June 19, 2012 society in the Middle ages: a subsistence economy (live to survive, grow or trade for what

at you need; just enough to get by) very localized communities, decentralization primarily rural increasing decline of the Roman Empire and the barbarians who increasingly attack the Roman Empire, so in the 5th century Rome is sacked and then led to the middle ages barbarians - because the men had barbs on their face, has a beard in other words the Vandals were a group in particular who were infamous, because just wanted to destroy and ended up destroying the Empire Unkulos, was a relative of a caesar, Reish Lakish another ger and was gladiator before In 330 C.E. Constantine decides to change the official religion with its capital in Constantinople and becomes Byzantine, the western empire falls shortly practiced Eastern orthodox - was really Greek orthodox which spread to Russia where Russian was the language so Russian orthodoxy developed and only difference is language emperor was the head of the church fall of western roman empire had no leader of state so no leader of roman catholicism, so the bishop of rome became a more important figure and ultimately became the pope diff between the two: priests in roman catholic church cant marry; nuns are in roman catholic church; have an alter- substantiation and communion; performed before a congregation yeshka was a single son; mary never died eastern church: priests can marry not really a concep t of celibacy; adopt that the priest is like a cohen gadol so the congregation doesnt see what the priest does because done behind the screen with pictures of their saints; yeshak had brothers armeaneans are very similar to jews no seperation between church and state and ethnicity,etc cant be an armenean and have another religion or cant be a member of the armeanean church without being armeanean

 in 632 CE Muhammad dies and his successors leaves arabia, when he did live there was a large Jewish community, took on a lot from judaism - much more closely related with Islam spreading, the Byzantine Empire stays around at the end of the Byzantine Rule the Ottoman Turks took over ruled until WWI during the middle ages have the system below manorial system - manor have three feild system to allow for fertile soil because one is lying fallow serdom have commons medaows - grazing land before winter kill the majority of the animals and salt the meat this meat is mostly for the lord because serfs cant afford it lord owns everything, so whatever services you get you pay the lord - to hunt, to fish, get enough to eat but everything thats surplus goes to the lord, and the serfs are taxed with what was grown, have to pay a tithe, taxes for improvements for the manor lords role was to provide a safety net for the serfs- stocks the food, obligation of the lord in bad times to feed the serfs, marriage is regulated on the manor, you have to turn to the Lord who determines when and if you marry - depends upon age need to keep the population steady, want to prevent over population faith is important for everyone, feudalism lords who command the troops and vassals vassal swears alligence to the lord and will fight and defend his lord really the serfs not simply the serfs because you have manors of different size (can have one or many) the larger the manor, the larger amount of land, the more serfs meaning the more vassals so have a larger selection and more of possibility of a more powerful army the weaker lords will turn to the stronger ones and will say we want you as our overlord for military purposes at some point can go beyond the simple system of a manor when you have greater security now you can allow cities to develop provided that their is security over a larger area two types of people that live in the towns: merchants who bring goods in and out craftsman - produce a specific product organize themselves in guilds

apprentice to the masters (teachers) journey man is certified to produce but under the masters and goal is to be a master guilds determine how much it will cost, how much will be produced, etc. people who live in these towns are burgers or bourgeois walled towns/cities people who live in the town pay taxes and whatever is required to the lord communal oven another option is to join the church will get food, education, etc have an idea of common law wife, who they would have children with considered bastards priests in charge of a congregation responsibilities: lead mass, practice the baptism, give out communion (wine is blood, wafer is body - transubstantiation), help the people read etc indulgences - worst the sin the higher the payment lead to building of cathedrils and palaces for the higher rankings monks transcribe documents, music, the educated intellectual ones to have a cathedral you need a bishop lot of saints, a person who is a holy person who is believed to have performed miracles, specific people tied with these specific needs so you pray to them to get you help often if you're cured you would give a donation in the name of the saint to the church church treasury between the offerings, tithes, and indulgences became a wealthy institution during this time the arabs were in a golden era university originally was to teach theology, for those who want to become priests, mostly traditions then judge and lawyers - law at that time was canon law so had to learn the theology doctors train administrators and accountants in government tassels have to do with the hierarchy of the church church has the concept of scholasticism ways the church tells the people how to relate to the world and the way to think certain abstract priciples which were handed down to the church by the divine, innner reality and the church works in deductive reasoning (modern day we use inductive reasoning we build up) says that your senses can deceive you, seeing isnt believing, there is no true reality it can be a distortion

 church taught to be wary of the jews they deceive you sensual world can lead you astray - inner essence is what is important papal infallibility - pope cant be wrong the cardinal college elects the pope but really the guiding spirit to choose the pope is god as universities develop, heresies show up groups who emerge to challenge the church crusades against the heretics pope controls numerous lands and armies, overlord successful in containing the heresies until Luther June 21 pope is king over vatican, over Papal states, interest in political intrigue, has an army, etc the secular and religious duties may come into conflict principle of investiture - situation in which the pope delegates from his power onto an individual giving him an appointment pope appoints all higher ranking officials and because each one come from different countries can have conflicts between originally lord/king and pope these officials now have duty towards the pope Charlemagne in 800 was the first major ruler in the middle ages able to create a large kingdom which he calls the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) largest kingdome since the Ancient Roman Empire calls it holy because ancient rome was pagan and hes catholic ruled over france germany and north of Italy after he died it fell apart decides he wants the pope to crown him - if the pope crowns him then its saying that divine is blessing him it puts the pope in the position to coerce the king - can ask for money before the coronation, could make him subordinate, etc this starts creating greater and greater tension between rulers and pope by the 10th century hugh amt of corruption; popes position was being bought by 13 century pope is at peak of his power can enforce church decisions by using the army and then will get other kings armies to support him the arabs captured many areas of the byzatine empire and the emperor felt that they needed help to not lose more territory to the muslims thought if he told the catholics that the muslims are desicrating holy spots byzantine emperor was head of their church agreed to do this starting the crusades, felt that if they were kicking out non believers in other areas should do that in Europe

 called gzerot Shoom - shpiro, worms, and mainz (all jews were massacred) an illusions to it in haggadat pesach shfoch magalot goyim and the tfillah we say in Yom Kippur, and in the kinos when the crusaders do come and take over the christains they massacre all jews and muslims who were united against them first stops for the crusaders will be constantinople the empire doesnt realize that by the fact constantinople are greek orthodox and therefore theyre heretics so the crusaders massacre the inhabitants of constantinople and pillage the city until this day there is a schisms between the orthodox and the catholics pope says there can be no taxation on church property or clergy without the permission of hte pope war ends up happening between france and england borders arent set english and french royal families marry into one another the french royal family ends up dying out the closest relatives ended up being english so the english begin to claim territory in france a queen of france then married an english king who owned land and wanted to take that land with her brittany is an area of france that used to be englished the french one of hte papal states was in southern france adn the capitol was avignon adn the pope is convinced by the french king to move from rome to avignon papal state is totally surrounded by france and to move in and out he has to go through france ultimately the french king sees that the popes will all be french the popes end up staying there from 1309-1378 for 69 years the popes arent living in the city they should be (Babylonian CAptivity) this galus makes them feel degraded when the official church gets back to rome (pressures were exerted and it was agreed upon that the pope should go back to rome) its time to pick another pope problems with the elections because everyone wants to have someone they can work and manipulate in all sorts of ways and form 1378-1415 (almost forty years) is known as the great schism there are election and two-three popes are ruling at the same time

 when someone is converted to catholicism even if its forced, there is no going back and if you go back to your old one then you become a heretic not just a non believer lead to moranos(church calls them that) (anusim in hebs) inquisition was a body of the catholics, and was meant for catholic heretics but then moved onto the jews a lot of these conversos would have one son to be a priest to cover them up interesting tradition we know about wanted to maintain pidyon haben and they would do it with a converso priest one of the popes in the great schism is speculated to have been a converso emergence of heresies Abagancians denied that j was god, didnt like the pictures on the cross, believe in the bible, read it in hebrew, were crusaded against and it took 20 years to eliminate them 1209-1229 in 15th century the hussites emerge in the czech republic and called that because their founder and leader was jan hus, focused on the old testament in hebs leads them to kashrus and shchita church adopted the terms of a flock of sheep because j was known as a lamb because he was sacrificed for all their sins the hussites dont want to use that terminology and refer to themselves as a gaggle of geese in the 15th centure john wycliff lived in oxford in England and at the end of 1380 he translated into english church didnt like this because layman can now read the bible felt that there doesnt need to be an intermidiary between a person and j thomas kempis said htat s long as an individual that finds solitude in his soul he can communicate with the one above wihtout language church sets up the inquisition to get rid of these people and is already fairly active in the 13th century when the heretics were doing what they were doing then they were called a judiazing sect so then the jews became a focus of the inquisition by the 13th century the inqisition changes the rules - wasnt oging to be involved in internal affairs of the jews but their presence leads to others heresey so there is a public burning in paris 1242 felt entitled to burn the talmud because claim that its blasphemous because of idea of mamzer of j bubonic plague parents left sick kids, left for the nuns and the friars were left to take care of them, people werent getting christain burials, etc

 the disease spread throughout europe and killed 25 million people in five years killed of the population of europe puzzling to the people because didnt know it was transmited by fleas, and during winter the fleas go into dormancy so suddenly come winter it seems that its gone but then spring comes and the fleas start up again and it resumes continued for centuries but not as terrible as the first five years felt it was a punishment from above, either people would constantly repent or others would just enjoy life and not obide by their morals growing suspicion of anyone who is foreign because know that it came from merchants coming to europe theory that the jews poisin the wells because they want revenge because they were persecuted jews are arrested in germany and torture them until confession that they started it in 1348 geneva communities determine that all jews from the ages of 7 and up must be destroyed but under that age they will be spared over 300 jewish communities were destroyed by their neighbors all over europe the pope came out and condemmed what was happening this disease is affecting everyone everywhere so the jews arent responsible for this but hte locals were looking to scapegoat someone bc it was intolerable jews cant work, jews are still within europe and work as merchants at (stage one) from the times of charlemagne who wanted to trade with the arabs and sent three people off to the arab empire indep: one being the jew isaac suppose to make contact with the caliph in baghdad of the three only one comes back who brings many gifts back and hte jew issac only survives because jews were in baghdad - when relations are established the catholics kick out the jews from this business, jews only do the tasks that other dont want to or dont know how to during the middle ages jews become the money lenders, they set up pawn shops, ppl would bring objects of wealth and would get money with the worth of the item and would have to give it back when they were ready to pay it back, but if htey dont in time the jews could sell it June 26, 2012 kahal is self containing unit, takes care of the mikvah, cemetery, then shul have to ameliorate the lord to ensure safety, but always feared getting kicked out and never knew when that would be would be a chief rabbi who would be elected by the electors who were prominent men and a shamash

 the beit din took care of all legal matters; halachic issues (weights, ritual law, disturbing the peace, and even the issue of where you sat in shul) electors had titles of either moreinu or chaver to get married you need to put in a request to the kehila, and those who arent contributing intellectually or financially they will have a diff time getting married all the land and the buildings belong to the church or lord, jews cant own property or land, kehilla is entitled to use the home, meaning the place you live is given to you but the kehilla really is responsible for it cherem is possible but unlikely, if you are put into cherem you will not survive unless you find another kehilla to accept you blood libels (1141) , matza is made from gentile babies blood, jews would be accused of this during pesach usually when a gentile baby is sick or the christains owuld bury a dead child in jewish area around this time would do it around easter time and say that jews wanted to recreate crucification of j so they would steal a baby and torture the baby and kill hte baby use hte blood for matzah church wants to keep pontius pilot a good person so made it that the jews want j to be crucified in 1215 the desecration of the host, jews would make holes in the host rejecting the body of j working for the devil and they are evil Jewish badge - church decides that jews are so dangerous to the unsuspecting catholic so they must now wehre distinguishing clothing so catholics knows who jews are and stay away from them church needs to find some justification so the church immediately seizes upon a pasuck fom the torah: the passuk that describes tzitzis so they have to where a yellow circle on their clothing and jewish men wear pointy hats jews were represented as witches in fairy tales because of the pointy hat, big hook noses, potions, always evil etc hansel and gretel who want to be eaten by witches (jews who want to eat the children) renaissance: means rebirth humanism: significance of hte individual and his ability to shape and control his world sculptures were used for church for saints etc and paintings also artists werent artist rather they were artisans in middle ages perspective is unimportant (visual perception) face is important not body because not for arts sake rediscovery of roman sculpture who were had very accurate and well done naked sculptures and the perfection of the human body

emergence of patrons who are wealthy individuals primarily merchants renassaince began in italian city states because there is an expansion of trade people cant indivudally commune with the divine, but there were people who were geniuses so why in religion can that person be unable to create that direct relationship 15th century kabbalah becomes important it's a way to connect with a higher power and help control their future, by understanding some of the mystical secrets helping guarantee future success catholics begin to study kabbalah from jews, and a revival of interest in hebs development of the sciences and growth of knowledge move towards exploration of other parts of the world ottoman turks destroy the byzantine empire part of the huge success of the italian city states is because of hte byzantine empire, but now the ottomans want to estab a supremacy of the med sea italian city states will realize that they cant use the med sea the way they did in the past, now its the ottoman sea so if they want to continue trading with the far east will have to find alternative routes initially the countries who will emerge will be the ones that face onto diff bodies of water - portugal, spain, etc portugal king Henry the Navigator begins to support routes that go around africa long proccess and the cape of good hope isnt always open because of storms columbus sails to the new world in 1492 columbus initally asks the spanish to fund his voyage, but the spainards says the treasury is empty after fighting the muslims when he tries again after the expulsion of the jews in spain so now they have the money to fund his trip his voyage is extrememly risky need to know how long it would take and need to have an idea because of food and water supply lands on what is known as the island of hispanola which is owned by the dominican republic and haiti when he returns he brings back gifts things that will excite the europeans to try to get them to finance future expeditions findings: corn (maize), potatoes corn is very hearty and resistant to diseases and problems of drought - good to feed animals and now dont have to slaughter them before the winter cuz could feed them potatoes will be grown in any type of soil and become a staple of the european diet

 when they decided to colonize the west they decided that it was a similar climate to asia so wanted to grow different things they would get from asia cotton, sugar (can make rum now),, etc not as much of population control because new colonies, have more fertilizer, have more animals, so pop grows and different attitude emerging towards trade and a new economic system develops: mercantilism the general position is that every country should increase their exports and limiting their imports (specif mother countries) by doing so the hope is that the country will be able to collect and reign in precious metals and in this new economic system money is regarded as wealth versus land land will decrease in value foreign trade is stressed over domestic trade raw materials are brought in from the colonies and finished goods are exported to the colonies mother country to colony will be an exclusive relationship July 2 first ghetto was in Venice in the late 16th century ghetto means iron factory, it was transformed into a jewish area jews lived there because it was a central location to travel to be merchants space was extremely valuable so if you need to utilize every single space in a building, so no more hallways had to go through other peoples apt to another one buildings are constantly added to space between buildings is extremely narrow jews were pawnbrokers in italy, money lending is meant by that poorer non jews bringing things of value to the jewish pawn broker who gives them some money and the item being collateral division between the italani and the jews that come from beyond the mountains (ultra montani) (from north africa) the community ends up with special people: sforno, hebrew printing press 1518, conditions are wonderful for jews until the protestatn reformation/catholic counter reformation the papal states decide that all the jews will be forced out of the areas they live in they move to one of two ghettos in rome and ancona (1555) conditions worsten when the jews were forced into the ghettos especially the roman ghetto set hours when ghettos were open and closed, sewage problems, congestion, etc roman ghetto lasts longest deal with the old clothes trade, peddlers, alot of the occupations they could work in are no longer able to do so

 community is impoverished jews forced to listen to the sermens were meant to listen to sermons in a church on shabbat which were meant to convert them jews found a way to make it easier (from ages on 12 and on had to go) so the jews start making ear plugs out of wax and stuff their ears so would sit there and would just sit on the church there was hebrew inscribed with a pasuk the catholics use to prove j was the messiah was a special instituion the house of catacumens which is the house of the converts, a half way house, the jews that had enough who decided to convert would go there, jewish community had to pay the bill for that house florence, sienna, verona, and different city states decide to ghetto-ize their jews protestant reformation holland becomes calvanist after fighting with the spanish in 1615 it was being debated whether jews should be let in (reside in a community) restricted to contact with christains, no public office, selected jews in because they can be useful economically also be obliged to listen to sermons come from spain/portugal and return to the jewish faith with prayers with low profile by 1657 holland recognizes jews as citizens, but cant hold any sort of public office, no entry into guilds, etc apologetics apologize for your cause, jewish written works that were written for gentiles to explain jewish cutoms and show that they are of the highest moral and ethical standard and important humanistic works hebrew customs - jews were referred to as ivrim, defense on oral she beal pe in 1638 in venice which marks a departure from apologetics and takes a diff perspective of the jews and to show that wherever jews are invited to reside the surrounding society experiences economic success whereas the societies that expells jews their economic power declines and is written by simone luzzato (Ramchals family member) livorno - the ruler was taken by luzzatos work and decided to invite the jews to settle in his city state, and made it clear in the livornino (document) assuring the jews there will be no ghetto or restrictions Roger Williams

started providence (RI), and said that the govt wrote about that relig is a personal decision and should not be apart of the govt all people should have freedom of religion and advocates relig freedom for jews, pagans, muslims with that attitude he was told to leave england and create a colony because it boards on criminal if you were living in Massachussettes bay colony and werent puritan would tell you to get out usually colonies were religion based maryland was for catholics in 1689 John Locke almost word for word says what williams says and argues that relig affiliation should have no bearing upon civil rights insists that jews should have full freedom of worship and synagogues 1655 period of intense messianic longings, general feeling throughout europe that the people are living in messianic times (xtians) jews are also affected (shabtai tzvi) Shabtai Tzvi ended up converting to islam (threatened to be killed or convert) so had followers who really believed in him and converted but still kept jewish traditions very secretive and want to be viewed as turkish muslims called donmeh louis brandeis was one with the messianic ages they wanted the jews to go back to israel and the way to do it is by gathering them, josiah child helped allow the jews to come into engladn and was the president the east india company and invovled in the colonizing the new world jews are important because they have capital and excellent source of businness also jews will always be loyal because jews had so few places to Josaiah child sees the success of the dutch so wants the same and brings in jews endenization - from endemic (intergral part of something) making people who come in from another country and making them fit in (we use naturalize) jews still not civilly involved, but are worthwhile so hes a strong advocate of jews and argues against those who dont want jews in england money will stay jews so the anti-semites would say they might get enough of what they want so they will leave Edict of Nantes is canceld in 1685 by Louis XIV so huguenots had to leave france ; did this because he wants to have as much power as possible and because they werent apart of catholic church he didnt have as much power over them decided to try to move to england, and would integrate into english society more easily and so will their money John toland naturalizing jews, is an englightenment figure (1714) and we find that the debate is spreading to other european countries, how in general how countries should treat their jews

 jews being given certain rights which are natural who are born in a specific place; wants to draw foreign jews clear that he doesnt advocate giving the same status as protestants in england not yet ready to talk about seperation as church and state jews occupying an intermediary position within society (some limited rights for the foreign jews because he wants to bring in jews to help the colonies) rejects catholics in to england quotes luzzato in his arguments somewhat sympathetic, however not accepted throughout europe Christian Wilhelm von dohm reformation and regeneration of the jews hes view is accepted in most european countries jews need to prove themelves and a way of denying jews rights because its an all or nothing thing applied in hte Austrohungarian empire jews saddled with obligations and nothing in return midterm class is 1-5 and 7 read that material Final on: Age of absolutism monarchy ; divine right of kings - divine chooses them goes from father to son lords, regional government isnt happy because he takes away their taxes towards their offices/manors July 5 Joseph II of Austro-hungarian emp based system on meritocracy, abolishes feudal dues and serfdom, no preferential treatment to clergy in form of taxes (I think) now can buy land from land owners at reasonable costs the peasants will be free to marry who they want to creates hospital, insane asylum, parks and gardens to the public, poorhouses, food shelters (sorta), impose a single land tax (graduated income tax- nobles and church pay more), cancel all local govt owers and traditions to ensure localization og govt in vienna going to redivide the empire into thirteen equal sections and doest take into consideration relig/ethicity (were all circles)

 german now is the official language reduce the power of the pope in the Austro-Hungarian emp, no foreigners giving orders to clergy patent of tolerance, no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished (when people who raised livestock no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished (people who raised livestock when they decided to move them to the market and at that stage they take them to the slaughter house and would sell animals for meat consumption as you went from distrcit to district, the person generally had to pay a tax per animal, jews now paid ________) had to adopt german names, no longer be able to use hebrew adn yiddish to keep records of any sort, had to use german, had to join the army, had to go to german schools, encouraged to attend university (until numerous clausus was instituted which meant jews were restricted to be accepted) no rights are given just obligations and the kehilla is gone now time of moses mendelson - geiger promotes reformation though when Joseph II dies at a young age Leopold II takes over and abolishes the reforms Great BRitain - Queen Elizabeth I rules england after winning the civil war after her sister mary queen of scots was killed (who stayed a devout catholic) house of tudor (Elizabeth; officially ends after Henry the VIII) and the house of Stuart (Mary - her son James I) James I absolutist monarch wiht the divine right of kings and wants to make his abosolute ruling clear - parliment cant press him on issues that they know will get a no answer, and he wont agree to any idea of checks and balances parlimentary immunity - elected to office you automatically you get this automatically, you have freedom of speech and cant be arrested or pressured to vote according to your conscious and if you commit a crime you cant be arressted or tried until you have be voted to see if your immunity is taken away King JAMES bible from this period and its a protestant bible decided if he didnt get what he wanted from parliment he would dissolve it, and according to hte rules of that period, if the king wanted to increase taxes/salary parliment had to agree to the increase and we find that there are times that parliment refuses charles I takes over and he is even possibly worst, 1625-1649 and his rule ends violently decides to force taxes and parliment is very upset wants to impose church of england on scots which is grounds for an uprising and declare war, many puritans are sitting on parliment so not going to take it kindly and the issue goes to parliment syaing he needs money to put down the uprising in scottland and endgland is plunged into civil war ultimately in 1649 the king is executed and

 oliver cromwell declares engalnd to be a republic (abolishes house of lords, only the commons, allows jews in, dictator and his control of the country will end upon his death i 1660 at this time english are done wiht the puritains and are even willing to invite the house of stuart back and charles II becomes the king of england (stuart restoration - return to anglicanism) toleratnt of catholics in the country James II takes over - daughter of James II marries William of Orange fear of not having a son but James II did but hte parliment are done iwht haveing a catholic king so asks william and mary to come back adn rule wiht conditions: king now cannnot dissolve parliment, king isnt allowed to suspend the law, a bill of rights (basically one) and if willing to accept it then they will become the next kinga nd queen which is what happenes james II flees to france, and this revolution is bloodless is known as the glorious revolution key aspects o fbill of rights: all subjects of the country and the parliment are allowed to petition the king; right to bear arms - only protestants, cant keep a strong army in time of peace unless have permission becomes a parliamentary monarchy advanced political system 1689 the house of orange comes into power and dies out eventually when the puritains settle in the new world see it as the new holy land The englightenment fromm 17th-18th centuries coinsides with the scientific revolution July 12 Philosophes: all deists, John locke english philosophe, tabula rasa, against absolutism, believes in seperation of church and state, all thigns should be based on reason adn not intuition, things can be illogical/non-reasonable, based on sci method Voltaire - educated by the jesuits and left their beliefs, likes the english, impresed by the checks and balances system in england and their bill of rights, everything he stresses for england he is indirectly criticising france, i may disagree with u but will stand for the right for you to say it, wants to save morality from the narrow mind of relig, phould have total control have to adapt themslves to the state - so state should have total control in regards to jews: jews cant be improved - always alien and can never be reformed, religion: attacks the catholic clergy - while natural relig (studying natural laws to belive in god) vs artificial (state relig/ relig that mans created for himself) creates all types of cruelty

the pagan religs recognized gd for what he is, other than the catholics who only use htis aspect to kill those who arent catholic certain states will attack another country when the other country is becoming more powerful/successful, voltair says imitate them rather than fight them montesque: was a baron, writes a book that criticizes france but does it in a way he could not be incarcerated called The Persian Letters about two persians visiting france and their letters, in their letter montesque says france is just like persia (persia have a despot ruler, and in france absolutism, etc) in the spirit of the Laws tries to show how various structure and govt institutions and how they affect society, those countries which have a republic (a system of govt without a king e.g., cromwells republic in england). there is a spirit of virtue, but in systems when you have a monarchy honor is what guide people and when you have a system of despotism everyone is scared because you have no idea what can happen to you Denise Diderot - spread the ideas of the englightenment, compiler of the encyclopedia in his encyclopedia there are many essays/articles which are there to explain the principle of the englightenment and the philosophes goals, so by using reason one can progress towards progress - instill values and principles of the enlightenment there were 17 volumes that took 21 years decideds to but cannabalism near the transubstantiation (the euchrist) John Jacques Rosseau - attacks the idea of privilige and stresses that all humanity is good adn hte importance of feeling and is hte most utopian of all the philosophes , against social inequality, and legitimite govt comes from the people and a nation should be united by their general will and bound by mutual realtionship vs a forced one , the idea of a contract between a govt and the people life liberty and property is what the govt has to protect these adn the people need to be loyal to the govt if the govt doesnt obey by their responsbility the people then are allowed to express their grivences and need to respond to the demands of hte people, if the govt doesnt change or react to the people then they can try to replace the govt they are perfectly in their rights women and men are inherently different Mary wolstonecraft (shelly) - English, comes out against rosseau and his idea of inequality of men and women and the aim of society to try to perfect our nature and reach the pursuit of happiness; relations between the sexes should be based on equality, women were the property of their fathers and then their husbands children were to the husband, the reason for differences are environmental and

educated to be dependent and seductive in order to get their husbands, education needs to promote liberty and self-reliance, everyonne should have educatoin and earn a living - women having political rights relig is a private matter, gd is not involved in the world - deism arent abolitionists, even tho they believe in equality through the printed word they spread their ideas, book clubs, marquee de Condorcet - a confident vision of the future perfectibility of man cant be stop and it is indefinite - science can only bring progress and benefits, destroy the inequality between nations, and within nations equality of classes, and ultimately real improvement of man, war is the more awful thing but man is movie towards an end to all war (utopian) what is most important for nations is the idea of security and not power, has to be equal participation regarding benefits, peoples attitudes need to be friendlier towards foreigners and ultimitly there will be a brotherhood of all nations exploration of the pacific late 18th and early 19th century went to tahiti, and the europeans discover the natural paradise the europeans will take over and the simplistic life styles flies away spanish america was finally studied most important is that years later influenced darwin to go to galapagos islands Captain James cook dicovers new zeland known at that time as new holland, also discovers hawaii (orig cook islands), coast of antartica, american revolution inspiried by the englightenment and which then inspiried other european countries in 1763 the seven years war (french-indian war) ended and the british govt decided that the colonies need to pay for their defence higher taxes, no taxation without representation the townsend acts was an indirect one but it infuriated the colonists on certain imports gets repealled the british take an important step, in order to show that parliment has power and the right to tax they taxed tea which was a monopoly granted to the east india company and there was a danger of bankrupcy and so have a tax on tea for the americas and they become extremely upset continental congress created and even had a place to have negotiations iwht the british - colonist will refuse to export british goods until the conviniences are fulfilled, british didnt come forth with any proposals - before anythign happens lexington and

concord happens (colonists are protesting and the brits are there adn a gun is shot war outbreaks) hessians were the german english mercenaries, and come from the german state hessa (british monarchy is german at this point) american colonies were divided (to the point of between families were divided) lafayette was sent by the french with troops and without his help the americans would have lost battle of saratoga was the key battle adn hte first battle that hte americans won that created the treaty to work with the french they not only send supply, money, arms, and french soldiers and sailors (Franco-American forces) french send their fleet adn they want to bottle up the british and create blockades to prevent the soldiers to get on ships to get to battles, and at this stage the french have a very good fleet that could challenge the british there (cornwallis the british commander ends up being bottled up in yorktown and outnumbered and has to surrenderred to the colonies in 1781) then peace talks in paris in 1783 and america is officially recognized issues with trading after the war and the united states goes into a major post war depression articles of confederation - each states retained a great deal of power, would be an indep country of sorts work together in a confederation (over defense, foreign policy, etc) recognized that it would be too troublesome so decide to have states rights in certain areas but will create a federal system of govt where there will be a division of power (some for federal and some for the state) constant ongoign struggle between states rights vs federal rights France is finding itself in a very desperate situation, it is on the verge of bankrupcy - american revolution is very problematic becasue of the debt and the general tax system in france three estates: first is the church - made up of less than 1% of the population and own up to 15% of french land adn dont pay tax second is nobles less than 2% of pop and own about 20% of land the third is the rest of the population own 40% of the land in france

 (king owns the rest of hte land) increasingly there is a terrible tax July 17-19 Jew looked down upon on Alsace-Lorraine, because of occupation and religion Was an essay contests the top three winners; one was a jew the number one winner was abe gregouir (a monk) who said that to reform the jews need to treat them better In the 17th century france needed to reform the tax system Abe Seyeh (monk who belongs to the first estate) and speaks on behalf of the third estate saying that the third and first are one in the same (as with the second), he also discusses the voting because each estate gets one vote, but not fair because the largest proportion of the population is in the third estate and says that each delegate should get a vote Louis xvi is getting nervous when he hears this All of this is happening in Versailles safe there, wants to be sure that he can control and remain in control where as in paris he can more easily get stormed and loose control Louis xiv removes the body tax Third estates declares itself as the national essembly and invie members of the other two estates to join with them some members of the first estates mainly the poor priests (who relate more the the third estate) join and some of the nobles join (tend to be more idealistic) The king now decides enough is enough The king dismisses them and they strom into the tennis court, where they make the tennis court ath where they swear that they will not leave until a constituation was written He legalizes the national assembly but hten increases the guards around versailled Marie Antoinette speaks to her husband and advises him to fire Necker because she says he brings upon all of these issues, and as a result the people of paris get very nervous and there are lots of rumors and talk about the ways things will develop The poor people of paris are getting nervous, because they fear that the king will declare a state of emergency and set up marshall law and try to crush what has been accomplished thus far France is still facing bankruptcy and this situation may worsten their situation (food shortages, etc) Rumors that the king is storing huge amounts of weapons in the bastille and if so he is prob going to use them on the people Also talk that there is a lot of activity in the bastille because the prison officials were being told that there will be a huge influx of prisoners because the king will arrest all the people who were involved with these political movements On July 14 thousands of people break in, raize it, release all the prisoners, and find that there arent many prisoners or weapons Marks the beginning of the French revolution July 14th 1789

 After these events the king hires necker back, this is refered to as the moderate stage and lasts until 1792 People decide to change the flag, before then it was the symbol of the bourbon flag with a lilly in the center, the flag now is the tri-color flag They create a national guard who is led by Lafayette made up of the middle and lower class Unlike the army the generals were nobles The next perios is the great fear The nobles fear that the peasants will try to take away all of their holdings Decide on August the 4 in the assembly that they officially announce that they will give up all the privileges of the nobles and the church and now the feudal structure is abolished Adopts the decleration of the rights of man and citizen o Ineliable rights, liberty, property, equality o French are using the American version and modifying it as they see fit o Security and protection of society, protection of his personal property o No slavery Olympe de Gouges in 1791 she comes out with the declaration of the rights of women She is self educated Came from a very poor family and becomes a talented woman Demands that women are entitled to an education, should be able ot own property, should be allowed to divorce Royalists wanted to remain with the king, girondists were in the middle class and wanted little govt interference because they want to pursue their economic pursuits, Jacobins for the poor want social programsa dn the govt to actively work to improve the situation for the middle class (centralized) When the American revolution is over in order ot be able to vote you had to own land and pay lots of taxes Jews werent in the national assembly, and was a debate if jews were considered in the decleration of man and citizen Bishop of Nancy doesnt want to give them rights because feel that it will not be in the best interests because in Alsace Lorraine their hated, people complain that they buy the most beautiful houses, speculate that they may own all the property, they corner the market, so clever at taking possession of everything, people speculate that the ejws will take over the church positions Abe morrey says that because of their religion the jews were aliened to france and their evil dispositions they never can improve Clermont Tonnerre (Count Slanimaou) sympathetic to the Jews and is a revolutionary, part of the second estate, and is in favor for giving jews equal rights he comes up with a specific type of position for jews, the jews should be denied everything

as a nation, but granted everything as individuals they must be citiens. It is claimed that they dont want to be citizensand thus are excluded. But cant be one nation within another nation. It is intolerable that the jews should eb come their own class or party, if they dont want to become citizens then they should tell us ad we should expel them o Kehilla structure will have ot be abolished, cant be self contained they will individually be citizens but will loose their status as a separate entity Durig this the pesants attacked all the jews (during the great fear they destroyed all these record books) decide to destroy the records of how much money they owe the jews January 28, 1790 recognizing the Jews of Avignon and SEpharidim, because they are regarded as acculturated French men, not like the Alsace-lorraine who speak Yiddish and not like Frenchmen and have no rights (Sephardim say dont connect us with the Alsace lorrain Jews) September 3, 1791 all jews now are given citizenry Consititution of France is now written and garauntees all citizens are given freedome of religion, can get an occupation, etc Jews cant be persecuted written specifically done Rabbi Sashus Portugese Rabbi in New York and they daven for the Jews in France Representative of Alsace Lorraine, Isaac Ber now they have to reform and regenerate themselves and comes out with so many promises Jews will now speak French, trade schools will open, jews will become farmers, more or less hteyw ill just remain in the occupations they are in but will improve their situation French still fear how the king will respond and decide that the women and children of the lower class of paris are going to march from paris to Versailles (the baker and the bakers wife) back to Paris and will now live there in the Touliere and will have much greater control over them got stuck and had to move to paris Now france is a constituational monarchy with a one house legislature, only people with money can vote eed to pay taxes to vote Everything up until now was done at versailles The women and children also marched because wanted the price of food to go down The assembly will adopt laws that will go against catholocism take away church land (naturalize), want to turn all the church officials in france into civil servants and swear an oath of allegiance to the state, no more investatures, etc Prob is that only 52% are willing to take the oath and in western france where there are a lot of religious peasants are very upset Louis xvi takes note about what is going on - that now there are pockets of people who are going against it now, lots of nobles are fearful of loosing everything so there is the flight of princes and nobles out of the country (opposed to the revolution and now try to stir up opposition in other countries) Louis xvi decides that now he may have a chance to turn things around

 The austro Hungarians are very concerned about what is going on and the emperor is marie antoinettes brother who comes out with a declaration says that if the mmonarchy in france is t hreatened this will mean war with france So luois xvi decides to disguise himself wive and children and try to escape by the border and now brought back to paris completely humiliated Two parties now the girondines and the Jacobins Jacobins slogan liberty, equality, fraternity April 1792 France declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and are loosing battles, it has to be traitors inour midsts because we are loosing, the king has to be the traitor, The middle class is too small so cant have so much of an affect, stillt he peasants arent getting what they need So in 1792 they move into the radical position after storming the castle in Paris Radical stage 1792-95 Reactionary 1795-99 Napoleon seizes power 1799 People decide to put louis xvi on trial for treason and is convicted and then guillotined Guillotine was amuch more psychologically easier death because had many ropes with a screen so no one actually knows who killed htem dd Girondist are taken out by the Jacobins (the mountain with the more extreme left) in 1793 a very democratic consitution was written where universal sufferage was written but never gos into effect, rather the reign of terror begins A war dictatorship begins because fighting war with all of their neighbors, and put the country into a state of emergency so create committees for police security etc Robspiere and Dantone rule the party but Robespierre wants to get rid of him and does so Problem with the French economy and currenty and start to print paper money, not so effective Lots of people are arrested if under suspicion for anything and will executed including marie antointeetee A new calender is created with a new week consisting of ten days o Get away from the church, religion is outlawed , o A new cult is declared which is the supereme being o All church activites are closed down o Idea of the worship of the godess of reason o Notre dam is closed down and all official church activites are forbiddon o No shuls no yeshivas no smicha whatever is done is in secret Army starts to do better But now that france is doing well perhaps we can lift this stae of emergency ; marshall law In July of 1975 they arrest and kill Robespierre

 Now there is a new consitution and the directory is created o There is an attempt by royalists to try to stage a comback and try to force another revolution o And members of the convention before the directory need to stop this revolution from taking place o In Oct 1795 Napoleon prevents the revolution Becomes the emperor, was Corsican Parents were accused of being to pro French instead of supporting the Corsican 0independence so ended up in France Napoleon was promoted to be the head of the army of the interior after he put down the roalist revolution o Arm of the interior tended to be older and more mature Asked to draw up a plan for fighting against of the Austro Hungarians Marries Josephine whos much older and widow of a swiss man with a older son, can never have children with him Napoleon needed to supply the armies better, so taxed (?) the people, changed the army formation and structure and created smalled units that can move quickly and then come together for surprise attacks and the Austrians keep up the old formation, so now Napoleo has the advancatage The third prob of the French army was a low morale the officers would be far away from the army living in lush apartments enjoyitng their time, so napoleon changes that and says go be at the field leading their troops raising morale Most of these wars were in the northern italy and does so well that he decides to launch an attack to vienna the capital of the austohungarian empire To do that he needs to cross the alps, and get more troops from northern france meaning he needs to cross the germanic lands and will take too much time and might be cut off so he decides to something else He never puts himself ina position of absolute danger if he doesnt know for sure then he wont try it Reaches a truce with the autro Hungarian empire Now to make France number one Napoleon wants to defeat England so needs to launch a successful invasion, needing to develop a very successful and strong naval fleet/land soldiers Because England is an island nation and is heavily developed on its colonies and exporting is finished goods, so he decides to cut off England from the rest of its empire, and if napoleon can cuts off England from india it will collapse then they will have to give in He first attacks Egypt then Israel, and going to the direction of india Directory will consists of five numbers so it will prevent a stalemate and they will prevent a dictatorship

 in the council of elders there will be 250 who represent the money then the lower council will have 500 now only the people who own propery and pay taxes will be allowed to vote or be elected Religious freedom is restored All the economic controls that were place under the reign of terror is taken away (abolished) Attempt to return to normal religious life July calander abolished Directory never works too corrupt, too much fighting, so really the army is controlling france While napoleon is in Egypt the army in france isnt doing too well The directory becomes more and more problematic In Benei brak napoleon sets up his camp Has problems fighting in Aco and now needs a strong navy, unfortunately the british send their navy and successfully destroys the French navy from Egypt so he bides his time while invading in Israel The british send their navy to fire on the troops in aco His men are on the ground in aco and the siege is taking forever and a major epidemic (cholera) and he realizes its time to pull his troops from aco and moves them in jaffa Was contacted by another army official and the head of the directory who wants to get rid of the directory, napoleon found his way out of Israel He give total power in Israel over to his second in command who takes the defeat and napoleon sneeks into france helps the director and then seizes full power Its the time of the turn of the century the people fear gog hamagog Napoleon comes out with a declaration that the jews can return to Israel Causes ripples throughout the christain world but doesnt affect jews apathetic towards the idea of returning with out mashiach Class has a new meaning, there is now mobility between classes either lower middle or upper class middle class can now vote Nationalism is new in france, Now demoracy is in effect to some extenct with pleblecistses Napoleon creates a system which he calls the consilate and announces that he is going to be the first the council of france He needs to establish power, and a constitution and writes up one making him council member number one and must be approved by a plebleciste and his new constituation is autocratic and is accepted and he effectively emerges as a dicatator July 19, 2012 Crane Brinton? Patronage in politics: the leader chooses his assistants etc, who owe their job and alliances to this politician, president is elected and chooses his cabinet etc

 Napoleon has made the govt more efficient and takes full power Now he wants to stabalize the economy and creates the bank of france Napoleon makes the Concordat of 1801 which is establishing relationships (making an agreement) with the pope that reestablishes catholocism in france It recognizes the official religion of france as catholocism France has decided to nomiate their bishops, archbishops o Really france makes the canidates and the pope makes the decision from the list he is given Bishops chooses local clergy with the approval of the govt o Clergy in france are basically civil servants, because want to keep church property so the govt pays for the church officials and needs Napoleon isnt returning the church into its previous position hes just making peace, its not getting back its power and money French law doesnt apply to military occupation When northern italy is conquered from the AH empire, there were jews who still lived in ghettos When france occupies any land they military declare that they abolish the ghettos and are given equality (not closed in anymore) Will remain only as long as the French occupy the territory One of the biggest probs of louis xvi faced/absolutist monarchs who wanted to rule everything, but they were never successful in making a unifying system to govern france because too many medieval feudal systems in place Napoleon appoints a commission in 1800 of some of the best legal minds in france and said that he wants them to draw up a new legal system in france and it was completed in 1804 and then released to the public and it covers every aspect of law, civil law, law of personal status, property law, wills, etc Wass so good that most countries that were occupied and then left by the france kept remnants of it and today most countries were influenced by it The peace treaty of 1802 ends the coalition, bring peace nad france is now the most important country of Europe Now napoleon feels he can further his ambitions and in august he has a plebliciste he elects himself to be first counsel of life Piedmont is incorporated in france and begins to intervene in affairs in italy, Switzerland, Netherlands, italy, germany, etc England declares war in 1803 because malta wasnt returned to England when it was supposed to From 1803-05 napoleon builds his fleet up but has no luck the French fleet that hes built up goes down in major storms and the majority goes on an expedition in carribean, Haiti rebels really early Attempt at assassinating napoleon and wanst a serious plot

 Uses this an excuse to change his position to emperor in 1804 Napoleon ends up marrying the daughter of the austro Hungarian emperor, but the emperor doesnt want this but france conquers them and he marries her Napoleon is the first ruler to create an effective secret police When hes crowned he wants the pope to crown him, he feels like hes the modern day Charlemagne, pope agrees and its an elaborate coronation The pope holds the crown and then Napoleon takes the crown out of the hands of the pope and places it upon his own head The pope is absolutely livid Napoleo now chooses nobels, and they are rewarded by being titled if you were supportive and loyal to napoleon within the court and rewarded financially In the court the fashion and the architecture is neo-roman classical style, go back to roman ideals dsassds Napoleon annexes genoa to france (port in italy) and declares himself emperor to italy The third coalition forms and wants to go to war with napoleon: england, Switzerland, ah empire, England Napoleon destroys his enemies on the European continent, battle of Austerlitz against combined forces of russion and ah empire and invaded Vienna Prussia joins the coalition and is also defeated and Napoleon enters the capital of Prussia which is berlin England is still the prob and the only one not defeated When napoleon comes back to france has to enter Alsace-Lorrain and there he is greeted by goyim complaining about the jews saying they are greedy taking too much money and cant afford to pay them back When the jews of Alsace Lorrain were given equal rights the general idea was that they need to reform themselves and now napoleon feels that these jews were supposed ot adapot a new civil morality and napoleon doesnt feel that they have doen this and hasnt replaced the shameful occupations they have been engaged in Napoleon now orders a one year suspension of all debts that the Napoleon appoints one of his advisors for jewish affairs, he gives the jews of questions and expects them to report back with clear halachik rulings Count moley was the advisor for the jews and was highly anti semetic Napoleon discusses the jews in the following manner: the way he sees the jews using usury (excessive interests) in order to enrich themselves at the expense of less fortunate people and needs to set limits (economically he wants to restrict the jews in terms of property ownership and the way they go about expanding economic control and his secondary objective of the tendency of the ejwish people that have so many practices that are contrary to society all around the world, it is necessary to change the jews and all the measures must lead to:

 Among every three marriages one should be intermarriage and the blood of the jews will cease to have any uniqueness Jews are drafted and cant pay someone else to serve for them The jewish identity will be very narrow and only apply to small part of life Assembly of Jewish Notables napoleon created this- is 112 prominent jews chavers and rabbanim from france and italy so the Italian jews loved napoleaon cuz he freed them from ghettos Napoleaons emancipation dercrees Belgium southern italy, Netherlands under military decrees July 24 Napoleon calls for a san hendrin that he had to be the head of, required this dual loyalty with Napoleon and the Jews? relate to the state in a politcal/civil way (san hedrin); was a group of all rabbanim so all french and italian jews under this rule Infamous decress of 1808 will be insituted until 1818 economically napoleon deicdess that all the debts to the jews o alsace lorraine will be cancelled (after it was already frozen for a year) any jews who want to deal with commercial transactions they need to get specific licenses - cant continue dealing in trade, as merchants as they did before no jews will be allowed to settle into alsace lorraine (sfardi jews are seen as successfully integrated) olNy cAN DO SO IF THEY TAKE UP FARMING LOUIS XVIII LET THEM JUST FADE AWAY AS PART OF CONSISTOIRE - COMMITEE OF RABBIS AND LAY LEADER ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MATTERS DOES THIS TO KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE JEWISH COMMUNITY AND TO INTEGRATE THE JEWS INTO FRANCE JEWS HOPED IT WOULD PROVIDE THEM WITH A LEGAL PURPOSE need to encounter the committee when jews dont have a job and need to give a list to the govt of draft age men in all sermons should talk about patriotism, that we have to be apart of hte state, all willingly die for france, military service should be seen as a sacred duty and be exempt from religious services continental system forbade any french allies, occupied territories and french and conquests cant trade wiht england, british replie that if any country listens to the continental system they will be an enemy napoleon wants europe to stop trading with britain and then economically finished so have to surrender 1807 england attacks denmark (neutral country) bombard copenhagen and seige the danish fleet they burned down the capital make them an example of neutrals

russia is most dependant on the british trade, tell napoleon if we obide by teh continental system our country will fail economically Napoleon punishes those who pull out the dutch are under conrol of napoleon and amsterdam was a major business capital in europe before the continental system and as a result of it it never recovers england more or less in control of the oceans in the european area france makes tiny exceptions to get trade from north america and really does depend upon british trade russia needs to pull out prussia was one of the most important german states which was forced to work with napoleon and the french created an area the grand duchy of warsaw because napoleon decides to redraw the maps of europe when he wants to, by doing so hes giving himself greater control in this area defeats sweden and there he decides to reward one of his officers for great loyalty and make him the king of sweden napoleon assigns all of his family to royal positions his brothers step son, etc napoleon coerces everyone even the pope when he invades the papal states, he puts hte pope into jail until he signs a document that agrees to napoleons occupation 1810 napoleon marries marie-louise daughter of austro hungarian emperor and they have a son continental system not fully workign, and czar alexander the first says russia cant continue this and must break it, so now napoleon decides to invade russia ends up getting together the largest army that europe had seen at that time 500,000 troops and invade russia in june of 1812 invades moscow and is welcomed by the scorched earth policy by oct napoleon starts to retreate because wearly winter, army is starving and cold, pale of settlement - russians take over polish region after napoleon retreats, and jews cant practice judaism and will kill a jew when they practice - there was a community of the kazars in russia (kuzari so jewish) took a long time to defeat them restricted to areas they lived in when russia invaded poland (pale of settlement) jews cant go into russia proper a lot of the bloody battles will be fought in this area Alexander I put the jews in the pale of settlements that had no occupation will put them into southern russia that shares a boarder with the ottoma turks - he also offered russians this with no interests and other benefits and didnt give them to the jews because wants to integrate them once napoleon is invading he decides to stop this

fears the rabbis will tell the people to support napoleon R; Menachem Mendel of Riminov - sees the fights between napoleon and russia is battle of gog umagog - supports napoleon - he ses that there will be much catastrophy but mashiach will come after the Chozeh of Lublin and R Israel Ben Shabtai Hapstein (Maggid of Koznitz) were both against Napoleon the chozeh, R Naphtali of Ropshitz (adamat opponet of napoleon), and the maggid of koznitz tried bringing masiach all died shortlt afer When napoleon is left with only 100,000 troops the rest of Europe sees their chance and defeat napoleon Napoleon first abdicates the throne and gives it to his young son but ultimately is exiled to elba France and the rest of Europe meet up at the congress of Vienna (victors lead it from 1814-1815) Need to reconstuct europe from the time b4 the French revolution major territorial changes Finlad once ruled by Sweden is given to Russia as well as most of the region of previous Poland, italy is now unde austro Hungarian rule Switzerland is now a neutral country so no country is allowed to be invaded, during this time holland and Belgium are once again separated, papal states are restored System of balances and alliance, to prevent revolutions, make them peaceful before going to war known as the concert of Europe and works extremely well Russian czar and other leaders wanted to make it clear tha teurope is a christain continent a holy alliance declares for those monarchs who feel religion is important and uphold those values King of Prussia gave the jews certain civil rights , couldnt have administry positions, it was the most liberal one though for the jews than any of the other german states, could be teachers, and low ranking jobs in city government Any countries that were under French military rule, so there were decrees and rules, and now they arent valid, so jews in Venice and rome all the ghettos come back up The german jews hope that the congress of Vienna will uphold the more liberal consitution and think they succeeded because the wording initially at the congress of Vienna was that those laws that were created in the individual confederated states would stand but last minute switch the wording to by from in and none of them get held up in germany other than Prussia France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl

 New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which is in Belgium in 1815 Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which is in Belgium in 1815 Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply Napoleon success: Public eduction with the agreement with the catholic church Abolishment of serdom Etc Louis XVIII again comes back to poweand has a charter, which recognizes, equality, freedome of religion, liberty, etc adncatholocism is the state religion The king will rule and pass on to his heir But with be a bicameral legislature the upper house is the chambers of notables who will be appointed by the king then there will be an elected chamber of deputies Laws that are passed by this legistlature: Those who were supported napoleon when he returned for 100 days you will be exiled Law of security of state anyone who poseds a threat to the security of the state can now be arrested no freedome of speech Law of the double vote- the more you pay in taxes you get double the amount (2) that way the wealthy people who are most supportive of the king will get two votes Law against sacrelig when someone utters something against the official religon whether mocks it or offends it and anyone accused with this can end up with the death penalty and is used as meansto attack university professors o They generally have freedom of expression because they have academic immunity o As a result secret societies pop up and demonstrations happen to fight against these decrees, students want to arouse the lower class, unfortunately its discovered and the leaders flee to italy and ultimately join with underground Italian underground movement in the hope of returning to france with a greater chance of success