agency constraints must be also satisfied. These are very sensitive and important aspects ofthe reservoir management process. Data Acquisition and Analysis. An enonnous amount of data is collected and analyzed during the life of a reservoir. Fig. 9 shows the data needed before and during production. Reservoir management requires a thorough knowledge of the reservoir, which can be 1060

Environmental Considerations

~
Data Acquisition & Analyses Geological & Numerical Model Studies ( Production & Reserves Forecasts

~
( Facilities ReqUirements)
Economic Optimization

Management Approval
Fig. 8-Developing plan.

December 1994 JPI'

Plan, Justify Time, Prioritize Before Production During Production

Collect and Analyze

Validate/Store Data Base Geologic Seismic Logging Coring RFT,DST Fluid Well Pressure Production Injection Special
FIg.1O-Production & reserves forecasts.

Fig. 9-Data acquisition & analysis.

gained through an integrated, efficient data management program involving all functions from the beginning. The program should establish the need for the data requirement with a costibenefit analysis. Raza 17 suggests a data acquisition program consisting of planning, collection/methodology, timeliness, and flexibility. Data analysis requires a great deal of effort, scrutiny, and innovation. The key steps are (I) to plan, justify, time, and prioritize; (2) to collect and analyze; and (3) to validate/store the information. The data should be stored in a common computer database for future use and should be accessible to all interdisciplinary end users. Geological and Numerical Model Studies. The reservoir model is an integrated geoscience and engineering model to be built jointly by geoscientists and engineers. The accuracy of the reservoir production performance analysis is dictated by the quality of the reservoir model. The geological model is derived by extending localized core and log measurements to the full reservoir using such technologies as geophysics, mineralogy, depositional environment, and diagenesis. The geological model, particularly the definition of geological units and their continuity and compartmentalization, is an integral part of geostatistical and thus reservoir simulation models. The engineering model is concerned with rock and fluid properties, fluid flow and recovery mechanisms, drilling, completions, production, and injection. Production and Reserves Forecasts. The economic viability of a petroleum recovery project is greatly influenced by the reservoir production performance under the current and future operating conditions. Therefore, evaluation of the past and present reservoir performance and forecast of its future behavior are essential in the reservoir management process (Fig. 10). Classical volumetric, material-balance, and decline-curve analysis methods and hightechnology black-oil, compositional, and EOR numerical simulators are used for analyzing reservoir performance and estimating reserves.
JPI' December 1994

Reservoir simulators play a very important role in providing production and reserves forecasts needed for developing a reservoir management plan and monitoring, evaluating, and operating the reservoir. The simulators can simulate many lives for the reservoir under different scenarios and thus provide a very powerful tool to optimize reservoir operations. 23 Historically, reservoir simulators have been used for studying large fields and fields undergoing complex recovery processes. They have not been suitable for small reservoirs because the simulation studies are costly, require highly trained professionals, and are too time-consuming for an operating department environment. This is changing. Satter et at. 24 discuss the role of a minisimulation technique using personal computers in managing small reservoirs. Facilities Requirements. Production performance results are used to estimate facilities requirements. Facilities are the actual physical link to the reservoir. Everything we do to the reservoir, we do through the facilities including drilling, completion, pumping, injecting, processing, and storing. Proper design and maintenance of facilities has a profound effect on profitability. The facilities must be capable of carrying out the reservoir management plan, but they cannot be wastefully designed. Estimates of the capital and operating costs based on the facilities requirements are used for economic analyses. Economic Optimization. Economic optimization is the ultimate goal of reservoir management. With estimated production, capital, operating expenses, and financial data, project economics are evaluated. Fig. 11 presents key steps involved in economic optimization. Management Approval. The final step in developing a reservoir management plan requires management approval and support. Example Development Plan. To illustrate how to develop a reservoir management plan, the original version of this paper25 gives an example of an optimum development plan for a newly discovered offshore field, analogous to U.S. gulf coast reservoirs. Well spacing (the number of wells and platforms) and recovery scheme (primary depletion or primary augmented waterflood) were considered. A full-field reservoir simulator was constructed to predict reservoir performance under both primary and waterflood operations. Also, economic analyses of primary and waterflood operations under various scenarios were made. Table 2 shows the evaluation results for the cases considered. The 160-acre-spacing case with the lowest capital investment, development cost, and payout
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TABLE 2-ECONOMIC EVALUATION

Parameters 40-Acre Investment, $ million Oil reserves, MMSTB Economic life, years Payout, years DCFROI,% NPV, $ million PWI Development costs, $/bbl oil 325 40.3 9 5.1 29.0 112 1.63 5.95 Primary Development SO-Acre 222 40.3 11 4.S 3S.S 161 2.31 3.91 120-Acre 202 3S.7 15 4.7 35.S 144 2.15 3.62 160-Acre 162 3S.0 15 4.7 40.4 157 2.49 2.S7 Primary Followed by Waterflood SO-Acre 220 81.3 22 4.9 42.7 309 3.64 2.1S

time and the highest present worth index (PWI), discounted-cashflow return on investment (DCFROI), and next-highest net present value (NPV) offered the economically optimum primary development plan. Even though the 80-acre case yielded the highest NPV ($161 million), the additional capital investment of $65 million over the 160-acre case only gave an incremental NPV return of $4 million. A case with an initial 160-acre primary development followed by 80-acre, five-spot infill waterflooding after 2 years was considered. Results of the economic analysis of the waterflood case show the highest oil reserves, DCFROI, NPV, and PWI and the lowest development costs per barrel of oil. Therefore, the early waterflood offers the most profitable means to exploit this field.
Implementation

water, and gas production by wells; gas and water injection by wells; systematic and periodic static and flowing bottomhole pressure testing of selected wells; production and injection tests; injection and production profiles; recording of workovers and results; and anything else that aids surveillance. For EOR projects, the monitoring and surveillance program is particularly critical because of the inherent uncertainties.
Evaluating

After management approval of the project development plan, the next major assignment is to implement it to get production on stream as soon as possible (Fig. 6). A project manager with full authority is needed to manage the various activities as follows. 1. Design, fabricate, and install surface and subsurface facilities. This critical path for the whole project requires tremendous efforts and experience to preplan, monitor, and complete the project on time. 2. Develop a drilling/completion program. 3. Acquire and analyze necessary logging, coring, and initial well-test data from the development wells to define reservoir characterization better. 4. Upgrade the reservoir database and revise production and reserves forecasts. Thakur 18 suggests some key ingredients for successfully implementing a plan: (1) make a flexible plan of action, (2) have management support, (3) get field personnel commitment, and finally (4) start the plan of action involving all functions. It is critical to have periodic review meetings with all team members, mostly in the field offices. The important reasons for unsuccessfully implementing a plan are (1) lack of overall knowledge of the project on the part of all team members, (2) failure to interact and coordinate the various functional groups, and (3) a delay in initiating the management process.
Monitoring and Surveillance

The plan must be reviewed periodically to ensure that it is being followed, that it is working, and that it is still the best possible plan. Its success should be evaluated by comparing actual and anticipated reservoir performance. It would be unrealistic to expect the actual project performance to match the planned behavior exactly. Therefore, the functional groups should establish certain technical and economic criteria to determine project success. The criteria will depend on the nature ofthe project. A project may be a technical success but an economic failure. How is the reservoir management plan working? The answer lies in a careful evaluation of project performance. Using the criteria set, the functional groups should routinely compare the actual performance (e.g., reservoir pressure, GOR, WOR, and production) with the expected (Fig. 12). In the final analysis, the economic yardsticks will determine the success or failure of the project.
Revision of Plans and Strategies

Plans and strategies should be revised when reservoir performance does not conform to the management plan or when conditions change. Questions that evaluate performance must be asked and answered on an ongoing basis for sound reservoir management.
Abandonment

The reservoir management plan should include the final task of reservoir abandonment when all the depletion plans have been implemented.
Conclusions

Sound reservoir management requires constant monitoring and surveillance of reservoir performance as a whole to determine whether the performance is conforming to the management plan. For the monitoring and surveillance program to be successful, coordinated efforts of the various functional groups are needed at the start of production from the field. The engineers, geologists, and operations personnel should work together on the program with management support and field personnel commitment. Dedicated and coordinated efforts of the various functional groups are essential. How extensive the program is will depend on the nature of the project. Ordinarily, the major areas of monitoring and surveillance involving data acquisition and management include oil, 1062

1. Technological advances and computer power are providing the tools to manage reservoirs better to maximize economic hydrocarbon recovery. 2. A team approach based on integration of geoscience and engineering personnel, tools, technology, and data is essential for sound reservoir management practice. 3. The reservoir management practice involving goal setting, planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and revising initial plans holds the key to successful operation of the reservoir throughout its entire life-from exploration to abandonment. 4. A better understanding of sound reservoir management practices can be beneficial to geoscientists, engineers, field operations staff, and managers.
December 1994 JPl'

Set Economic Objective

PAYOUT PWI DCFROI PWNP

Formulate Scenario Productions Investments Operating Expenses Oil/Gas Price

Collect Data

,
Make Economic Analysis

Make Risk Analysis

Choose Optimum Operation

Fig. 11-Economic optimization.
Fig. 12-Evaluatlon. 4. Application of Reservoir Characterization to Numerical Modeling and Reservoir Management, SPE Forum Series III: Crested Butte, CO, July 28-Aug. 2, 1991. 5. Reservoir Management Panel Discussion, 1991 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas. Oct. 6-9. 6. Reservoir Management Sessions, 1991 SPE IntI. Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, Beijing, March 24-27. 7. Halbouty, M.T.: "Synergy Is Essential to Maximum Recovery." JPT (July 1977) 750. 8. Craig, EE Jr. et al.: "Optimized Recovery Through Continuing Interdisciplinary Cooperation," JPT (July 1977) 755. 9. Harris, D.G. and Hewitt, C.H.: "Synergism in Reservoir Management-The Geologic Perspective," JPT (July 1977) 761.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge the support and pennission of Texaco Inc. to publish this paper.
References
I. Advances in Reservoir Management and Field Applications, SPE Forum Series V, Crested Butte, CO, Aug. 13-18, 1989. 2. Reservoir Management Panel Discussion, 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Sept. 23-26, New Orleans. 3. Reservoir Management Practices Seminar, SPE Gulf Coast Section, April 26, 1991, Houston.

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10. Thakur, G.C.: "Reservoir Management-A Synergistic Approach," paper SPE 20138 presented at the 1990 SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, March 8-9. II. Sneider, R.M.: 'The Economic Value of a Synergistic Organization," paper presented at the 1990 Archie Conference, Houston, Oct. 22-25. 12. Wiggins, M.L.: A Manual for Petroleum Reservoir Management, Crisman Inst. for Petroleum Reservoir Management, Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M U., College Station (May 1989). 13. Satter, A. and Thakur, G.c.: Integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management, PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK (1994). 14. Haldorsen, H.H. and Van Golf-Racht, T.: "Reservoir Management into the Next Century," paper NMT 890023 presented at the 1989 Centennial Symposium at New Mexico Tech., Socorro, Oct. 16-19. 15. Wiggins, M.L. and Startzman, R.A.: "An Approach to Reservoir Management," paper SPE 20747 presented at the 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept 23-26. 16. Joumel. A.G.: "Geostatistics for Reservoir Characterization," paperSPE 20750 presented at the 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept 23-26. 17. Raza, S.H.: "Data Acquisition and Analysis for Efficient Reservoir Management," JPT (April 1992) 466. 18. Thakur, G.C.: "Implementation of Reservoir Management Program," paper SPE 20748 presented at the 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept 23-26. 19. Stiles, L.H.: "Reservoir Management in the Means San Andres Unit," JPT (April 1992) 469. 20. Satter, A.: "Reservoir Management Training-An Integrated Approach," paper SPE 20752 presented at the 1990 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Sept 23-26. 21. Robertson, J.D.: "Reservoir Management Using 3D Seismic Data," JPT(July 1989) 663. 22. Sessions, K.P. and Lehman, D.H.: "Nurturing the Geology-Reservoir Engineering Team: Vital for Efficient Oil and Gas Recovery,"paper SPE 19780 presented at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 8-11. 23. Satter, A. et al.: 'The Role Of Simulators In Reservoir Management," paper SPE 25605 presented at the 1993 SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, March 16-18. 24. Satter, A., Frizzell, D.P., and Varnon, J .E.: 'The Role of Mini-Simulation In Reservoir Management," paper presented at the 1991 IPA Convention, Jakarta, Oct. 8-10. 25. Satter, A., Varnon, J.E. and Hoang, M.T.: "Reservoir Management: Technical Perspective," paper SPE 22350 presented at the 1992 SPE IntI. Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, Beijing, March 24-27.

51 Metric Conversion Factors

acre bbl

4.046 873 1.589 873

E-Ol =ha E-Ol =m3

'Conversion factor is exact.

Abdus ScHer is a research consultant at Texaco E&P Technology Center in Houston. He previously worked for Amoco, Frank W. Cole Engineering, the U. of Westem Ontario, and Dacca Engineering C. His current interests are reservoir studies, reservoir management, and technology transfer. He is a coinstructor of the SPE Short Course on Integrated Reservoir Management and a coauthor of a new book on this subject. He has served on the SPE Editorial Review, Annual Technical Meeting, Forum Series, and Continuing Education committees. Satter holds a BS degree in mechanical engineering from the U. of Dacca, PE and MS degrees in petroleum engineering from the C~lorado School of Mines, and a PhD degree in engineering sCience from the U. of Oklahoma. James E. Varnon is the portfolio manager of reservoir performance modeling at Texaco E&PTechnology Center in Houston. He is responsible for developing and coordinating high-technology reservoir engineering personnel to serve on reservoir management teams and to provide technical training for operating departments around the world. He holds a BS degree in chemical engineering from Lamar U. and a PhD degree in chemical engineering from Purdue U. Muu T. Hoang is a senior petroleum engineer with Texaco Angola in Luanda. His expertise is in reservoir engil")eering, production operations, facility design and installation, reservoir simulation, reservoir management, and technical training. He holds a BS degree in chemical engineering from the U. of Pittsburgh.

Satter

Varnon

Hoang

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