Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
September 2004
1. H.G.P. KARUNARATNE
Head, International Division, Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Authority
I. Acknowledgement
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ANNEXURE
1) Work Assignment
3) Work Plan
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I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would wish to indicate our appreciation for the cooperation extended to us by our
Government Authorities, Ministry of Science and Technology, Atomic Energy
Authority of Sri Lanka and BATAN of Indonesia by granting necessary approvals to us
for temporary attached to the RCARO in Korea, to carry out a Survey on End Users of
Radiation Application in Industry in the East Asia and Pacific.
Apart from carrying out the survey, the invited staff also prepared a list of RCA related
acronyms/glossaries/terminologies, including most frequently used RCA related
acronyms, general RCA related glossaries, IAEA fields of activity codes used for TC
projects, IAEA programme and project codes, acronyms of Regional/International
Development Organizations and RCA project related technical terminologies.
The invited staff during the attachment to RCARO also compiled information related to
International/Regional Development Organizations including UN Systems
Organizations, Regional/International Financial Organizations, Regional Co-operative
Organizations (Asia and the Pacific), National Financial Organizations and Other Co-
operation Development Organizations.
The invited staff assisted the RCARO as rapporteur for the First Selection Committee
Meeting for the Director of RCARO held in June 2004 at RCARO and provided the
necessary secretariat facilities for the Meeting.
The Invited Staff also visited the laboratories and had discussion with the National
RCA Project Coordinators of the following laboratories in the Korea Atomic Energy
Research Institute to gather information for the survey and to understand the active
involvement of KAERI in RCA related project activities.
a) Radioisotope Production and Application, HANARO
b) Neutron Activation Analysis Project , HANARO Center
c) Nuclear Materials Technology, Development Team
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d) SMART R&D Center.
The invited staff was given the opportunity to participate as observers in the following
events held in Korea:
I. Workshop for the RCA Working Staff of Member States, 14-17 June 2004,
RCARO, Daejeon, Korea.
II. IAEA/RCA Project Coordinators Meeting On Electronic Networking Outreach
“RAS/0/035”, 23-27 August 2004, Daejeon, Korea.
The invited staff studied all the country presentations submitted by the participants to
the Workshop for the RCA Working Staff of Member States, and prepared the draft
recommendations for the workshop.
The invited staff also gratitude to the RCARO staff for their support provided to visit
following institutions during the invited staff stay at RCARO:
• Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plants
• Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS)
• Korea Institute of Radiation Application in Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)
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II. OBJECTIVE OF THE TEMPORARY ATTACHMENT
Apart from the above major objective, the presence of invited staff from RCA Member
States, Sri Lanka and Indonesia at RCARO, also assists to achieve following benefits
for the Region, RCARO and Individual Member States which have provided the
services of their staff:
a) Compilation of data gathered through the survey of the information related to the
radiation application in the region is for the benefit of the region.
b) The invited staff gain knowledge and experience on RCA management through
working in an institute of excellence in the region.
c) The invited staff develop inter personal relationship which is beneficial for the
strengthening of inter institutional cooperation.
d) Provision of staff by the Member States for a common cause of the region to the
RCARO shows close collaboration among the Member States and understanding of
needs of each other.
e) Enhancement of the understanding about the Korean experience on effective use of
nuclear technology for its socioeconomic development.
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III. INTRODUCTION TO RCA AND RCA MEMBER STATES
The acronym RCA stands for the Regional Co-operative Agreement of the IAEA for the
Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology for
Asia and the Pacific. It is an inter government agreement came into force under the
auspices of the IAEA in the East Asia and Pacific Region for the benefit of the Member
States and to develop technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC). The
RCA agreement provides a framework for Asian Member States to intensify their
collaboration through programmes and projects focused on the specific shared needs of
its members.
The background for the initiation of RCA was commenced in the early 1960 through
the first regional collaborative agreement under the sponsorship of the IAEA, which
was called the “India – Philippines – IAEA (IPA)” Agreement. This laid the foundation
of the Regional Co-operative Agreement (RCA). The IPA -a tripartite cooperative
agreement involving India, the Philippines, and the Agency (the International Atomic
Energy Agency)- involved with the supply of a neutron diffractometer facility
manufactured in India and its set-up in the Philippine Research Reactor-I with IAEA
funding. This facility was used to train scientists and technologist in physics (e.g. solid
state physics, and neutron elastic and inelastic scattering). Participants who were
trained came from Korea, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines' Dr. Q.O.
Navarro, who later became director of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, was
then appointed Project Director. The IPA ran in the mid-1960s, and later in the early
1970s. In 1972, ten governments in the Asia and the Pacific region undertook, in co-
operation each other and the Agency, to promote and co-ordinate co-operative activities
in nuclear science and technology. The RCA was the first regional agreement of such
magnitude concluded under the auspices of the IAEA. Since then, the RCA has
expanded considerably, both in its memberships and in the size of and subject scope of
its programme.
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The RCA vision is:
• Security and Safety of Food & Nutrient
To produce cheap & nutritious food
• Health Care
Good health care at affordable price for mass population
• Industrial Development
To improve economy & provide employment
• Energy
Fuel of the economy
Depletion of conventional sources
• Environmental Care & Protection
Efficient technology ensuring environmental integrity
Since 1999 the RCA projects are categorized in several Thematic Sectors (areas) in
order to reflect region’s requirements appropriately and to streamline the project
management. The Thematic Sectors are being carried out biennial cycle to produce
more practical outputs. The thematic sectors are:
1. Agriculture
2. Health
3. Industry
4. Environment
5. Energy/Research Reactor/(Radioactive Waste Management)
6. Radiation Protection
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mainly covers RCA information flow program and will further cover the e-learning
endeavors.
During the last 25 years, the RCA has shown remarkable achievements in the following
sectors in the region, and the efforts of the RCA has assisted the Member States to raise
the life standard of the general public in the region.
Agriculture:
• Asian Regional Project on Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery;
• Food Irradiation of Food and Horticulture Products;
• Mutation Breeding (more than 50 varieties).
Industry:
• NDT: Radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, liquid entrants
testing and Eddy current testing;
• NCS: Pulp and paper, coal and petro-chemical industries;
• Tracer Techniques.
Health:
• Nuclear medical applications for diagnostics and treatment;
• Cancer therapy;
• Radiation sterilization of tissue grafts to improve tissue banking.
Radiation protection:
• To build radiation protection infrastructure;
• Waste Safety;
• Environmental Monitoring;
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• Radiation protection for workers and public.
Energy:
• Tools for planning electricity expansion schemes
• Plant management and operational safety
• Radioactive waste management
Technical cooperation
• Expert missions
• Training programmes
• Regional resources units
RCA policies are set at two annual meetings of the National Representatives: a) the
General Conference Meeting in Vienna, during the IAEA General Conference and b)
the Regular Meeting in the region, within the first quarter of the year. These meetings
are usually chaired by the National RCA Representatives of the Member State’s hosting
the Regular Meeting. The IAEA’s RCA Program Coordinator is the Secretary of the
both meeting.
The original RCA Member States initially involved ten (10) countries. The earliest
signatories to the original agreement, according to the records have seen were the
following:
India (7 June 1972), Vietnam (12 June 1972), Indonesia (16 October 1972), Thailand (4
December 1972), Philippines (17 April 1973), Singapore, Pakistan (6 September 1974),
Korea (9 October 1974), Bangladesh (23 October 1974) and Sri Lanka (9 March 1976).
Now there are seventeen (17) which are as follows: Australia, Bangladesh, People's
Republic of China, India, Indonesia Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia,
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Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and
Vietnam. The newest members are Mongolia (1992), Myanmar (1994) and New
Zealand (1994).
The RCA agreement has the IAEA as a partner, not a party. It is one of three regional
cooperative agreements under the aegis of the IAEA. The other two are ARCAL for
Latin America, formed in 1984, and AFRA, for Africa, formed in 1990. Of the three
agreements the RCA can be considered the most mature, most committed, and enviable.
It is most mature being the longest, not necessarily the oldest, running regional
agreement – in its 25 years now; it is most committed since many member states are
now not only participating actively in its activities but also contributing financially to
support projects; it is enviable since it is a model for other regional projects and is a
pioneering approach to technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) in
the United Nations System.
During the 25 years of the RCA’s existence, the participating countries and the Agency
have accumulated valuable experience of co-operation and of coordinating nuclear-
related development activities in the region. In most cases, RCA projects and the
activities carried out under the Agency’s regular technical co-operation programme at
the national and regional level complement each other; every effort was being made to
avoid duplication and to use the available manpower and financial resources in
the cost-effective manner.
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UNDP/RCA/IAEA projects from 1997. The most recent project is the project on Better
Management of the Environment, Natural Resources and Industrial Growth through
Isotopes and Radiation Technology.
The RCA programme has proven to be an effective mechanism for increasing regional
self-reliance, fostering linkages and collaboration amongst its Member States through
consensus. It has been able to produce tangible outputs from participation in well –
designed projects, despite the varying stages of development and diversity among
Member States.
The success of the RCA as a reliable regional framework for cooperation is linked to
the unique benefits provided by the application of nuclear science and technology to
address regional needs. To further develop and strengthen technical cooperation among
the Regional Member States, and to achieve Millennium Development Goals for
sustainability through mutual regional cooperation in radiation technology, the RCARO
has incepted in Dae-jeon, Republic of Korea, for the overall benefit of Region.
During the RCA Meeting in Vienna in 1978, Member States has suggested the need of
having a regional office in the region. In the preceding year during the RCA National
Representatives Meeting it was recommended to establish RCA Regional office to
enhance RCA ownership by Member States. The RCA National Representatives
meeting held in Mumbai in 2000 was a significant year for the RCA family since the
Government of Korea offered to host the RCA Regional Office in Korea, and the
Member States have welcome the offer. In RCA National Representatives Meeting
held in 2001 in Dhaka supported establishment of the RCA Regional Office in Korea
and the Meeting requested Task Force Group to draft Working Paper and Australia and
Korea took the initiative to prepare it. RCA 30th GC in 2001 in Vienna agreed in
Principle the Establishment of RCA Regional Office in Korea for 2-year Interim Period
to finalize Legal Provisions and other preparations. The 31st RCA General Conference
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Meeting in Vienna in September 2002 adopted the ‘Working Paper on the
Establishment and Operation of the RCA Regional Office in Korea’ that stipulated
details of operation and management of RCARO. The Working Paper was amended by
the 32nd RCA General Conference in Vienna in September 2003 that incorporated the
adoption of a RCA Resolution on the Establishment of the RCA Regional Office. The
32nd RCA General Conference Meeting (GCM) in Vienna in September 2003 adopted
the RCA Resolution on the Establishment of the RCA Regional Office that reconfirmed
the roles and functions of the Director of the RCA Regional Office and requested the
Government of the Republic of Korea to continue all necessary support for the RCA
Regional Office, and also requested all RCA Member States to support and cooperate
with the RCA Regional Office.
Basically, two main mandates have been given to RCARO by the Member States.
• To increase RCA awareness, i.e. to increase RCA visibility
• To promote RCA partnerships, i.e. to promote RCA viability
In addition, RCARO will also carry out other directives given by the Member States.
Since inception of the RCARO, it has initiated programmes which have high value and
direct benefits for the Member States. All the activities are carried out with the consent
of the Member States and it has been decided at the 32nd GCM that the activities to be
undertaken by the RCARO on behalf of RCA should be submitted to National
Representatives for their endorsement. The major activates RCARO carrying out and
will be carrying out are:
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− Presentation and briefings on RCA activities
− Publications
− Workshop for RCA Working Level Staff of Member States
− Support Women in Nuclear (WIN) – Asia Activities
• RCA Partnership Promoting Activities:
− Korea International Cooperation Agency
− UNESCAP
− Asia and Pacific Center for Technology Transfer
− Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia
− United Nations University
− Asian Productivity Organization, United Nations Environmental
Protection/Global Protection Agency, UNDP, UNIDO etc.
• Other RCARO activities:
− Transfer of radiotherapy equipment to developing countries (ROK to VIE)
− Study on industrial application activities in the region for use as database
among Member States.
− Operation of a Task Force to develop strategy for RCA additional fund creating
activities.
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IV. APPLICATION OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGIES
A. General Introduction
The Nuclear Sciences and Applications, as the application of radiation technologies are
widely utilized to enhance the capacity of Member States to meet basic human needs,
and to enhance productivity of food and agriculture, enhance human health, develop
industrial process, secure water resources, through the integration of nuclear and
isotopic techniques where these have comparative advantages into sustainable
development programmes.
To enhance human health, radiation technologies are used in the field of nuclear
medicine, applied radiation biology and radiotherapy, dosimetry and medical radiation
physics, and nutrition and human related environmental studies. Life expectancy has
risen dramatically in the developing world in recent decades due to utilization of
radiation technologies in the human health sector.
IAEA supported human health activities concentrate on the detection and treatment of
diseases afflicting the poor, and the planning and evaluation of applied nutrition
programmes tailored especially to the needs of women and children. They also give
priority to the establishment of quality assurance programmes for radiation dosimetry
and treatment of cancer.
The IAEA, often in direct collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO),
conducts many programmes to strengthen the indigenous capability of developing
countries in using radionuclide and their radiation effects for supporting public health
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delivery services, including diagnosis, therapy, and development of basic infrastructure
for nuclear medicine.
In the field of public health, RCA has supported a project on the measurement of the
level of toxic elements in foodstuffs, treatment of cervix cancer by radiotherapy,
management of liver cancer using Transarterial therapy. The RCA has recognized the
value of health care in the Southeast Asian region and has contributed establishing
Human Tissue Banks to serve the region.
In the field of food and agriculture, nuclear techniques and related biotechnologies are
used to develop improved strategies for sustainable food security. To enhance
productivity of food, radiation technologies are used in soil science, plant breeding,
animal production and health, entomology and food contaminants control.
The Joint FAO/IAEA Division assists Member Countries of IAEA and FAO to use
nuclear techniques to fight food scarcity. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division is currently
responsible for providing scientific and technical support for over 200 national and
regional Technical Cooperation Projects in the field of Agriculture.
The effective development of new nuclear technologies and the safe and economical
maintenance of existing technologies both rely on a thorough understanding of the
underlying physical and chemical processes.
Radiation Technologies are rigorously used in the industrial applications such as civil
engineering and construction, heavy metal fabrication, petrochemical, quality control
and inspection, industrial process control and geothermal and ground water hydrology.
Application of Radiation Technologies in the field of industrial sector will fall into one
of the following categories and which has shown remarkable difference compared to
conventional methods.
• Industrial applications of radiation and isotopes
• Isotope hydrology and geochemistry
• Nuclear analytical chemistry
• Nuclear and atomic data for applications
• Nuclear instrumentation design and maintenance
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• Production of radioisotopes and labelled compounds
• Radiation chemistry
• Utilization of research reactors and accelerators
A number of industrial technologies along with large pool of expertise have been
generated as a valuable resource in the Region as a result of the RCA/IAEA activities.
Utilization of radiation technologies in the industry sector has contributed to the
economic performance in many developing Asian countries in recent years. The major
investments are done in the:
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Industries Processes Products
Chemical Crosslinking Polyethylene
Depolymerization Polypropylene
Petrochemical
Grafting Copolymers
Polymerization Lubricants
Alcohol
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B. Status of the Application of Radiation Technologies in RCA Member
States
AUSTRALIA
Australia’s national nuclear research and development organization and the center of
in medicine and industry. It also a source of neutron beams for scientific research and
substances
Australia is an active partner and founder member of the RCA. It is a donor country
for the RCA activities and participates in the following active RCA projects as a
component)
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• Role of Nuclear Power and Other Energy Option in Competitive Electricity
Market
Australia also in the process implementation of the following four projects to assist
RCA Member States to overcome specific problems encountered in the fields of health
care, radiation protection and environmental issues.
• Application of Nuclear and Modeling Techniques to Sustainable Development in
the Coastal Zone
• Preparation for the Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Waste with Emphasis
on Non-Power Sources
• Distance assisted Training Program for Nuclear Medicine Technologists
• Radiation Protection
− Strengthening Radiation Protection Infrastructure
− Radiation Protection Distance Learning Program.
BANGLADESH
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Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) is entrusted with the research and
and projects. The programmes and projects of BAEC are focused on various sectors
of the economy, such as health, industries, agriculture and environment. The primary
The following major establishments are involved with the application of radiation
technologies for socioeconomic development in the country.
• Atomic Energy Center (AECD), Dhaka
• Nuclear Medicine Institute (INM)
• Nuclear Medical Centers (NMC)
• Beach Sand Exploration Centers (BSEC), Coxbazar
• Radiation Testing Laboratory, Citation
• Rooppur Nuclear Plant at Pabna
• Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Radiation technologies are widely used by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
in the major thematic sectors with the technical assistance under RCA programme. It is
a recipient country of the IAEA technical assistance. Utilization of radiation
technologies as per the thematic sectors is:
• Agriculture:
− Application of food irradiation for food security, safety and trade.
− Irradiation as sanitary and phytosanitary treatments of food.
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• Industry and Environment:
− Tracer Technology and Nucleonic Control System
− Air Pollution and Its Trends
− Radiation processing applications for agro waste
• Energy and Research Reactor/Waste management:
− Waste Management (WM)
• Radiation Protection:
− Enhancement and Harmonization of Radiation Protection
To harness radiation technology for national needs, the following institutes are engaged
in research and development activities:
• Atomic Energy Center
• Atomic Energy Research Establishment
• Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
• Institute of Food and Radiation Biology
• Institute of Electronics
• Nuclear Mineral Unit
• Central Engineering Facilities
• Beach Sand Minerals Exploitation Center
The BAEC provides wide varieties of services of radiation technologies to the general
public and industrial groups in the country.
CHINA
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life science and material science, agriculture, environmental preservation, industrial
application, etc.
In medical applications, more than 40 units are engaged in R&D and production of
radiopharmaceuticals. With the rapid evolution of modern nuclear medicine, the
application of advanced nuclear medical devices (such as SPECT and PET), the
radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment of difficult and complicated cases,
e.g. tumor, has developed at a quick pace. In respect of radiography sources, Mo-Te
generator is available every week.
In industrial applications, these are two kinds of radiation sources often used in
industry, i.e. Gamma-irradiator and electron accelerator. In China, there are 48
commercial radiation facilities, the designed source-loading capacity over 300,000 Ci
for each, they are distributed in 41 cities and counties all over 20 provinces,
municipalities, and autonomous regions, the designed source-loading capacity totaling
29.10 million Ci; in addition, there are 75 radiation source including 2 Cs source
devices facilities, the designed source loading capacity below 300,000 Ci for each,
which implies that the different kinds of radiation source facilities totals 123, and the
practical source loading approximately 13 million Ci, and increase of 117% as
compared to the figure in 1994. As for the electron accelerator, the facility with power
over 5 kW is doubled every three years since 1992, there are 45 sets, including 24
imports, the power totaling 2005 kW, in which 22 sets are used to produce heat shrink
material (including 10 sets for special purposes), 34 sets to produce wire and cable
(including 23 sets for special purposes); furthermore, there are 8 sets of industrial
accelerators with power below 5 kW in research institutes mainly for producing PE
foaming, polymer grafting and coating solidification.
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INDIA
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• Technology Road Map on Shaping the Third Stage
The Indian authorities have achieved high development goals through the application
• Agriculture
− Asian Regional Project on Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery
− Food Irradiation of Food and Horticulture Products
− Mutation Breeding (more than 500 varieties).
• Industry
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• Health
• Radiation Protection
• Energy
− Tools for planning electricity expansion schemes
− Plant management & operational safety
− Radioactive waste management
during the last couple of decades has improved harnessing the benefit for it people.
technology in the area of health care, nuclear agriculture, food preservation and
INDONESIA
The National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) is assisting the nation to harness the
radiation technology for the national development since its inception in 1958. Its vision
is “Leading in South East Asia in realizing the beneficial use of Nuclear Science and
Technology for the welfare of the people based on sound safety philosophy”. To
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achieve the vision of the organization, it has embraced six mission statements and the
statements related to application of radiation technologies for the development are:
• To conduct research, development, and design nuclear science and technology that
can be usefully promoted for increasing the welfare of the people.
• To conduct innovation and dissemination of technology independently as well as
partnership with other institutions towards the increase of the national production
technology.
• To strengthen the institutional management for increasing the efficiency and
productivity.
Number of national institutions under the aegis of BATAN is operational to transfer the
radiation technologies to end – users and also BATAN provides services of radiation
technologies to the general public. The major sectors where radiation technologies are
used in Indonesia comprises of:
• Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
− Food Irradiation
− Mutation Plant Breeding
− Rice varieties: Atomita I, II, III, IV, upland rice Situgintung, Cilosari, Woyla,
Merauke
− Soybean vatieties: Muria, Tengger and Meratus.
− Livestock-food engineering (UMMB)
• Human Health
• Hydrology and Industry
• Design and Manufacturing
• Natural Resources
• Safety and Environment (Air Pollution)
The International Atomic Energy Agency under its Technical Cooperation program also
supports twelve ongoing TC projects in the field of radiation technologies. The BATAN
also involved in most of the RCA projects being implementing in the region in the field
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of application of radiation technologies for socioeconomic development. Apart from
BATAN and its institutions, numbers of private sector industries are using radiation
application for various industries in Indonesia.
BATAN also established BATAN Research Tissue Bank (BRTB) and its services have
The Research and Development facilities for the application of radiation technologies
Radiopharmacies produced by BATAN have been marketed and used for medical
purposes such as:
− MIBI is used for detection of heart perfusion. The advantages of the product are
that it is cheap, can be stored in a long period of time, and will not cause heart
redistribution.
− HMPAO is used for detection of brain perfusion. Labeled with lycosite, such a
product can also be used for infection and allergic detection.
− 131I-MIBG can be used for diagnose and therapy of pheochromocytoma,
neuroblastoma, and ganglioma.
− 131I-Lipiodol is used for brain therapy.
− Sm-EDTMP is used for therapy of bone cancer and palliation. It can be used as
a long-period-pain-killer.
− MAG-3 can be used for tracing of kidney function. Fast excretion and long term
storing are the benefits of this product.
All of the products above have been used in hospitals such as RS Harapan Kita,
RSCM, RSPAD, RSPP, RSMMC, RS Sardjito, RS Kariadi , RSHH Bandung, RS
Saiful Anwar Malang, RSK, RS Dharmais, and RS Fatmawati.
Radioisotopes produced by BATAN include TI-201, Sm-153, Sr-89, Rb-86, Au-
198.
• Renograph
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Renograph, equipped with radiopharmacy substance as a tracer, is a device used for
an observation of kidney functions.
• Thyroid Up-take
• Lead Apron
As a radiation shielding to avoid the effect or risk of unnecessary radiation to
operators and their assistants, environment, and vital parts of patient bodies, and
medical centers or hospitals operating x-ray.
Applications:
− Monitoring and controlling on Active Waste Water Storage System of the 30-
MW Research Reactor
− Coal Conveyor Control System
− Soda Industries
− Testing Process on Battery Productions
− Monitoring and Controlling on multistoried buildings
− Monitoring and Controlling on fertilizer Industries
− Managing City Water
• Hydrology Services
The field of hydrology in Nuclear Engineering (radioisotope tracer techniques)
currently has solved a lot of problems including:
− Determining sediment movement in harbor and coast area for efficient dredging
and planning of new harbors
− Solving environmental pollution problems; the tracer techniques can be used to
identify pollution substances
− Determining dam leakage
− Determining ground water flows
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− Studying the relationship among oil wells to determine the characteristics of
liquid flows around the wells
− Determining the flow rate of water rivers
− Studying geothermal
− Gauging techniques.
• X-ray Industry
The system has been used for nondestructive evaluations of rims. Its x-ray
generator can continuously operate in 74 KV, 3 mA, and penetrate up to 18 mm
thickness.
The system may support manufactures’ quality control specifically in
nondestructive inspecting products. The performance of the system is between 300
and 800 lines/inch in resolution, and can visually differ amount of internal defects
in aluminum rims (Velg-Al). The system has been used by PT Pakoakuina.
• X-ray Medicine
Currently, the machines have been used by hospitals including:
− RS Kusta Tuguredjo, Central Java
− RS Islam Wonosobo, Central Java
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− RSJ Cimahi, Bandung, West Java
− RSJ Bandung Jambi
− RS Batang, a regional hospital, Central Java.
JAPAN
The Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. (JAIF) is a non governmental body which is
Japan’s energy issues and the utilization of radioisotopes and radiation in wide verity
of fields.
Japan holds international conferences annually in the field of Radiation and Isotopes
to study the present statues of the utilization of radiation technologies for the benefit
to promote the research, development and utilization of radiation and isotopes, the
Japan Conference on Radiation and Radioisotopes has been held every two years as
Atomic Energy Society of Japan. This meeting could be highly valued as the only
towards the technologies such as biotechnology, material science and lasers as well as
radioisotopes.
JAIF also contribute to the development of a healthy and quality human life through
this aspect JAIF enhances cooperation and communication among the industries, local
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autonomies, the academic cycles, mass media and other groups involved in and
highly industrialized, and technological and economic wealth is far exceed the other
regional Member States other than Australia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, India,
country and does not use IAEA Technical Assistance. According to the economic
scale of nuclear applications in Japan in 1997, 2% GDP was generated by the nuclear
applications as 47b$ from energy and 52b$ from Radiation Applications. The main
sectors where radiation technologies are used are:
• Semiconductors
• Radiation protection
KOREA
Republic of Korea became a member of the RCA family in 1974, and since plays an
active role in promoting peaceful nuclear technology cooperation among the countries
in Asia and the Pacific region. The Republic of Korea contributed its effort to achieve
progress in the various RCA programs. The RCA's contributions to Korea's nuclear
technological development and economic growth can be seen in such fields as food and
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agriculture, medicine and health, industry and others. Many regional activities
organized by the Republic of Korea through the RCA, particularly various regional
training courses, have been beneficial to the end users.
The use of irradiation techniques for agricultural and fishery products has can
contribute to a safe food supply. It is noted that, at present, the Korean government has
approved 34 groups of foods (about 30 items) for irradiation. The list of items will be
further expanded in the future. For example, Korea will soon allow the irradiation of 0-
157 bacillus in red meat to follow USA practices and I-131; can minimize the
dependency on imported supplies.
Korea has been actively participating in a number of RCA projects. These have proven
to benefit the Korea’s industrial sectors, research organizations, and for academic
circles. At present, Korea's involvement in RCA's on-going activities includes 10 more
individual projects. The projects related to application of radiation technologies in
industry:
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• Process Diagnostics and Optimization in Petrochemical Industry
• Optimization of Materials in Industry using On-line Bulk Analysis Techniques
• Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas
• Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability
• Isotope Techniques for Groundwater Contamination Studies in Urbanized and
Industrial Areas
• NDT and Non-Destructive Evaluation
• Improved Information about Urban Air Quality Management
The KAERI plays an active role in transfer of radiation application to the private sector
industries. In these aspects, KAERI assist the private sector institutions in specific
problems encounter, using NDT technology. The KAERI is also engaged in research
and development and also has developed new equipment like column scanner for NDT
application.
MALAYSIA
MINT conducts research and technology development towards the generation of new
processes, products, and services and improvements of existing ones. Research,
Training and Development (RTD) projects are designed with a view of using the results
for problem solving and enhancing products value added ness. In addition, local
expertise and capability in nuclear and related technologies and their applications,
especially in which this technique is the most suitable options, will increase. The scope
and coverage of MINT research and technology development is focused to the major
sectors of national and economic development, which among others include the
industry, manufacturing, medical and health care, environment, and agro-industry.
Component and system reliability, diagnostic capability, trouble shooting, and the
determination of major process parameters are some of the aspects that influence plant
operation and management efficiency. MINT has development in-house and local
capabilities in this area through non-destructive testing (NDT) technique, radiometry,
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and tracer technology. These techniques are now gaining acceptance in the chemical,
petroleum, and chemical industries in Malaysia.
Agro products:
1. Decontamination of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals Using Radiation
2. Education and Acceptance of Food Irradiation Technology in Malaysia.
Biomaterials:
1. Controlled Release Technology of Agrochemicals for Tropical Agriculture
2. Controlled Release Formulations of Fertilizer Containing Palm Oil Mill Effluent
(POME)
3. Development of Controlled-Release Products for Agricultural Applications using
Natural Resources
4. Development of Hydro gel for Clinical Application
5. Effect of Different Doses of Gamma Irradiation on Biomechanical Strength of
Deep-frozen, Freeze-dried and Demineralised Bone Allograft Using Animal Model
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6. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Healing Properties of Deep frozen, Freeze dried
and Demineralised Bone Allograft Using Animal Model
7. Production of Radiation-Sterilized Bone Allograft
8. Radiation Processing of Chitin/Chitosan
9. Radiation Processing of Water Soluble Polysaccharide.
Fruit Industry:
1. Behavior and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetables
2. Breeding of New Varieties of Pisang Mas
3. Crop Water Management of Lansium
4. Development of DNA Marker for Fusarium Resistance in Pisang Berangan
5. Efficient Agronomic Management in Lansium Production Through the Use of
Nuclear Technology
6. Efficient Agronomic Management of Banana Crop Through the Use of Nuclear
Technology
7. Impact of Pesticides on Agroecosystems
8. Improvement of Ex-Mining Land by Fertigation System and Organic Matter
Management
9. Improvement of Lansium domesticum Through Induced Mutation
10. Improvement of Pest and Disease Control for Lansium (Dokong) Through Nuclear
and Related Technologies
11. Mutation Breeding for Improvement of Fruits (Mangosteens and Bananas).
Industrial Materials:
1. Aluminium Alloy with Activator Materials as a Sacrificial Anode for Corrosion
Protection Application
2. Development of Aluminium Matrix Composite for Automotive and Aerospace
Application
3. Life-time Engineering of Silicon by Electron Irradiation in Power Devices
Fabrication.
Intelligent Systems:
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1. Development of Computational Modeling for Small Angle Neutron & X-ray
Scattering (SANS & SAXS) Studies
2. Development of Expert System for On-Line Nuclear Process Control
3. Expert System for NDT Image Interpretation and Evaluation.
Medical Physics:
1. Design and Biotechnical Study of Orthopedic Implant System
2. Development of Intramedullary Rod System Implant for Orthopaedic Surgery
3. Maintenance of Medical X-ray Machines
4. Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) Safety
5. Quality Assurance Programme in Diagnostic Radiology.
Non-destructive Testing:
1. Corrosion and Deposit Evaluation in Industrial Plants by Radiographic Method.
Nuclear Medicine:
1. Development of Ho-166 as a Radio therapeutic Agent
2. Development of New Radiopharmaceuticals
3. Development of Radio immunodiagnostic and Radio immunotherapeutic Kits for
Nuclear Medicine.
Ornamental Industry:
1. Development of Gamma Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment for Mites on Cut
Flowers
2. Improvement of Selected Ornamental Plants through Induced Mutation
3. Induced Mutation and In Vitro Mutagenesis of Ornamental Plants.
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1. Application of Nuclear and Complementary Analytical Technique to the
Assessment of Air Pollution
2. Chemical Characterization of Air Particulate Matter
3. Co-Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) with Oil Palm Shell and Its
Derivatives in a Fixed-Bed Combustor
4. Development of Ceramics Catalytic Support and Catalytic Converter for Gas
Purification
5. Development of Physical Model for Evaluating Flow rate, RTD, Channeling and
Mixing Characteristics
6. Estuaries and Coastal Management Studies - Modeling of Estuaries and Coastal
Sediment Transport and Other Studies
7. Minimization of Thorium Waste Volume Through Calcinations and Compaction
Process
8. Marine Contamination and Transport Phenomena
9. Purification of Rare Earth Extracted from the Radioactive Waste of Malaysian
Monazites Cracking Plant
10. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Assessment Studies by Environmental
Radionuclide and Their Application to Soil Conservation.
Radiometry:
1. Computed Tomography for NDE in Industry.
Rubber Processing:
1. Property Enhancement in Radiation-Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex (RVNRL).
Surface Coating:
1. Coating of Cement board Panels
2. Coating of Controlled-release Fertilizers Using Palm Oil & Commercial Resins
3. Development of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSA) from Palm Oil Resins
4. Synthesis of Palm Oil Resins.
Tracer Technology:
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1. Application of Nuclear Techniques in Pollutants Transport Study in Groundwater
System
2. Radioactive Tracer Study in Secondary Petroleum Recovery.
MONGOLIA
Mongolia, land locked, rich in mineral deposits is a member state of the RCA.
Radiation sources and radioactive substances are used in the following social and
economical sectors of the country.
• Health (radiotherapy and medical diagnosis)
• Animal Husbandry and Agriculture
• Industry, Geology and Mining
• Natural Environment.
Radiation Technologies are used in the medical sector to treat liver cancer patients and
NDT for industrial applications. Since liver cancer is a high incident in Mongolia, Re-
188 Lipiodol has been performed since 2002 under RCA programme. Apart from
above, Mongolia also receives IAEA assistance for projects implemented under regular
programme.
• Monitoring of Residues in Livestock Products and Surveillance of Animal
Diseases.
• Introduction of Nucleonic Gauge Techniques to Coal Industry.
MYANMAR
• 5 Technological Universities
• 26 Technical Colleges
• 11 Technical Institutes
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• 2 Computer Universities
• R & D department.
These institutes provide following facilities for the technology transfer in the field of
nuclear science and technology. The programmes (facilities) provided are:
• 26 disciplines in engineering
• 5 disciplines in Applied Science for post-graduate courses
• 16 disciplines for Ph.D courses.
The DAE has major three departments dedicated to technical activities related to
radiation technologies:
• Radiation Protection Department
• Radiation Application Department
• Reactor and Isotopes Department
• Administrative and Finance Department.
For the application of radiation technologies for various activities, the DAE posses
following facilities:
• Radiation Monitoring Laboratory
− Radiation detectors
− Spectrometers for high resolution spectrometry
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− X-ray fluorescence
− Air sample for control of Medical X-ray diagnosis
− X-ray diffraction (RINT 2100 Right System).
• Instrumentation Laboratory
− Nuclear Instrument Repairs and Maintenance.
In Myanmar, radiation technologies are used under the IAEA assisted technical
cooperation programme projects in the major.
• Health
− Improvement of Radiation Therapy
− Production of Monoclonal Antibodies and Reagents for RIA.
• Agriculture
− Development of Improved Rice with Tolerance to Drought and Soil Salinity.
• Veterinary
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− Development of Supplementary Feeding Strategies Based on Local Feed
Sources.
• Industry
− Multi-purpose Irradiation Facility.
Current activities carried out by the DAE in the promotion of radiation technologies are
indicated as:
• Monitoring radioactivity in environmental samples (air, water, soil)
• Radioactivity monitoring and certification of imported dairy products and
agricultural products for export.
• Determination of radioactivity in minerals and elemental analysis of ores
• Sterilization of tissue grafts from Kyinmyindine Orthopedic Hospital using Cobalt-
60 Gamma Chamber 5000.
• Diagnosis and Control of Swine Vesicular Disease and Swine Brucellosis 2001
resistant Malaria
NEW ZEALAND
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New Zealand activities within the RCA are co-coordinated by the Institute of
country is carried out with the supervision and guidance of the Institute of Geology
and Nuclear Sciences. GNS applies isotope chemistry and nuclear technology in
research and exploration, and environmental monitoring. New Zealand is also a donor
Emission) analytical services were provided to the RCA project on Air Pollution and
novel based X-ray based scanner systems that boost efficacy and financial returns to
the manufacturing and primary industries. To cater the need of industries such as
animal products, horticulture, and wood processing, GNS currently has joint
technologies. GNS also collaboration with other scientific and industrial research
development of x-ray fluorescent equipment with Zespri Innovation Ltd. and the
new system for grinding lumber. GNS Isoscan draws a number of exciting
technologies including x-ray, gamma ray, laser, raman spectroscopy, and x-ray
fluorescence.
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For groundwater and environmental consultancy services, GNS uses isotopes
techniques and for mineral services it provides the XRD and Stable Isotope analyses
PAKISTAN
PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) has played an active role in the various
development phases of the agreement and has gained a great deal from the activities of
the RCA in the areas of agriculture, health, industry, quality assurance, research reactor
utilization, nuclear analytical techniques, nuclear instrumentation and other related
R&D fields. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) being
the premier research institute of the country has played a key role in the utilization of
radiation technologies for the socioeconomic development of the nation.
The Institute has a major research facility of 10 MW swimming pool type of research
reactor, a small tank-in-pool type of reactor of 30 kW, a 250 keV charged particle
accelerator and a 14 MeV neutron generator. The Institute has a sizable
concentration of experts in various disciplines of science and technology whose
expertise can be shared in the region whenever required.
During the past couple of years PAEC has successfully completed the following RCA
projects and has gathered expertise to cater better services to its masses.
• Nuclear Medicine
• Reference Asian man
• Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis Diagnosis
• Nuclear Instruments in Nuclear Medicine
• Radiation Processing
In the field of radiation processing, RCA has assisted to establish a Polymer Processing
and Radiation Technology laboratory at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and
Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad. The laboratory has indigenously developed
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formulations for fire retardant resistant insulation of thin wires (based on PE and PVC)
using Cobalt-60 source for crosslinking. The studies have shown suitability of gamma
radiation by batch process. Laboratory facilities have been routinely extended to local
wire and cable industry to solve their technical problems.
With PAEC sufficient expertise exists in the following fields wherein there already
exists collaboration for training and provision of experts under RCA/IAEA Programs.
The Institutes having fully developed infrastructure and expertise in the relevant fields
could be considered as regional resource units.
• Research Reactors
• Non destructive Testing
• Analytical Facilities
• Radiation Technology
• Trace Technology and Nucleonic Control System
• Nuclear Medicine
• Food and Agriculture
The PAEC is involved with various RCA projects through its research establishments
dedicated to individual disciplines.
• Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability (PINSTECH)
• Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas (Radiation
and Isotope Application Division (RIAD))
• Process Diagnostics & Optimization in the Petroleum Industry (Radiation and
Isotope Application Division (RIAD))
• Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade (Nuclear
Institute for Food & Agriculture (NIFA))
• Production of Foot & Mouth Disease Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit
(Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB))
• LDR & HDR Brach therapy in Treating Cervical Cancer (Institute of Radiotherapy
and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM))
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• Radiotracers, Sealed Sources and Nucleonic Gauges in Industry (RIAD,
PINSTECH).
PHILIPPINES
PNRI's research and development projects are focused on the safe and peaceful uses of
nuclear techniques, materials and processes to help in the government's efforts of
increasing agricultural and industrial productivity as well as ensuring health security
and safeguarding the environment.
The PNRI and other recipient institutions are carrying out following project in the
country using radiation technologies for the benefit of the country:
• Improving Animal Productivity and Reproductive Efficiency
• Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of Agricultural Productivity
• Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food, Pulses and Oil Crops and
Establishment of Mutant Germless Network
• Production FMD Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit (footnote a/) upgrading
• Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade Management of
Liver Cancer using Trans arterial Radio conjugate Therapy
• Quality Assurance for Treatment of Cervix Cancer by Radiotherapy
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• Use of Radiosynovectomy in the Management of Patients Suffering from Painful
Joint Disorders
• Enhancing the Sustainability of the Marine Coastal Environment
• Diagnosing Osteoporosis Using Nuclear Techniques
• Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Management
• Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation
• Process Diagnostics and Optimization in the Petrochemical Industry
• Investigating Environment and Water Resources in Geothermal areas
• Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability
• Optimization of Materials in Industry using Online Bulk Analysis Techniques
• Modification of Natural Polymers through Radiation Processing
• Isotope Techniques for Groundwater Contamination in Urbanized and Industrial
Areas.
Due to rapid development of economies and the population growth in the East Asia, the
region is facing new challenges to how to combat pollution effecting heavy damage to
air, water and soil in the region. The RCA is assisting the member states to solve
problems associated with harmful algal blooms. Fish and shellfish ingest toxins from
the blooms, which then can be passed to humans when these fish are eaten.
Technologies are being used to over come the problem under “Nuclear Techniques to
Study the Red Tide Problem”.
SINGAPORE
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• Singapore General Hospital
• National University of Singapore
• Nanyang Technological University
• Health Sciences Authority
• SETSCO Services Pte. Ltd.
SETSCO Services, Pte. Ltd. is a leading company in Singapore which uses radiation
technologies for non-destructive testing services. It is the Singapore’s largest testing
and inspection companies accredited by Singapore Accreditation Council. It has global
clients include companies from the United States of America, United Kingdom, United
Arab Emirates, China, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Australia. It also accepts IAEA fellows
under IAEA TC programme for the training in the field of NDT.
The Tissue Bank in Singapore is an International Center for Training Tissue Bank
Operators. The National University of Singapore coordinates the Tissue banking
activates and provides training for the RCA Member States. The Department of Nuclear
Medicine, Singapore General Hospital is also carrying out a project with IAEA to
establish a Cyclotron facility for the production of Tracers for medical diagnosis
purposes. The faculty of Science, University of Singapore also participates in the RCA
project of the improvement of urban air quality management where radiation
technologies are employed to ascertain the pollution in the air.
SRI LANKA
The corporate plan of the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) clearly indicates that its
major vision is to utilize nuclear technology to its maximum potential with reference
to quality and quantity in a cost effective manner, for socio economic development of
the country. With the limited facilities available at AEA, it carries out its utmost duty
to harness radiation technologies for the national development. The Atomic Energy
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Act has given the legal power to the institute to use fissionable and radioactive
applications through international cooperation has enable the AEA to gain recognition
among other national institutions that use radiation technologies. The major facilities
• NDT laboratory
Radiation Technologies are applied in the following field of activities carried out by
the AEA:
• Radiation Processing
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Due to AEA activities in radiation vulcanization of latex and introducing the
vulcanized latex to private sector institution for conduction of trials and use
irradiated latex to produce items for overseas market. A private company has
successfully used the RVNRL supplied by the AEA as a binder for coconut fiber
nurseries. The company has produced samples of this product for an exhibition in
Japan, and now prepared for further trails and commercial production.
• Radio-tracer Application
The AEA assisted most of the institutes in the country to utilize radiation
technology for research and development activities in the agriculture sector using
IAEA technical assistance. Radiation technologies are being used for enhance
the productivity of banana, black pepper, betel leaves, tea, rice and coconut, etc.
In the field of animal husbandry and animal products and also to determine
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− Agro Forestry and Soil Conservation
THAILAND
The starting of the research and development on the utilization of nuclear base
Atomic Energy Agency in the 1957. Since then the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP)
-earlier called as Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP)- has acted as the
coordinator and authority in the operation, control, monitoring and safety measures
technology including operation the national research reactor center and Thai
The OAP’s main objective is to assist the research and development in the country in
exploited its facilities and man power available to use radiation technologies for
• Research Reactor
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• Isotope Production Division
• Computer Section
• Physics Division
• Chemistry Division
OAP research reactor has been utilized for the production of radioisotopes mainly for
Thai Irradiator Center provide facilities and irradiation services to all agencies and
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• Clean and Energy Efficient Production Processes
• QA in Radiation Sterilization of Tissue Grafts
• Nucleonic Control Systems & Tracer in Industry
• Strengthening of Radiation Protection Infrastructure
• Improvement of Grain-Legume Rhisobium Symbiosis to fix Atmospheric
• Diagnosis of Hepatitis B by Radioimmunoassay
VIETNAM
The Viet Nam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC) is the national body which is
entrusted the powers to function to carry out research and development for peaceful
uses of nuclear power and nuclear techniques in various sectors of the National
Economy of Vietnam. The institute has following facilities to carry out development
• Irradiation Center
There are another five institutes under VAEC dedicated for different research and
development activities:
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The center for application of nuclear techniques plays a role to use radiation
equipment's: density gauging for bridges and roads, level gauging, thickness
• Irradiation facility:
facility. The facility consists of an irradiator used Co-60 radioactive sources with
activity of 110 kCi, conveyer system and control panels that permit processing
The facility is being used as a multipurpose one for the following applications and
research activities:
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− Processing of materials, modification of polymers, coloring glasses, and
− Preservation of food: onion, potato, fresh fruits, spices, dried fish, cereals,
mushroom.
medicinal herbs.
The facility is also servicing as a tool for the others research projects such as:
development and application of dosimetry systems for radiation processing's, and
research in agriculture.
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