THE STRATEGIES IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE INDONESIAN CULTURAL LEXICAL ITEMS

Nurlaili

Faculty of Letters: Translation. Magister Program (S2). Gunadarma University laili9798@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to analyze the equivalent occurred in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, analyze the shift occurred in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, and analyze and describe the strategies used in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. The method used in this research is qualitative research method. And the source of the data used are the Indonesian novels Gadis Pantai (2003) and Jejak Langkah (2006), both were written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. And the English translations are the Girl from the Coast (2002) by Willem Samuels and Footsteps (1996) by Max Lane. The data are classified into two main categories; equivalent and shift. Equivalent is categorized into three subcategorized; transference, cultural equivalent and descriptive equivalent. Shift is categorized into three subcategorized; class shifts, unit shifts and intrasystem shifts. The result of this thesis shows that the equivalent occurs more than shifts, with the percentage of equivalent is 70% and shift is 30%. There are three sub-categories of equivalents occur in the translations, there are 30 or 15% data of transferences, 90 or 45% data of cultural equivalents, and 20 or 10% data of descriptive equivalents. Shifts or transpositions also occur in the translations, there are 12 or 6% data of class shifts, 34 or 17% data of unit shifts, and 14 or 7% data of intra-system shifts.

INTRODUCTION This research wants to analyze the equivalent occurred in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, analyze the shift occurred in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, then analyze and describe the strategies used in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. This research is chosen to study the strategies in the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items because there are many differences in cultures and language systems between Indonesian and English, moreover there may be equivalent or there may not be any equivalent from Indonesian into English. For example, in Indonesian there is three words padi, beras, dan nasi but in English they called it only with rice. Thats why translating Indonesian cultural lexical items into English is a serious problem.

The research is important to be carried out because there are so many strategies or procedures in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. Furthermore, this research is important because readers can see how the Indonesian cultural lexical items are translated into English. Hopefully it will contribute useful information for the translation subject. Through this study, the researcher would like to contribute information to the practitioners, prospective translators, students of translation courses and any other readers who are interested in the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items. The problems of the research in this thesis are as follows: 1. Are there any equivalents in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? 2. Are there any shifts in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? 3. What are the strategies used in translating Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? Based on the problems mentioned above, the aims of this research are: 1. Analyze the equivalents in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. 2. Analyze the shifts in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. 3. Analyze and describe the strategies used in translating Indonesian cultural lexical items into English.

Research Method This research uses qualitative research method because the sources of data are texts. Holloway (1997) stated that in qualitative research they consist of words or actions of the participants which the researcher hears and observes. (p. 43). Moreover, this research is a descriptive analytical study because the results are presented in a description form. Wilkinson (2000) stated that the resulting data (of qualitative research) is presented in the form of quotations or descriptions, though some basic statistics may also be presented (p. 7). The sources of the data used in this study are the Indonesian novels Gadis Pantai (2003) and Jejak Langkah (2006) both were written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the English translations are the Girl from the Coast (2002) by Willem Samuels and Footsteps (1996) by Max Lane.

Data Collection 1. 2. 3. Identify the Indonesian cultural lexical items in the Indonesian novel then underline them. Identify the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items then underline them. Copy down the data in a list and put them side by side. Then write down the page and the line numbers of every data.

Data Analysis 1. Edit the data, the data that had been collected (3.3) are edited because they maybe some mistakes when the writer copy down the data from the SL into the TL. 2. Compare the data of the Indonesian and English version.

3. Classify the data, the data are classified into two main categories of equivalents and shifts. Equivalent is classified into three sub-categories; transference, cultural equivalent, and descriptive equivalent. And shift is classified into three sub-categories; class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 4. Present the data, the data are presented in tables, in line with the classification of the data. 5. Interpret the data, the data in the tables that are classified into equivalent and shifts, and also its sub-categories are discussed to see what the kind of equivalent and shift occurred.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Culture and Translation When a translator is faced with cultural terms and has to look for lexical equivalents between the source language and the target language, sometimes it becomes a difficult process. The fact that the target language is spoken by people of a culture which is often very different from the culture of the people who speak the source language, make it difficult to find the lexical equivalents. Concerned with language and translation, Newmark (1988) defined culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression (p. 94). It means culture is art, custom, and habit of a society and language is used as a mean of communication, but Newmark (1988) also clearly stated that he isnot regard language as a component or feature of culture (p. 95). It clearly can be concluded that Newmark does not include language is not a part of a culture. As James (2006, p. 3) aptly phrased it differences between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language culture. It means culture differences may cause a difficulty for the translators than differences in language culture and the culture influences in translation are important as well as lexical concern and to translate the culture is more difficult than the word itself, Larson (1984) argued when a source language text is from a culture very different from the culture in which the receptor language is spoken, it is often difficult to translate in such a way that the results will communicate the same message (p. 33). From the above quotation we can conclude that more different the culture, more difficult to communicate the message into the target language. Furthermore Basnett (1980) pointed out that the translator must tackle the SL text in such a way that the TL version will correspond to the SL version. to attempt to impose the value system of the SL culture onto the TL culture is dangerous ground (p. 23). It means it is important for a translator to consider not only the lexical items on the target language, but also how the cultural aspects be seen and make the translation acceptable by both source language and target language readers.

Definition of Terms Equivalent

It has sometimes been said that the purpose of translation is to produce the same effect on the translation readers as well as the original text readers and this purpose will be achieved when the equivalence occurs between an SL and a TL text. According to Hatim (2001), translation equivalent may be achieved at any or all of the following levels: 1. SL and TL words having similar orthographic or phonological features (formal equivalence 2. SL and TL words referring to the same thing in the real world (referential or denotative equivalence); 3. SL and TL words triggering the same or similar associations in the minds of speakers of the two languages (connotative equivalence); 4. SL and TL words being used in the same or similar contexts in their respective languages (text normative equivalence); 5. SL and TL words having the same effect on their respective readers (pragmatic or dynamic equivalence). (p. 28)

Shift Newmark (1988) defined shift or transference as a translation procedure involving the change in grammar from SL to TL (p. 85). It means shift is a translation strategy that involves a grammatical change from SL to TL. It can be concluded that shifts occurs when TL category of unit, structure, element of structure, etc. formally correspond as nearly as possible the same place of the SL category. Cultural Words Adapting to Nida, Newmark divided cultural words into several categories. It may be classified as ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture (work and leisure), organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and gestures and habits. These categories may be translated in different ways according to their role in the text and their aims for the target text readers.

Ecology Geographical features can be differentiated from other cultural terms which usually value-free whether in politic or commerce. Nevertheless, their usage depends on the importance of their country and their degree of specificity. As Newmark (1988) stated geographical features can be normally distinguished from other cultural terms in that they are usually value-free, politically and commercially. Nevertheless, their diffusion depends on the importance of their country of origin as well as their degree of specificity (p. 96). Many countries have local words, and these words would be translated based on their importance in the source language.

Material Culture Food is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture for many countries because food has the widest variety in translation procedures. Newmark (1988) stated that food is for many the most

sensitive and important expression of national culture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of translation procedures (p. 97). It means material culture especially food need to be translated

appropriately because it is an expression of a national culture. Someone can recommend for words with recognized equivalents and transference, plus a neutral term for the readers in general.

Social Culture The translators should know the denotative and connotative meaning of every country, in order to produce an acceptable translation. Newmark (1988) stated that in considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and connotation problems of translation (p. 98). Connotative meaning in each country is different, a word may have a positive connotative meaning in one culture but not in another. Thats why the translator should pay attention and be careful in translating it. Furthermore, Larson (1984) explained that connotative meaning is often culturally conditioned. A word which has a positive connotation in one culture may actually have a negative connotation in another (p. 131).

Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts Concerning the translation of social organization terms, the translators should decide that the term is recognized and understood by the readers. And the translators should pay attention on the setting too. In translating social organization, first a translator should build a recognized translation and secondly the translation should be understood by the readers and take an appropriate setting. The translation process of cultural organization is also divided into two categories; there are formal and informal informative (colloquial) texts. In formal informative text, the translators should translate the cultural organization terms, Newmark (1988) stated that formal informative text, the name should be transferred, and a functional, culture-free equivalent given (p. 100). On the contrary, if the text is informal informative text, it is not necessary for the translators to translate the cultural organization. Newmark (1988) explained that If the informative text is informal or colloquial it may not be necessary to transfer the organizations name (p. 100).

Gestures and Habits Gestures and habits are symbolic actions of a country, it has meaning and function. It is important for the translators to translate it appropriately because if these actions simply translated literally, it may make wrong meaning. Larson (1984) stated In every culture, there will be certain actions which will be symbolic (p. 138). Gestures and habits in the form of an action sometimes have different function in the receptor language, thats why it is sometimes difficult to translate gestures and habits. Newmark (1988) also added that for gestures and habits there is a distinction between description and function which made where necessary in ambiguous case (p. 102).

Translation Strategies Language and culture may be seen as being closely related and both aspects must be considered for translation. Newmark (1988) stated while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language (p. 81). It means translation procedures are more appropriate to translate lexical items. But in this case the writer will use the term strategies to analyze the data. Furthermore, considering translation of cultural lexical items, Newmark (1988) proposed some translation strategies as follows: Transference: loan word and transcription of different alphabets between SL and TL are involved in transferring process. Naturalization is a translation strategy which converts SL pronunciation into normal TL spelling. Cultural equivalent may be an appropriate way in translating the cultural lexical items. Functional equivalent used when the SL word emphasizes on its use or function. Descriptive equivalent may occur when a single word in SL text is translated into a description form in TL text. This research is used the above theory for identifying data that are going to be applied in the result of the study. Synonymy, this procedure is used for an SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality (which in principle are outside the grammar and less important than other components of sentence. It means synonymy is used only when there is no clear equivalent for the SL in the TL and the word is not important enough for the whole text. Through-Translation is the translation strategy used to translate common collocations and names of international organizations. Normally, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized terms. Newmark identified shift as transposition, which involve changes in SL grammar to TL.

Catford (1974) proposed two major types of shifts; there are level shifts and category shifts, they will be explained more detail in the following: Level shifts occur when an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. Furthermore, Hatim (2001) added level shifts occur when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc.) (p. 15). From the quotation above we can conclude that in level shifts the SL word at one linguistic level may be translated at a different level in the TL word, it might occur in grammatical, lexical, etc. Category shifts refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation: the first being approximately normal or free translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate (p. 75). It is clear stated that in category shifts is un-bounded and rank-bound translation, which might be a normal or free translation, depend on what rank is appropriate.

Based on Hatims definition (2001), it can also be concluded that category shifts may involve class, structure, system and unit shifts, which are quite similar with Catfords category shifts. Structure shifts is the most common shifts, it may occur in all ranks in translation. Structure shifts also occurs in grammatical structure. Class shifts occurs when the SL item is translated into different class in the TL, or when the TL belongs to a different grammatical class. Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL items belonging to a different grammatical class. Unit shift may occur when a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. It can be concluded that unit-shifts occurs when there is a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL, as a result a unit at one rank in the SL is translated into a unit at a different rank in the TL. Intra-system shift occurs within a system, when translation involves selection of a noncorresponding term in the TL systems which approximately correspond formally. As Catford (1974) stated that, intra-system shift occurs internally, within a system; that is for those cases where SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system (p. 80). After analyzing the above classifications of shift, the writer will use Catfords classification that is class-shifts, unit shifts, and intrasystem shifts. The classifications are going to be applied in the classification of the data and in the result of the study. Modulation is a translation strategy converting SL double negative to TL positive or vise versa, qualifying a verb, adjective or adverb. The strategy is available as an option for any clause, though it produces either a stronger or a weaker TL equivalent. While transposition involves changes in grammatical category, modulation involves in point of view. Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) defined modulation as un changement de point de vue (p. 55). Even though Newmark doubted about this strategy because it is unconvincing, but Vinays and Darbelnets gave stimulating translation examples to support their opinion. Newmark (1988) stated You will note that though I think Vinays and Darbelnets categorization of modulation unconvincing, their abundant translation examples are always stimulating (p. 89). Recognized Translation, a translator is supposed to use the accepted term in translating the of official institution terms. Newmark (1988) said you should normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term (p. 89). It also should be noted that it is not good if you make your own title for the official institutional terms and make its short explanation, Newmark (1988) added it is not good giving it your own title or even a brief explanation; nothing but the accepted term will do (p. 89). Translation Label, Newmark (1988) said this is a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation (p. 90). It means this strategy is used to translate a new institutional term,

and put it in inverted commas. This procedure may be taken because the new institutional term is not common for the SL readers. Compensation is a translation strategy which compensating for any semantic loss (metaphor, pun, sound effect) in one place at another place in the text. Newmark (1988) said this is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part or in contiguous sentence (p. 90). The importance of the translation process in communication leads Newmark to propose componential analysis, and he claimed it as the most appropriate strategy because it emphasizes on the message. However, componential analysis is not appropriate in translating cultural lexical items because it excludes the culture. Newmark (1988) described as being the most accurate translation procedure, which excludes the culture and highlights the message (p. 96). Reduction or Expansion, these are rather imprecise translation strategy, which translators practice intuitively in some cases. However, Newmark (1988) pointed that "for each there is at least one shift which you may like to bear in mind, particularly in poorly written texts (p. 90). Reduction may occur when SL unit is reduced into smaller unit in TL; on the contrary expansion may occur when SL unit is expanded into larger unit or more detailed in TL. Newmark (1988) gave examples of reduction and expansion in the following: 1. SL adjectives of substance plus general noun, TL noun: atteintes inflammatoires et infectieuses, inflammations and infections ; science linguistique (etc), linguistics. 2. For expansion, a not common shift, often neglected, is SL adjective, English TL adverb plus past participle, or present participle plus object: cheveux egaux, evenly cut hair; belebend, life-giving. (p. 90)

Paraphrase is a procedure when a translator translates a segment of a text with an explanation, and it is also shows that it is a poorly written text. Newmark (1988) said this is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. It is used in an anonymous text when it is poorly written, or has important implications and omissions. (p. 90). Thats why Newmark exclude it as a translation strategy, as Newmark (1988) stated that you will note my reluctance to list paraphrase as a translation procedure, since the word is often used to describe free translation. If it is used in the sense of the minimal recasting of an ambiguous or obscure sentence, in order to clarify it, I accept it (p. 91). Newmark (1988) quoted from Vinay and Darbelnet in the following about other translation strategies: 1. Equivalence, an unfortunately named term implying approximate equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different terms. 2. Adaptation, use of a recognized equivalent between two situations. This is a matter of cultural equivalence. (p. 91)

But Chuquet and Paillard excluded adaptation from translation strategy because it is beyond linguistic concerns to socialcultural and subjective ones. Furthermore, they also categorized equivalence as one of modulation types. Salkie (2001) quoted from Chuquet and Paillard that They go on to exclude adaptation as an identifiable procedure, since it goes beyond linguistic concerns to sociocultural and subjective ones; and the fifth procedure, equivalence, is rightly classed by them as a special type of modulation (p. 434). Couplets may occur when a translator combines some strategy to translate a single word, as Newmark (1988) suggested couplets, triplets, quadruplets combine two, three or four of the above mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They are particularly common for words, if transference is combined with a functional or a cultural equivalent (p. 91). Newmark (1988) also gave explanation about quadruplet as part of couplets that quadruplets are only used for metalingual words: thus, if you translate the sentence you might also: (a) transfer it; (b) explain it(c) produce a translation label; (d) give an example, with TL literal and functional translation (p. 91). Notes, Additions, Glosses. The last translation strategy is by giving additional information in translation. Newmark (1988) stated in the following that in additional information: A translator may have add to his version is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the original, readership. (p. 91) Newmark (1988) proposed some forms of additional information in the translation, as follows: 1. Within the text a) b) c) d) e) f) g) As an alternative to the translated word. As an adjectival clause. As a noun in apposition. As a participial group. In brackets, often for literal translation of a transferred word. In parentheses, the longest form of addition. Classifier.

2. Notes at bottom of page. 3. Notes at the end of chapter. 4. Notes or glossary at the end of the book. (p. 92) Round brackets should include material that is part of the translation. Use square bracket to make corrections of material or moral fact where appropriate within the text. Where possible, the additional information should be inserted within the text, since this does not interrupted the readers flow of attention translators tend to neglect this method too often. However, its disadvantage is that it blurs the distinction between the text ant the translators contribution, and it cannot be used for lengthy additions.

RESULT OF THE STUDY Introduction The data consists of equivalents and shifts and the result shows that the equivalents occur more than the shifts from total number of data that is 200. The equivalents occurred in this research is 140 data with the percentage 70%, and the shift is 60 data with the percentage 30%. In figure 1 we can see the chart of the main categories of translation strategies as follows:

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

30%

70%

1. Equivalent 2. Shifts

Figure 1. Chart of the main categories of the strategies in the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items

Equivalent This research classifies the equivalent by dividing it into three sub-categories, with the percentage of transference is 15% from 30 numbers of data, cultural equivalent is 45% from 90 numbers of data, and descriptive equivalent is 10% from 20 numbers of data. The percentage of the equivalents is calculated by using the following formula.

Number of Equivalent X 100% Number of Data

We can see the percentage of equivalent and its sub-categories as follows: No. 1. 2. 4. Sub-Categories of Equivalent Frequency Percentage Transference 30 15% Cultural Equivalent 90 45% Descriptive Equivalent 20 10% Figure 2. Table of sub-categories of equivalent in the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items

Transference Transference is used to give local color by transliterating the SL phonological form into the TL morphological form or by keeping the lexical item of the SL into the TL. There are 30 (15%) of Indonesian

cultural lexical items which are translated into English by using transference strategy. Here are some examples of transference, as follows: 1. ST : Kalian, calon-calon pemakan gaji Gubermen, calon-calon priyayi (JL/20/1-2) TT : All of you, candidate gobblers-up of government wages, candidate priyayi... (FS/26/7-8)

2. ST : Perkenalkan, Mas, namaku Partotenojo (JL/21/24) TT : Let me intoduce myself, Mas, my name is Partotenojo (FS/27/3-4)

3. ST : Denmas, Ibu tak mengerti mengapa Denmas pilih tempat ini (JL/73/12-13) TT : Denmas, Ibu doesnt understand why Denmas chose to live here (FS/59/3-4)

4. ST : Bunda, sahaya akan jadi dalang yang tidak salah itu... (JL/85/16-17) TT : Mother, I will become a true dalang. (FS/66/18)

5. ST : Mbok, mbok! terdengar suara dari luar rumah (GP/20/20) TT : Mbok, mbok! they heard someone call. (GP/13/30) The concepts of the ST lexical items do not exist in the TL (English), so the translator keeps the SL lexical items. The above examples show that there are no equivalents found or created in the TL to express the concept of the SL. Transference or in this case loan word may be used because there are no alternative strategies in translating the cultural lexical items of the SL into the TL. As we know, the Javanese and English cultures are quite different so one of the best ways of translating the Javanese cultural lexical items is by keeping the Javanese words into English. Keeping the SL lexical items is not a wrong choice, especially when the concepts of the SL are unknown in the TL. In (1), the word priyayi which means someone of upper class or respected person is not translated into English. It might be occurred because there is no fix word can replace the word priyayi in English. In (2), the word mas in this context is a term of address used among Javanese male friends to each other. On the contrary, there is no special term used to address male friends in English. As a result, English keeps the term mas. In (3), the term Denmas in this context is used by a mother to call her son. It is similar to mas, where there is no equivalence similar to this concept, so this word does not translated into English. In (4), dalang which means narrator or puppeteer at wayang performance is not translated into English because there is any concept similar to dalang in English. In (5), the term mbok in this context is a term of address for woman of lower and middle class who supervised the household chores. However, in English there is any equivalence have the same meaning and concept with the word mbok, so the best answer of translating it is by transference.

Cultural Equivalent Cultural Equivalent is a strategy which is usually used to translate the concepts which are unknown in the TL. Thats why the lexical items of the SL are translated by using the words which are not exactly the same but culturally acceptable in the receptor language. There are 90 (45%) lexical items

which used cultural equivalent to translate Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, some examples found in the data are as follows: 6. ST : Dinikahkan dengan sebilah keris. (GP/12/9-10) TT : She had been married with a dagger representing her husband to-be (tGftC/ 4/16-17)

7. ST : Berhentilah membatik bila canting jatuh, pelayan tua dulu sering memperingatkan. (GP/130/67) TT : If you drop your writer when making batik, her former servant had once told her, You must stop work immediately. (tGftC/127/10-11) 8. ST : Mereka membutuhkan usikan pemuda sebangsa, sebagaimana mereka membutuhkan sambal dan lalap. (JL/70/7-9) TT : They needed the attention of the young native men, like they needed chili and salad. (FS/5657/41-2) 9. ST : Mereka membutuhkan usikan pemuda sebangsa, sebagaimana mereka membutuhkan sambal dan lalap. (JL/70/7-9) TT : They needed the attention of the young native men, like they needed chili and salad. (FS/5657/41-2) 10. ST : beduk magrib mulai bertalu di masjid raya (GP/25/6) TT : the drum in the citys central mosque began to sound (tGftC/18/12-13) A real word referent from the receptor culture is substituted for the unknown referent of the source culture. The words used in TL are not quite similar in concepts and meanings in the SL but it can be accepted in the TL culture. In (6), the substitution of dagger for keris works well, even though they are very different in function and form but keris is translated into a more general term, dagger. In (7), it can be seen that the word canting is simply translated into writer, as canting means a small copper vessel with a spouted nib for applying melted wax to fabric being batiked. Even tough they are different in form and concept, but the term writer culturally can be accepted in English. In (8) the SL (Indonesian) sambal is hot spicy sauce or paste which is made from ground red chili peppers, salt, etc, and served along with lalap. In English, the equivalent which has similarity with sambal is chili, even though they are different in content but they are similar in taste, very hot taste. In addition, lalap is raw vegetables which is eaten as side dish, and usually eaten with sambal. On the contrary, salad is a mixture of raw vegetables served cold and used special sauce. In English culture, chili and salad are eaten separately. In (10), the word beduk is translated into drum in English. Even though they are very different in function, where beduk is used in a mosque to summon to prayer and drum is a musical instrument, but still it can be accepted in English.

Descriptive Equivalent

Descriptive equivalent or translation by modifying form may occur when a single word in SL text is translated into a description of form in the TL text. There are 20 (10%) of Indonesian cultural lexical items are translated by using descriptive equivalent in translating Indonesian cultural lexical items into English. The writer takes some examples related to descriptive equivalent as follows: 11. ST : Tubuhnya dibalut kain dan kebaya yang tak pernah diimpikannya bakal punya. (GP/12/4-5) TT : her body was wrapped in length of batik cloth and her torso cloaked in finely embroidered kebaya she had never dreamed of owning (tGftC/4/11-13) 12. ST : Tubuhnya dibalut kain dan kebaya yang tak pernah diimpikannya bakal punya. (GP/12/4-5) TT : her body was wrapped in length of batik cloth and her torso cloaked in finely embroidered kebaya she had never dreamed of owning (tGftC/4/11-13) 13. ST : matanya bertebar kemana-mana, akhirnya berhenti pada gapura yang hendak dilaluinya. (GP/15/19-20) TT : His eyes scanned the surroundings until coming to rest on a large gateway through which they had to pass. (tGftC/8/11-13) 14. ST : di gedung utama, membubung lantai setinggi pinggang, kemudian sebuah pendopo dengan tiga baris tiang putih. (GP/16/23-25) TT : Beside it was the open-air receiving pavilion, a traditional pendopo-style structure, the roof of which was supported by three parallel rows of columns. (tGftC/ 9/18-20) 15. ST : Kan di sini tidak ada gadis cemekel (GP/73/13-14) TT : ... There is no pretty young suitable girl here (tGftC/59/4-5) In (11), a single lexical item in Indonesian kain is described as length of batik cloth and kebaya is described as finely embroidered kebaya. Larson identified this strategy as loan word which is modified with a description of form. English borrowed batik and then it is modified with the description of kain length of cloth. Borrowed word also occurs in kebaya where it is modified with its description finely embroidered. In (13), gapura which has a function as an entrance is translated by describing its form, a large gateway. The same strategy is also used in examples (14) and (15), the words pendopo and cemekel; where pendopo is described as the open-air receiving pavilion, a traditional pendopo-style structure, and cemekel is described as pretty young suitable.

Shifts This research classifies shifts into three sub-categories; class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. From 200 lexical items, class shifts occur 6% from 12 numbers of data, unit shifts occur 17% from 34 numbers of data, and intra-system shifts occur 7% from 14 numbers of data. calculated by using the following formula: Then the shifts are

Number of Shifts X 100% Number of Data

We can see the percentage of shift and its sub-categories in the following chart: Sub-Categories of Shifts Frequency Percentage Class Shift 12 6% Unit Shift 34 17% Intra-System Shift 14 7% Figure 3 Table of sub-categories of shift in the English Translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items Class Shifts Class shifts occur when the items of SL text is translated into different grammatical class in TL text. In translating Indonesian cultural lexical items into English, class shifts occur in 12 (6%) lexical items. The following examples are class shifts found in the data. 16. ST : Mana kalian, gadis Priangan, yang dimashurkan luwes (JL/7/17-18) TT : Where are you all, maids of Priangan, famed for your grace (FS/19/1) No. 1 2 3

17. ST : Perempuan nak, kalau sudah kawin jeleknya laki jeleknya kita. (JL/14/15-16) TT : When a woman marries bad, life is going to be all the worse for her (FS/7/5-6)

18. ST : Anakmu nantijuga bakal diajar seperti itu, Gadis pantai kecut (JL/21/2-4) TT : And when you have children, theyll get the same kind of education. The girl paled (FS/14/15-17) 19. ST : Aku kenal seorang wanita tua. Dulu dia layani aku di gedung sejak aku tinggal di sana. Tapi dia diusir karena tuduh agus-agus colong duitku. (JL/157/17-19) TT : There was on older woman at the house when I first came and she looked out for me, but then she was sent away for accusing the Bendoros nephew of stealing my money. (FS/156/21-24) 20. ST : Mereka digaji buat jaga emas priyayi, saudagar-saudagar Tionghoa, Belanda, dan haji-haji. Goblok! Bodoh... (JL/194/19-21) TT : Theyre paid to protect the gold of the nobility, the Chinese shopkeepers, the Dutch and the rich hajji. Idiots, fools, all of you (FS/198-199/31-2) From the above examples, it can be seen that the Indonesians words are translated into different grammatical structure in English. In example (16), the translation of the Indonesian adjective luwes is the English noun grace. Since luwes is an adjective and the translation is grace in English, its clear that the shift entails a class-shift. The word laki in (17) which has a meaning as husband and belongs to a noun in Indonesian is translated into bad which belongs to an adjective in English. Class shifts also occurs in (18), kecut is an adjective in Indonesian but it is translated into English verb paled. In (19), colong is a verb in Indonesian but it is translated into stealing which belongs to a noun in English. Suffix ing indicates stealing as a noun and it is also an object after preposition, it could be concluded that it must be a noun. In example (20), the word goblok is an adjective in Indonesian but it is translated into a noun, idiots, in English.

Unit Shifts Unit shift occurs when a unit at one rank in the SL is translated into a different rank in the TL. It also occurs when a word is translated into a clause, a phrase into a clause, etc. Unit shifts mostly occurred in translating Indonesian cultural lexical items, there are 34 (17%) lexical items used this shift. Here are some examples of unit shift taken from the data, as follows: 21. ST : Tidak lagi di gubuk. (GP/12/30) TT : ...not in a ramshackle hut like ours. (tGftC/5/11)

22. ST : matanya bertebar kemana-mana, akhirnya berhenti pada gapura yang hendak dilaluinya. (GP/15/19-20) TT : His eyes scanned the surroundings until coming to rest on a large gateway through which they had to pass. (tGftC/8/11-13) 23. ST : Gadis Pantai mengambil selembar selendang. Digendongnya anaknya. (GP/262/20-21) TT : She then took a broad sash, fashioned it into a sling, and put her daughter inside. (tGftC/265/19-20) 24. ST : Suaranya yang lemah-lembut menderu menyambar lebih ampuh dari mantra semua dukun, suara dari seorang ibu yang mencinta. (JL/75/20-23) TT : Her gentle voice thundered down upon me, more powerful than the magic spells of all the dukun of Java. It was the voice of a loving mother. (FS/60/19-21) 25. ST : Bunda juga memerintahkan semua wiyaga datang untuk menabuh gamelan malam sekalipun bukan hari Senin. (JL/140/29) TT : And she summoned all the gamelan players to play that night, even though it wasnt Monday. (FS/99/39-40) In examples (21), (22), and (23), the word gubuk, gapura and selendang are translated into a ramshackle hut, a large gateway and a broad sash in English. Indefinite article a indicates the

translation of gubuk, gapura, and selendang into English as phrases, which have higher rank than a word. Even though gubuk can only be translated into a hut but in English it is modified with an adjective ramshackle, it may be done in order to give more impression to the target readers. In (22), gapura which means an entrance is translated into a large gateway. It may occur because there is no exact word can substitute gapura in English, thats why it is translated by modifying it with an adjective large to give a description about gapura. In (23), selendang is also modified with an adjective broad to describe its form. In (24) and (25), the Indonesian word mantra is translated into the magic spells and the word wiyaga is translated into the gamelan players in English. We could say that the translation of the Indonesian noun into English containing definite article the which indicates it as a noun phrase. Furthermore, in Indonesian there is no translation of the English definite article. It can be seen that the translation in the examples (24) and (25) can be established only at a higher rank, it implies that unit shifts occurs in the examples.

Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shift occurs within a system when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL systems which approximately correspond formally. In translating Indonesian cultural lexical items, intra-system shifts occurred in 14 (7%) lexical items. The following examples are intra-system shifts found in the data. 26. ST : Masyaallah, serunya. Godohmu tidak ditindik? (JL/142/26) TT : Allah on high!! she cried, Your ears havent been pierced? (FS/101/5)

27. ST : Sayup-sayup terdengar bunyi selop kulit berat terseret. (GP/21/20-21) TT : ...they caught the muffled sound of leather slippers moving... (tGftC/14-15/32-1)

28. ST : Ah, sulitnya setiap baki dan cawan punya sendoknya sendiri. (GP/45/21-22) TT : Such a fuss it was, the girl thought, for each of the trays and bowls to have their own serving utensil. (tGftC/40/3-4) 29. ST : Tapi dada Bendoro itu pun dirasainya berdetakan seperti ada mercun tahun baru Cina. (GP/32/26-27) TT : but with her head close to the Bendoros chest, she could also hear the beating of his heart, its pounding reminding her the distant explosion of firecrackers on Chinese New years. (tGftC/26-27/30-1-2) 30. ST : Obor dan lampu pun kian banyak dalam kegelapan. (GP/164/9) TT : Torches and lanterns multiplied in the dark.... (tGftC/164/20) Intra-system shift occurs within a system, when the translation involves a non-corresponding system. From the above examples, it may be said that Indonesian and English posses non-corresponding system of number, where both languages have its own singular and plural systems. Furthermore, the systems of number are differently distributed in the two languages. In translation, it quite frequently happens that the translation of Indonesian singular is English plural and vice-versa. In (26) and (27), godoh and selop which singular in Indonesian are translated into plural forms in English. It might occur because godoh which means ear always forms a pair with the other ear and selop also in pair with the other one, thats why it is translated into plural forms in English. . In (28) and (29), cawan and mercun are translated into bowls and firecrackers in English. Class shift may occur because their positions (bowls and firecrackers) are nouns after preposition, so in English they must be in plural forms. In (30), the word obor is translated into torches, it happens because obor is preceded by a partitive banyak which indicates plural in Indonesian. That is why, it is translated into torches because plural form in English is generally regarded as morphologically marked (-s/-es).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion

This research is conducted based on several problems; 1) Are there any equivalence in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? 2) Are there any shifts in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? 3) What are the strategies used in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical items into English? The data is classified into two main categories; equivalent and shift, with the percentage of equivalent is much bigger than shift. The main category of equivalent consists of 140 data or 70% and the main category of shift consists of 60 data or 30%. The main category of equivalents consists of three subcategories. The sub-category of cultural equivalents is the largest consisting of 90 data or 45%, followed by the sub-category of transference consisting of 30 data or 15%, and the least is the sub-category of descriptive equivalents consisting of 20 data or 10%. The main category of shifts consists of three subcategories. The largest is the sub-category of unit shifts consisting of 34 data or 17%, followed by the sub-category of intra-system shifts consisting of 14 data or 7%, and the least is the sub-category of class shifts consisting of 12 data or 6%.

Suggestion The strategies in the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items needs further research, as this research does not find enough data to make a reliable generalization. Since this research needs further research on the English translation of the Indonesian cultural lexical items, the writer would like to suggest other writers to make a research of the related topic with the above categories, in order to cover the weaknesses of this research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Basnett, S., & McGuire (1980). Translation Studies. London: Methuen. Hatim, B. (2001). Teaching and Researching Translation. England: Pearson. Holloway, Immy (1997). Basic Concepts for Qualitative Research. Blackwell: Germany. Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation. Lanham: University Press of America. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Newyork: Prentice Hall. Salkie, R. (2001). Translation and Meaning. University of Brighton: United Kingdom Translation Journal. (2006, 25 February). Cultural Implication for Translation. [Online]. Available: http//accurapid.com/journal/22delight.htm. [2006, 30 April]. Vinay, J. P. & J. Darbelnet. (1958). Stylistique Comparee du Francais et de langlaiss. Paris : Didier. Wilkinson, David. (2000). The Researchers Toolkit. London: Routledge Falmer.