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Nanowires
Ni, Au, Pt, Ag, Co, Cu, ZnO TiO2, ZnO, SiO2 Silicon
Nanotubes
Gold Silica Carbon Templated electroless deposition Sol-gel High temperature: laser ablation, arc discharge, others 250 250 > 100
Nanorods
Gold CdSe Cu Se Surfactant/seed mediated synthesis Surfactant/seed mediated synthesis Micellar growth Crystal growth ~20 2-10 1.7-3.7 > 100
Nanostructures,
-> nanorods, -> nanowires, -> nanotubes, -> nanobelts,
have attracted extraordinary attention for their potential applications in device and
interconnect integration in nanoelectronics and molecular electronics. Controlling the particle size & morphology of nanostructures is of crucial importance from a fundamental and industrial point of view
The nanorod arrays and branched chemical deposited zinc oxide as gas sensors & solar cells.
The merit of this technology is in simplicity of the process, economy in energy, structures with high efficiency, short duration, energy save, accessible auxiliary materials & nonsophisticated equipment.
Nano-patterning techniques
1. Lithographic Methods: Electron beam, ion beam, X-ray lithography 2. Scanning probe techniques (SPM) 3. Self assembly processes
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Apparatus used for the anodization A: Motor-controlled rotator for agitating the electrolyte,
H : potentiostat/galvanostat (Keithley), and I: computer to operate the potentiostat/galvanostat and the cooling, J: Peltier cooling element.
BARRIER TYPE
This type of films are formed in insoluble electrolytes like neutral boric acid, ethylene glycol etc.
POROUS TYPE
This type of films are formed in soluble electrolytes like sulfuric acid, oxalic acid etc.
This leads to the dissolution in the formed oxide and thus to the growth of pores.
Some pores begin to stop growing in size due to competition among the pores.
When the process comes to a steady state uniform array of pores will be appeared.
Highly ordered arrays of parallel carbon nanotubes grown by pyrolysis of acetylene on cobalt within a hexagonal close-packed Nanochannel alumina template at 650o C. (a) Schematic of fabrication process (b) SEM image of the resulting hexagonally ordered array of carbon nanotubes.
AFM images of (a) Anodized alumina membrane (b) ZnO nanodots deposited at 600o C by the PLD technique.
ZnO is a key functional material exhibiting : near-ultraviolet emission , transparent conductivity semiconducting, magnetic, and piezoelectric properties. It has a : wide direct band gap (3.37 eV), & large exciton binding energy (60 meV) excellent chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability
Zinc oxide has extensive commercial use during the past 100 years in: optoelectronics nano/microelectronics sensors, transducers, hydrogen storage material and biomedicine. ZnO is a phosphor materials with ability to retain a high efficiency, even at low-voltage excitation.
Thermal Evaporation
One of the simplest and most popular synthesis methods. Very successful and versatile in fabricating nanobelts and nanowires with various characteristics. Process: sublimation of source material deposition of vapor at a certain temperature region. Processes: w/ carbon catalyst ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(v) + CO(v) w/o carbon catalyst 1. 2ZnO(s) 2Zn(v) + O2(v) 2. ZnO(s) ZnO(v)
Tube Furnace
Substrate
Source Materials
Tube Furnace
Pump Cooling Water Carrying Cooling Gas Water
Growth Mechanisms
Vapor-Solid Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS)
Au
18
1
Ag
10
10
M+
Apply potential
e-
M+(aq) + eRemove copper with CuCl/HCl solution Dissolve alumina in warm .5 M KOH
M(s)