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Intel Centrino Mobile Intel WiMAX Technology

Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

This start guide provides the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) ecosystem with a unique look into Intel's vision and direction for the integration of WiMAX solutions, based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard and WiMAX Forum* compliance, into Intel Centrino mobile technologyenabled laptops.

The guide serves as an introductory brief and will be followed by a white paper with additional technical details. It provides current insight into key aspects of: The Intel vision for anytime, anywhere Internet connectivity Intel WiMAX technology-enabled laptop architecture and capabilities Intel WiMAX technology reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology interoperability

Introduction

WiMAX is a key component of Intel's broadband wireless strategy to deliver innovative mobile platforms for anytime, anywhere Internet connectivity. New and emerging multimedia

applications and broadband remote access are

driving the need for very high-speed wide area Internet access to mobile devices. WiMAX is an advanced technology solution, based on the

IEEE 802.16-2005 standard, designed to meet WiMAX networks are optimized for high-speed data and are expected to spur innovation in services, content, and new mobile devices.

this need, and to do so in a low-cost, flexible way.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

WiMAX Ecosystem

The WiMAX ecosystem has made great progress in the development and deployment of WiMAX solutions, and momentum is increasing with:

Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide

Ratification of IEEE 802.16e-2005 in December 2005. Real WiMAX deployments around the globe: 175 today and growing.

A strong and rapidly growing WiMAX ecosystem that is expected to offer choice and lower costs to consumers: The WiMAX Forum currently counts over 370 member companies. Consensus on 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz spectrum bands for WiMAX network deployment.

This guide is intended to help achieve ecosystem alignment by giving service providers and the WiMAX industry ecosystem a view into Intel's currently planned future mobile platforms. It includes an overview of usage models and laptop platform capabilities, a description of the relationship between platform capabilities and key elements of the mobile WiMAX network, and most importantly, a reference model for service providers and the ecosystem based on Intel's planned mobile platform capabilities. The Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks provides a unique look at what is required to support consistent access to WiMAX networks by clients coming from and moving to any network. Intel's goal is to establish a common standards-based approach to promote interoperability. The audience and intended usage for this guide is:

In order to accelerate WiMAX deployment and adoption, ecosystem alignment around an end-to-end system implementation is critical. With such alignment, we expect interoperability, economies of scale, and optimized system costs and performance.

Application and service developers. To develop innovative applications and services using the features and capabilities supported in WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops.

WiMAX equipment vendors. To develop infrastructure solutions interoperable with WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops.

WiMAX operators and service providers. To plan new network deployments and upgrade existing networks, and in so doing, helping to ensure networks are Intel Centrino mobile technology-ready to provide easy access, security features, and advanced functionality to their WiMAX users.

The ultimate goal is for the WiMAX industry to join together to promote the adoption of open, Internet Protocol (IP) based standards for authentication, authorization, accounting, Quality of Service (QoS), security, mobility/roaming, and low-power operation to help enable consistent, reliable network performance for access devices such as laptops, ultra-mobile PCs, and more.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

WiMAX-enabled Laptops
Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity
Intel's current vision for anytime, anywhere connectivity is to enable protected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet. WiMAX is a key component of Intel's current vision, enabling laptops with high-performance, cost-effective, and ubiquitous wireless access to the Internet.

Connect Me

Reach Me

Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity

PR SE MP LE AM LE D SI SS OT EC TE D AN

With anytime, anywhere usage, laptops will be capable of establishing basic connections, as well as supporting seamless connectivity and accessibility across technologies. See Figures 1 and 2. Connect Me. Easy, protected, and cost-effective connections between people, devices, and services.

Keep Me Connected

Figure 1. Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity Creating usage models that enable protected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet is the core of Intel's laptop connectivity vision.

Reach Me. Easily reachable while on-the-go, based on user preference.

Keep Me Connected. Seamless security features and connectivity while on-the-go.

Any Network

Future
UWB WiMAX

WWAN

WLAN

Today

Secure

One Bill

Seamless

Figure 2. Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity Evolution Future laptops are expected to integrate multiple communications technologies (vertical axis), as well as communication stacks, enabling protected, simple, and seamless access to the Internet (horizontal axis).

Always Reachable

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

Intel Centrino Mobile Technology for Laptops

Intel Centrino mobile technology for laptops consists of Intel component and software solutions, integrated by Intel to achieve optimal cost and performance. Key components of Intel Centrino mobile technology include Intel processor, chipset, and network adapter solutions. Figure 3 illustrates this integration.

Laptop Communications Architecture

Laptops supporting anytime, anywhere connectivity will integrate multiple wireless technologies, along with communications software solutions, helping to make the connectivity experience protected, simple, and seamless from the user perspective.

Hardware. Integrated smart card and wireless PAN/LAN/WAN technologies to provide economical, ubiquitous connectivity.

Processor

Functional engines/clients. Capabilities that can be used by services and applications through open application programmatic interfaces (APIs). Connection and policy management. Simple user management of connections and connectivity preferences.

Network drivers/stacks. Hardware drivers and network stacks, for example TCP/IP and Client Mobile IP (CMIP), providing optimal performance for supported wireless technologies.

Chipset

Network Adapter

Aware applications. Applications using integrated engine/client capabilities to provide a rich connectivity experience.

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Roaming Aware

Location Aware

IMS

Figure 3. Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Network adapter solutions consist of mini-card modules that plug into slots on the laptop motherboard, and interface with the host processor via the chipset. Future network adapter solutions are planned to integrate WiMAX and Wi-Fi* onto a single mini-card module.

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

IMS Client

Networking Stack Networking Drivers

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

Figure 4. Laptop Communications Architecture Communication hardware and software components of future laptops.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

Guide Overview

This section provides a brief overview of some of the topics to be addressed in the detailed technical white paper expected to be published later this year. The intention of this guide is to provide some early information to help ensure WiMAX network interoperability with WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops.

Specifications and process for client and base station certification

Specifications for end-to-end network architecture and protocols

Intel fully supports the WiMAX Forum and has taken a leadership position in its promotion and development. In developing the Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks, Intel paid special attention to developing reference models that conform to the work the WiMAX Forum's Technical, Certification, and Network Working Groups are doing, based on requirements defined by the Service Provider Working Group, specifically: Specifications for infrastructure and client interoperability

In this manner, Intel is supporting the broad WiMAX industry defined system profiles, network specifications, and conformance test specifications. End-to-End Reference Model for Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Interoperability

The reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology interoperability is based on the laptop communications architecture discussed in the previous section, combined with the WiMAX network reference model developed within the WiMAX Forum. Relationships and interoperability requirements between functional entities will be specified in the forthcoming white paper version of this guide.
R2

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

Roaming Aware

Location Aware

ASN
MS R1 BS R8 R6 ASN GW R4 R6 ASN GW R3

CSN
AAA DNS IMS DHCP HA

IMS Client

IMS

BS

Networking Stack Networking Drivers ASN

R4

NSP
R5 CSN

Internet

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

NAP

NOTE: NWG specication denes three interoperable ASN proles.

Figure 5. Reference Model for Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Interoperability The reference model is based on the relationship between key functional elements of the laptop communications architecture (left) and WiMAX network architecture (right). For network elements in the ASN where a subset of functionality relates to MS interoperability, these functions are mapped to ASN profiles as specified in the NWG specification.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

Reference Model Key Terminology and Definitions

AAA ASN BS FA access service network base station

System Profile

authentication, authorization, and accounting

ASN GW access service network gateway CSN HA MS connectivity service network foreign agent home agent

The WiMAX Forum mobile system profile defines the required and optional air interface (physical and medium access layers) features supported for interoperability between the WiMAX BS and MS equipment, based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 and ETSI HiperMAN standards needed for compliance to WiMAX Forum certification. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technologyenabled laptops as currently planned will comply with all WiMAX Forum mobile requirements.

IMS NAP

IP multimedia subsystem mobile station network access provider A business entity that provides WiMAX radio access infrastructure to one or more WiMAX NSPs. NAPs implement this infrastructure using one or more ASNs. network service provider A business entity that provides IP connectivity and WiMAX services to subscribers, compliant with the service level agreement it establishes with them. Protocols and procedures between MSs and ASNs per the IEEE 802.16 specifications, plus IP layer and above protocols that determine end-to-end interoperability.

During vendor development and self-test, Intel plans to prioritize interoperability testing with BS solutions supporting MIMO and AAS/BF due primarily to the improved coverage, capacity, and user throughput performance of systems supporting these technologies. Ethernet CS (defined as an optional feature for WiMAX BS and MS equipment in the system profile) support is expected primarily in CPE/RG solutions targeted for fixed service offerings. While WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technologyenabled laptops will co-exist on a BS supporting Ethernet CS.
Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Support Yes Yes Yes Yes

NSP

R1

R2

R3 R4 R5 R6

Protocols and procedures between the MS and CSN associated with features such as authentication, services authorization, IP host configuration management, and tunneling between the MS and the CSN.

Release 1 System Prole Baseline PHY/MAC MIMO AAS/BF MBS

BS

MS

Mandatory Optional Optional Optional

Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory

Protocols and procedures originating and terminating in various functional entities of an ASN that coordinate MS mobility between ASNs. Protocols for roaming between the CSN operated by a home NSP and that operated by a visited NSP.

Protocols between the ASN and the CSN 1 to support features such as AAA, policy enforcement, and mobility management.

Table 1. Intel Centrino Mobile Technology System Profile Support WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-based laptops will support the features required for mobile stations as defined in the WiMAX Forum system profile.

R8

Protocols and procedures for communication between the BS and the ASN GW (if applicable in an ASN profile). The bearer plane consists of features such as intra-ASN data path between the BS and ASN gateway. The control plane includes features such as data path establishment, modification, and release control in accordance with the MS mobility events. Optional control plane message flows and bearer plane data flows directly between neighbor base stations (if applicable in an ASN profile) to support fast and seamless handovers.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

Certification Profiles

The certification profiles define the frequency band, duplexing scheme, and channel bandwidth supported for interoperability of WiMAX BS and MS equipment. Of the candidate WiMAX Forum mobile certification profiles, WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops targeting regional/global roaming are planned to prioritize support for certification profiles based on the 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz (required for South Korea), and 10 MHz channel bandwidths. Access Service Network Functionality The ASN represents the point of entry for WiMAX MS equipment into a WiMAX network, and as such, must support a complete set of network functions required to provide radio access to the MS. The ASN provides the following mandatory functions: WiMAX Layer-2 (L2) connectivity with WiMAX MS Transfer of AAA messages to the WiMAX subscribers home network service provider (H-NSP) for authentication, authorization and session accounting for subscriber sessions Network discovery and selection of an appropriate NSP from which the subscriber accesses WiMAX services

In addition to the previous mandatory functions, for a portable and mobile environment, an ASN shall support the following functions: ASN anchored mobility CSN anchored mobility

Paging and location management

The ASN is comprised of network elements such as one or more base stations, and one or more ASN gateways, and may be shared by more than one connectivity service network (CSN). Handover The WiMAX Forum Networking Working Group (NWG) WiMAX network specifications identify the following types of mobility within a WiMAX Network: ASN anchored mobility. Mobility of MS between two BSs (serving and target BS) within or across an ASN boundary.

CSN anchored mobility. Mobility resulting in change of point of attachment IP address for the MS when anchored to the same CSN.

Radio resource management ASN-CSN tunneling

Relay functionality for establishing Layer-3 (L3) connectivity with a WiMAX MS (for example, IP address allocation)

Band Class Frequency Range [GHz] Duplex

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
8

1 2.3-2.4 TDD

2 2.305-2.320 2.345-2.360 TDD 2.B

3 2.496-2.690 TDD 3.A

4 3.3-3.4 TDD 4.A

5 3.4-3.8 TDD 5.A

5 8.75 10

1.B 1.A 1.B

2.C

3.A

4.C

5.C

Table 2. Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Certification Profile Support Selected Certification Profiles to be supported in WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

R2

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

Roaming Aware

ASN
MS R1 BS R8 R6

ASN GW
PMIP Client MIP FA Authenticator AAA Client

CSN
AAA R3 IMS I-CSCF HSS HA

3GPP2 AAA FA/HA 3GPP2 AAA WAG PDG Wi-Fi

Location Aware

IMS Client

IMS

BS

R6

Paging Control/Agent

P-CSCF S-CSCF

Networking Stack ASN Networking Drivers

R4 ASN GW R5 CSN

AAA FA/HA

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

Figure 6. ASN Functionality Reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology interoperability highlighting some of the elements related to handover and power management.

The procedures related to CSN anchored mobility are dependent on whether network access is based on IPv4 or IPv6. In the case of IPv4, handover can be performed based on Proxy Mobile IP (PMIPv4) or Client Mobile IP (CMIPv4). The PMIPv4 procedure is entirely done in the network and the MS is agnostic to the related procedures. For IPv6, CSN anchored mobility is performed based on CMIPv6. Power Management Power management for MS equipment is vital to helping ensure optimal battery life performance. Platform power management refers to the efficient allocation of sleep and idle modes to an MS in order to help maximize battery life while minimizing disruption of communication flows between an MS and the WiMAX network.

Service Provisioning, Authentication, and Security

In order for a WiMAX MS to securely enter a WiMAX network, robust schemes and protocols for various network entry scenarios must be supported, as well as strong protection of user data traffic and control messaging. Service Provisioning In a WiMAX network, a full network discovery and selection procedure includes four steps: 1. NAP discovery 2. NSP access discovery

3. NSP enumeration and selection

Paging in WiMAX networks can be based on either unicast or multicast addressing. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology will support unicast paging.

Idle mode capabilities defined within the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard allow for MS equipment to power down in order to optimize battery life. Paging refers to procedures used by the WiMAX network to seek an MS in idle mode within the coverage area of a predefined BS or set of BSs (identified by a paging group). Coordination of paging procedures is handled by the paging control/agent functions residing in the ASN GW.

4. ASN attachment based on NSP selection

The procedure is applicable to the first time use, initial network entry, network re-entry, or when an MS transitions across NAP coverage areas. In the case of first time use, the authenticity of the MS must be established in order to allow for provisioning of service and access to Internet services. WiMAX-enabled Intel Centrino mobile technology-enabled laptops are expected to support either over-the-air (OTA) or smart-card-based service provisioning.

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

R2

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

Roaming Aware

Location Aware

ASN
MS R1 BS R8 R6

ASN GW
Authenticator

CSN
AAA R3 DNS IMS DHCP HA

IMS Client

IMS

R4 R6 ASN GW

BS

Networking Stack Networking Drivers ASN

R4

NSP
R5 CSN

Internet

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

NAP

Figure 7. Service Provisioning Reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology interoperability highlighting key elements related to MS authentication by a WiMAX network.

NOTE: NWG specication denes three interoperable ASN proles.

In the case of OTA provisioning, credentials (for example X.509 certificates) indicating that the WiMAX Forum has certified the MS will be stored in the MS during manufacturing. PKMv2/EAP-TLS is being considered for establishing credentials during service provisioning. USIM-based service provisioning is expected to be supported on UICC/smart-card-enabled laptops, utilizing PKMv2/EAP-AKA as the mechanism for authentication.

Authentication

Non-smart-card-based authentication will utilize PKMv2/ EAP-TTLS (username/password) as the preferred mechanism for user authentication, and may utilize PKMv2/EAP-TLS (certificate) as the mechanism for device authentication.
R2

Once service has been provisioned, authentication is performed on initial network entry, network re-entry, or transitions across NAP coverage areas. Authentication may be based either on user, or on both user and device. Double EAP authentication will be supported for user and device authentication.

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

Roaming Aware

ASN
MS R1 BS R8 R6

ASN GW
Authenticator

CSN
AAA R3 DNS DHCP HA

3GPP2 AAA FA/HA 3GPP2 AAA WAG

Location Aware

IMS Client

IMS

R4 R6 ASN GW

BS

Networking Stack Networking Drivers ASN

R4

NSP
R5 CSN

PDG Wi-Fi AAA FA/HA

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

NAP

Figure 8. Roaming Reference model for Intel Centrino mobile technology interoperability highlighting elements related to service provisioning and roaming.

NOTE: NWG specication denes three interoperable ASN proles.

10

Start Guide Intel Centrino Mobile Technology Reference Guide for WiMAX Networks

Smart-card-based authentication is expected to utilize PKMv2/EAP-AKA (user and device credentials stored in smart card). Security Provisions for helping to ensure the integrity of user data traffic and control messaging is essential for wide scale system deployment. Security and cryptographic suite support specified in the WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile represents the latest in state of the art security. Encryption of user data traffic is expected to be based on AES in CCM mode. Management message integrity protection is expected to be based on cipher-based MAC (CMAC). Roaming

Services/Applications

In order for innovative applications and services to be developed which utilize the functions and capabilities of the laptop, open application presentation interfaces need to be defined as part of the guide, enabling developers to create solutions that provide users with a rich mobile Internet experience. Key areas to be addressed include: QoS. User control of bandwidth/latency across multiple, simultaneous applications via policy management. IMS. Integrated client on laptop.

Location. Network- or platform-based location information. Device management. Remote configuration, monitoring, performance, and capability enhancement.

Roaming is the capability enabling a wireless subscriber to obtain network services using a visited operators network using credentials provided by the subscribers home operator. At the most basic level, roaming typically requires the ability to reuse authentication credentials provided and provisioned by the home operator in visited networks, successful user and device authentication by the home operator, a mechanism for billing reconciliation, and, optionally, access to services available over the Internet. AAA AAA refers to a framework, based on IETF protocols (RADIUS or Diameter), that specifies the protocols and procedures for authentication, authorization, and accounting associated with the user, MS device, and subscribed services. WiMAX networks based on this framework and alignment around recommended authentication schemes (EAP-AKA, EAP-TTLS, EAP-TLS) will enable: Protected authentication, with roaming across WiMAX networks, as well as inter-technology roaming Simplified one bill accounting Smart Card Re-use

Connection Manager Applications Connectivity Policy Management Engine

Smart Card Aware

Application Presentation Interfaces

Roaming Engine

Security Supplicant

Location Engine

Device Management Client

Roaming Aware

Location Aware

IMS Client

IMS

Networking Stack Networking Drivers

BT

UWB

Wi-Fi*

WWAN

WiMAX

Smart Card

Figure 9. Services and Applications Laptop Communications Architecture highlighting key elements related to advanced services and applications.

Smart card technology will become a key component of laptop communication functions. The latest smart card standard, USIM, supports multiple service credentials on a single smart card (UICC). Smart card re-use on laptops is under investigation for support of seamless authentication while roaming across technologies (WiMAX, Wi-Fi, 3GPP, and 3GPP2 networks).

11

For more information

To learn more about Intel Corporation, visit www.intel.com.

IEEE Standard 802.16-2004, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Wireless Access Systems. IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands And Corrigendum 1.

Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile v1.0.0, WiMAX Forum Certification Working Group, March 2006 WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile v1.0.0, WiMAX Forum Technical Working Group, May 2006

This paper is for informational purposes only. THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR SAMPLE. Intel disclaims all liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights, is granted herein.

WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OTHERWISE ARISING relating to use of information in this specification. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights

Intel, the Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead. and Intel. Leap ahead. logo, the Centrino logo, and Centrino are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. *WiMAX Forum is a registered certification mark of the WiMAX Forum. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Copyright

Printed in USA/0606/SS/PMS/PP/2K

2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Order Number: 313900-001US